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A&P II > Fluid, Electrolyte and Balance > Flashcards

Fluid, Electrolyte and Balance Flashcards

1
Q

Between an adult male, female, elder, and baby which has the higher body water content?

A

the baby due to low body fat therefore low bone mass

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2
Q

Why do males have 10 percent more body water content that females?

A

Males have more skeletal muscle than women who have higher body fat

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3
Q

What are the 2 main fluid compartments?

A

Intracellular fluid and extracellular fluid

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4
Q

What are the 2 subparts of the extracellular fluid? Percentages?

A

Plasma- 20%

Interstitial fluid-80%

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5
Q

What is the fluid in the blood called?

A

plasma

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6
Q

Which of the compartments consist of 2/3 total fluid content?

A

intracellular fluid

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7
Q

What is the fluid between cells called?

A

Interstitial fluid

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8
Q

Which of the compartments consist of 1/3 total fluid content?

A

Extracellular fluid

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9
Q

What is the percentage of the ICF in the body?

A

40%

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10
Q

What is the percentage of ECF in the body?

A

20%

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11
Q

What is the percentage of the total body weight of ECF and ICF?

A

60%

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12
Q

Nonelectrolytes

A

do not dissociate in water; no charged particles are created

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13
Q

Electrolytes

A

dissociate into ions in water; ions conduct electrical current

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14
Q

What are some examples of electrolytes?

A

acids, bases, salts, and some proteins

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15
Q

What are some examples of nonelectrolytes?

A

glucose and most organic molecules

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16
Q

What is the major cation in the ECF?

A

Na+

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17
Q

What is the major anion in the ECF?

A

Cl-

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18
Q

What is the major cation in the ICF?

A

K+

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19
Q

What is the major anion in the ICF?

A

HSO4-(2-)

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20
Q

Where are the electrolyte concentrations similar except for higher protein content of plasma?

A

ECF

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21
Q

Where are there more proteins than in plasma?

A

ICF

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22
Q

Where do exchanges between plasma and IF occur?

A

Across capillary walls

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23
Q

Where do exchanges between IF and ICF occur?

A

Across plasma membranes

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24
Q

What must occur for the body to remain stable?

A

its inout through ingestion or metabolic production = its output through excretion or metabolic consumption

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25
Q

Which 2 factors are regulated to maintain fluid balance?

A
  1. ECF osmolality

2. ECF volume

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26
Q

How is ECF osmolality regulated?

A

must be regulated to prevent swelling or shrinking of cells

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27
Q

What is ECF osmolality involved in maintaining?

A

water balance

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28
Q

How is ECF volume regulated?

A

must be regulated to help maintain BP

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29
Q

What is ECF volume involved in maintaining?

A

maintaining sodium balance

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30
Q

What leads to net water flow?

A

a change in solute concentration in any compartment

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31
Q

Controlling ECF osmolality prevents what?

A

changes in ICF volume

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32
Q

What occurs when water leaves the cell to enter the ECF?

A

hypertonic solution

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33
Q

What occurs when water moves into the cell from the ECF?

A

hypotonic solution

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34
Q

What happens to the cell in a hypertonic solution?

A

the cell shrinks

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35
Q

What happens to the cell in a hypotonic solution?

A

the cell lysis or burst

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36
Q

What is the total amount of water intake/output in a day?

A

2500 mL/day

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37
Q

What are the ways water is taken into the body? Percentages?

A

Beverages: 60%
Food: 30%
Metabolism: 10%

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38
Q

What are the ways water is released from the body?

A

Urine: 60%
Insensible loss via skin and lungs: 28%
Sweat 8%
Feces: 4%

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39
Q

What is the range of plasma osmolality maintained?

A

280-300 mOsm

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40
Q

What causes rise in osmolality?

A

stimulates thirst and stimulates ADH release

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41
Q

What causes a decrease in osmolality?

A

inhibits thirst and ADHA RELEASE

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42
Q

ADH stimulation does what to urine output?

