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A&P II > Digestive System > Flashcards

Digestive System Flashcards

1
Q

What is another name for the GI tract?

A

alimentary canal

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2
Q

List the main organs in the digestive system

A

mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine

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3
Q

List the accessory digestive organs

A

teeth, tongue, gallbladder, salivary glands, liver, and pancreas

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4
Q

In order, what are the main stages in the digestive process?

A
  1. ingestion
  2. Mechanical breakdown
  3. Propulsion
  4. Digestion
  5. Absorption
  6. Defecation
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5
Q

Which step in the digestive process are swallowing and peristalsis apart?

A

Propulsion

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6
Q

Define peristalsis

A

alting waves of contraction and relaxation

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7
Q

Which 3 components constituent mechanical breakdown?

A

chewing, churning, and segmentation

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8
Q

What is segmentation?

A

rhythmic local constrictions of small intestine

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9
Q

Passage of digested end products from GI tract lumen into blood or lymph

A

Absorption

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10
Q

Elimination of indigestible substances

A

Defecation

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11
Q

What controls GI tract motility and secretion?

A

Enteric nervous system

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12
Q

What provokes digestive activity?

A

mechanical and chemical stimuli

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13
Q

When stimulated, receptors in GI tract walls initiate reflexes that…?

A
  1. activate/inhibit digestive glands

2. stimulate smooth muscle

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14
Q

T or F. Controls of digestive activity are both intrinsic and extrinsic

A

True

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15
Q

What are the 2 neural mechanisms?

A
  1. Short reflexes- GI tract

2. Long reflexes- CNS center and ANS fibers

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16
Q

Describe hormonal mechanisms.

A

involve hormone-producing cells in stomach and small intestine

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17
Q

What covers the abdomen?

A

peritoneum

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18
Q

What type of peritoneum covers the organs?

A

visceral peritoneum

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19
Q

What comes between visceral and parietal peritoneum?

A

peritoneal cavity

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20
Q

What type of peritoneum lines the abdominopelvic cavity?

A

parietal peritoneum

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21
Q

What is the double layer of peritoneum that extends to digestive organs from body wall?

A

mesentery

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22
Q

What are the 4 layers of the alimentary canal?

A

muscosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, and serosa

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23
Q

Which layer of the alimentary canal consist of epithelium, lamina propria, and muscularis externa?

A

Mucosa

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24
Q

Dense connective tissue; contains blood vessels, lymphatics, and nerve fibers

A

Submucosa

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25
Q

visceral peritoneum

A

serosa

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26
Q

Inner circular layer; outer longitudinal layer

A

Muscularis externa

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27
Q

Bounded by lips, cheeks, palate, and tongue; lines by stratified squamous epithelium

A

Mouth (oral cavity)

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28
Q

Bone in the oral cavity

A

hard palate

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29
Q

Skeletal muscle

A

soft palate

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30
Q

What projects from free edges in the mouth?

A

uvula

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31
Q

Positions food during chewing, mixes food with saliva to form a bolus, initiates swallowing

A

tongue

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32
Q

What are the 3 salivary glands?

A

parotid gland, submandibular gland, and sublingual glands

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33
Q

What are the functions of the saliva?

A

cleanses mouth, dissolves food chemicals, moistens food, and begins chemical breakdown of starch

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34
Q

Between which 2 ages do teeth begin to erupt?

A

6-24 months

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35
Q

How many permanent teeth can one have?

A

32

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36
Q

What are the 4 classes of teeth? Amount upper L or R?

A

incisors (2), canines (1), premolars (2), and molars (3)

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37
Q

What are the 3 main parts of the teeth?

A

crown, neck, and root

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38
Q

Nasopharynx, Oropharynx, and laryngopharynx

A

Pharynx

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39
Q

Which organ is lined by the stratified squamous epithelium?

A

esophagus

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40
Q

Which digestive processes occur in the mouth?

A

ingestion, mechanical breakdown, propulsion, and digestion

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41
Q

Which digestive process occur in the pharynx and esophagus?

A

propulsion

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42
Q

How does mastication occur?

A

Cheeks and lips hold food between teeth, teeth cut and grind, and tongue from a bolus

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43
Q

How does deglutition occur?