A

decreases urine output

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43
Q

ADH inhibition does what to urine output?

A

increases urine output

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44
Q

What drives water intake?

A

thirst mechanism

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45
Q

Where in the brain is the thirst center located?

A

in the hypothalamus

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46
Q

Which 3 factors activate the thirst center in the hypothalamus?

A
  1. Dry mouth
  2. Decrease in BP and BV
  3. Hypothalamic osmoreceptors
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47
Q

How are water reabsorption and excretion are adjusted through changes in what?

A

ADH secretion

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48
Q

What monitors ECF solute concentration and trigger or inhibit ADH release?

A

hypothalamic osmoreceptors

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49
Q

What leads to the events of water reabsorption and small volume of concentrated urine?

A

ECF osmolality stimulates ADH release

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50
Q

What leads to to water reabsorption and large volume of dilute volume?

A

ECF osmolality inhibits ADH release

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51
Q

What is the term for excessive water loss?

A

Dehydration

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52
Q

What are 3 major ways dehydration occurs?

A
  1. Diabetes insipidus
  2. Excessive water loss
  3. insufficient water intake
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53
Q

What are the effects of the cell of dehydration?

A

the cell shrinks

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54
Q

What is the term for excessive water gain?

A

overhydration

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55
Q

What are 3 major ways overhydration occurs?

A
  1. Rapid ingestion of excess water
  2. Inappropriate ADH secretion
  3. Renal failure
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56
Q

What are the effects of the cell due to hypotonic hydration?

A

the cell swells

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57
Q

What is the term for atypical accumulation of interstitial fluid?

A

edema

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58
Q

Changes in what affects plasma volume, BP and CF and IF volumes?

A

change in plasma NA+ levels

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59
Q

How does sodium control ECF volume and water distribution?

A

this is because water follows salt

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60
Q

What are the three determinations of concentration of Na+ in ECF?

A
  1. determines ECF osmolality
  2. remains stable because water always follows salt to maintain osmotic equilibrium
  3. regulated by controlling water or loss or gain
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61
Q

What are the 2 determination of total body content of Na+?

A
  1. regulated by controlling Na+ loss or gain

2. determines ECF volume and BP

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62
Q

How do the kidneys maintain total body Na+ content?

A

by regulating rate of sodium excretion

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63
Q

What brings the body sodium content and ECF volume back into line?

A

changes in blood volume or pressure trigger neural and hormonal

64
Q

Which two processes allow the kidneys adjust amount of salt excreted?

A
  1. amount of sodium filtered

2. amount of sodium reabsorbed

65
Q

What controls amount of sodium filtered?

A

controlled by regulating GFR

66
Q

What controls amount of sodium reabsorbed?

A

controlled by renin-angiotensin-aldosterone mechanism

67
Q

Blood volume is monitored and regulated to maintain what?

A

BP

68
Q

What determine fluid volume?

A

sodium content

69
Q

What determines blood pressure?

A

fluid volume

70
Q

What monitors BP and so indirectly monitor sodium content?

A

cardiovascular baroreceptors

71
Q

What plays the biggest role in regulation of sodium by kidneys?

A

aldosterone

72
Q

What occurs when aldosterone is low?

A

no sodium reabsorption occurs beyond DCT

73
Q

What occurs when aldosterone is high?

A

all remaining Na+ is reabsorbed in DCT and collecting duct

74
Q

What are the 2 triggers for aldosterone released?

A
  1. renin-angiotensin-aldosterone mechanism

2. elevated K+ levels in ECF

75
Q

What is the role of ANP?

A

controls Na+ reabsorption

76
Q

What are the 2 effects of ANP?

A
  1. promotes excretion of sodium and water

2. decreases BV and BP

77
Q

What is the importance of potassium?

A

effects resting membrane potential on neurons and cardiac muscle cells

78
Q

Define hyperkalemia

A

increased ECF potassium concentration

79
Q

Define hypokalemia

A

decreased ECF potassium concentration

80
Q

What causes depolarization and reduced excitability?