A

tongue presses against hard palate and bolus is forced into oropharynx

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44
Q

Wha are the 2 phases in delglutition? voluntary?

A

Buccal phase- voluntary

Paryngeal-Esophageal Phase- Involuntary

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45
Q

What moves food through esophagus?

A

Peristalsis

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46
Q

What are the functions of the stomach?

A

temporary food storage (50mL/4L), begins chemical breakdown of proteins, and converts bolus to chyme

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47
Q

What controls food entry into the duodenum?

A

pyloric sphincter

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48
Q

What is the extra layer in the stomach?

A

oblique layer

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49
Q

In the stomach, where are gastric pits located?

A

mucosa

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50
Q

How are gastric juices produces?

A

gastric pits lead into gastric glands

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51
Q

What are the 4 major cells types in the gastric gland?

A

mucous neck cells, parietal cells, chief cells, and enteroendocrine cells

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52
Q

Required for absorption of vitamin B12

A

intrinsic factor

53
Q

Secrete mucus

A

mucous neck cells

54
Q

Secretes HCl and intrinsic factor, activate pepsin

A

Parietal cells

55
Q

Secrete pepsinogen

A

chief cells

56
Q

Secrete gastrin

A

enteroendocrine cells

57
Q

Protects stomach mucosa, created by thick layer of bicarbonate-rich mucus

A

mucosal barrier

58
Q

In mechanical breakdown, bolus is converted into..?

A

chyme

59
Q

In Digestion, what is the purpose of HCl and pepsin?

A

HCl- denatures proteins

Pepsin- begins digestion of proteins

60
Q

In propulsion, where is chyme delivered?

A

small intestines

61
Q

In L, how much gastric juices is secreted per day?

A

3L

62
Q

What regulates secretion?

A

long and short reflexes and hormones

63
Q

What are the 3 phases of the gastric secretion?

A

cephalic, gastric, and intestinal

64
Q

When does the cephalic phase occur?

A

Before food enters the stomach

65
Q

What triggers the cephalic phase?

A

triggered by smell, taste, sight or thought

66
Q

Which nerve stimulates the enteric neurons?

A

vagus causing secretion

67
Q

When does the gastric phase occur?

A

once food reaches the stomach

68
Q

How much gastric juice is the in the stomach?

A

2/3

69
Q

What provoked the gastric phase?

A

distension of short and long reflexes, peptides and rising pH stimulate gastrin

70
Q

When does the intestinal phase occur?

A

Once food enters the duodenum

71
Q

How is the intestinal phase inhibited?

A

enterogastric reflex and release of intestinal hormones

72
Q

What provokes the intestinal phase?

A

distension of duodenum, presence of fats, and acidic chyme

73
Q

What is inhibited to promote gastric secretion?

A

Enteric neurons and vagus nerves

74
Q

Which 2 hormones are secreted by intestinal hormones?

A

cholecystokinin and secretin

75
Q

In gastric contractile activity what happen to chyme?

A

3 ml into dudoenum and 27mL forced back into stomach

76
Q

Where does the small intestine begin or end?

A

begins at pyloric sphincter and ends at ileocecal valve

77
Q

From proximal to distal what are the parts of the small intestine?

A

duodenum, jejunum, and ileum

78
Q

Where are the bile duct and main pancreatic duct located?

A

Bile duct: from liver

Main pancreatic duct: pancreas unite in wall of duodenum

79
Q

What controls entry of bile and pancreatic juice?

A

Hepatopancreatic sphincter

80
Q

What are the 3 structural modifications in the small intestine?

A

circular folds, villi, microvilli

81
Q

What is the function of the 3 structural modifications in the small intestine?

A

increase surface area for absorption

82
Q

What forms the circular folds? Purpose

A

Formed by mucosa and submucosa.

Forces chyme ti slowly spiral through lumen

83
Q

Fingerlike projections of mucosa and contain capillary beds and lacteals

A

Villi

84
Q

Form brush border and brush border enzymes

A

microvilli

85
Q

What do the pits of the villi lead?

A

intestinal crypts

86
Q

Secretory cells

A

intestinal juice

87
Q

lymphoid nodules in mucosa of ilium

A

peyer’s patches

88
Q

submucosa of duodenum, secrete alkaline in mucus

A

dudodenal glands

89
Q

Produces bile

A

liver

90
Q

stores and concentrates bile

A

gallbladder

91
Q

Drains lover

A

common hepatic duct

92
Q

drains gallbladder

A

cystic duct

93
Q

What is formed by union of common hepatic and cystic ducts?

A

bile ducts

94
Q

What are the 3 parts of the portal triad?

A

Hepatic artery, hepatic portal vein, and bile duct

95
Q

Carries blood from digestive organs to liver for processing

A

hepatic portal vein

96
Q

Oxygen-rich arterial blood in the liver

A

hepatic artery

97
Q

Nutrient-rich venous blood in the liver

A

hepatic portal vein

98
Q

Runs between hepatocyte platesq

A

liver sinusoids

99
Q

What is the flow of blood in the liver?

A

hepatic artery and hepatic portal vein -> liver sinuoids-> central vein

100
Q

Remove bacteria worn-out RBCs, and other debris from blood as flows past

A

Kupffer cells/ Stellate macrophages

101
Q

Produce bile, process bloodbome nutrients, store fat-soluble vitamins and plays important role in detoxification

A

Hepatocyte

102
Q

Secreted bile flows through what toward bile ducts?

A

bile canaliculi

103
Q

Yellow-green alkaline solution

A

bile

104
Q

cholesterol derivatives that function to emulsify fats

A

bile salts

105
Q

bilirubin

A

chief bile pigment

106
Q

Where in the pancreas do the exocrine functions occur?

A

acinar cells

107
Q

How does the pancreatic juice enter the dudoenum

A

pancreatic duct

108
Q

What are the 3 components pancreatic juice?

A

water, digestive enzymes, and bicarbonate ions

109
Q

What causes the gallbladder to contract, stimulate secretion of enzyme-rich pancreatic juice and relaxes hepatopancreatic juice

A

CCK

110
Q

stimulates secretion of bicarbonate-rich pancreatic rich

A

secretin

111
Q

What digestive processes occur in the small intestine?

A

Mechanical breakdown and propulsion: segmentation and peristalsis

Digestion: enzymes from pancreas; brush border enzymes of microvilli

Absorption: Most water and virtually all nutrients absorbed

112
Q

List what optimal digestive activity depends on:

A
  1. bile from liver and gallbladder
  2. Digestive enzymes from pancreas
  3. Bicarbonate ions from the pancreas
  4. Slow, measured delivery of chyme from stomach
113
Q

Most common motion of small intestine, mixes chyme with bile, pancreatic juice, and intestinal juice, moves ileocecal valve

A

Segmentation

114
Q

Begins late in intestinal phase

A

migrating motor complex

115
Q

Which 2 mechanisms increase motility of ileum and cause ileocecal sphincter to relax?

A

Gastroileal reflex and gastrin released by stomach

116
Q

Three bands of smooth muscle

A

teniae coli

117
Q

Pocket-like sacs in wall of large intestine

A

Haustra

118
Q

From small intestine to the anal canal where does the food go?

A

cecum, ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon

119
Q

List the subdivisions of the large intestine

A

cecum, appendix, colon, rectum, and ana canal

120
Q

What are the 3 sphincters in the anus? Type of muscle?

A

Internal anal sphincter (smooth muscle) and external anal sphincter (skeletal muscle)

121
Q

What type of epithelium is the large intestine? Anal Canal?

A

Large intestine: simple columnar epithelium

Anal canal: stratified squamous

122
Q

What type of cells do large intestines contains that secrete mucus?

A

Goblet cells

123
Q

What are the functions of the Bacterial flora in the large intestine?

A

colonize colo, ferment cellulose and other plant polysaccarides, synthesize B complex vitamins and vitamin K

124
Q

What are the digestive process in the large intestine?

A

absorption- absorbs remaining water

Propulsion- propels feces toward rectum

Defacation- eliminates feces toward body

125
Q

Long, slow-moving, powerful contractile waves, force contents toward rectum

A

Mass movements

126
Q

Parasympathetic reflex that is initiated by stretching rectal wall.

A

Defecation reflex

127
Q

What is the result of the defecation reflex

A

sigmoid colon and rectum contract and internal anal sphincter relaxes

128
Q

What is the equation of the teeth?

A

(2I,1C,2PM,3M/21,1C,2PM,3M) x 2

A&P II (13 decks)

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