A

hyperkalemia

81
Q

What causes hyperpolarization and nonresponsiveness?

A

hypokalemia

82
Q

As K+ leaves the cell and H+ enters the cell what effect does this have on the ECF?

A

ECF potassium concentration rises with acidosis

83
Q

As K+ enters the cell and H+ leaves the cell, what effect does this have on the ECF?

A

ECF potassium concentration falls with alkalosis

84
Q

What are three major events calcium in the ECF is important?

A
  1. blood clotting
  2. secretory activities
  3. muscle contraction
85
Q

Define hypcalcemia

A

decreased ECF calcium concentration

86
Q

Define hypercalcemia

A

increased ECF calcium concentration

87
Q

What is the result of hypocalcemia?

A

inhibits neurons and muscle cells and may cause heart arrhythmias

88
Q

What is the result of hypocalcemia?

A

increases neuromuscular excitability and can lead to muscle tetany

89
Q

ECF calcium levels closely are regulated by what?

A

PTH hormone

90
Q

PTH promotes increase in calcium levels by targeting which 3 organs?

A
  1. Bones
  2. kidneys
  3. small intestine
91
Q

Most filtered calcium ions and phosphate ions are reabsorbed where?

A

PCT

92
Q

What does PTH inhibit what?

A

ion reabsorption; decreases transport maximum

93
Q

What 2 events occur when ECF calcium is low?

A
  1. more calcium ions are reabsorbed

2. more phosphate is excreted

94
Q

Changes in what alter tertiary structure of proteins?

A

hydrogen concentration of ECF

95
Q

Arterial pH>7.45

A

alkalosis

96
Q

Arterial pH

A

acidosis

97
Q

Neurons become less excitable -> CNS depression

A

alkalosis

98
Q

Neurons become hyperexcitable -> respiratory arrest

A

acidosis

99
Q

What is the normal pH of arterial blood?

A

7.4

100
Q

Fat metabolism is broken down into

A

fatty acids and ketone bodies

101
Q

Anaerobic respiration of glucose is broken down into

A

lactic acid

102
Q

Catabolism of proteins is broken down into

A

phosphoric acid and sulfuric acid

103
Q

H+ gain through metabolism must be attached with H+ loss by?

A
  1. removal of CO2 by respiration

2. excretion of H+ in urine

104
Q

H+ concentration is regulated sequentially by which 3 mechanisms?

A

Chemical buffer systems -> brain stem respiratory centers -> renal mechanisms

105
Q

Dissociate only partially; only small effect on pH

A

weak acids

106
Q

Dissociate completely in water; can dramatically affect pH

A

strong acids

107
Q

Dissociate completely in water; quickly tie up hydrogen ions

A

strong bases

108
Q

Weak bases

A

dissociate only partially

109
Q

System of one or more compounds that resists pH changes by reversibly binding hydrogen ions

A

chemical buffer

110
Q

What are the 3 major chemical buffer systems?

A
  1. bicarbonate
  2. phosphate
  3. protein
111
Q

Mixture of H2CO3 and NaHCO3

A

bicarbonate buffer system

112
Q

only important ECF buffer

A

bicarbonate buffer system

113
Q

If a strong acid is added to a bicarbnonate buffer system, what happens to the pH?

A

pH decreases slightly

114
Q

If a strong base is added to a bicarbonate buffer system what occurs to the pH?

A

the pH rises only slightly

115
Q

What type of buffer system is important in buffering urine and ICF?

A

phosphate buffer system

116
Q

what are the components of sodium salts in the phosphate buffer system?

A

dihydrogen phosphate and monohydrogen phosphate

117
Q

If a strong acid is added to a phosphate buffer system what happens to the pH?

A

pH decreases

118
Q

If a strong base is added to a phosphate buffer system what happens to the pH?

A

pH increases

119
Q

What type of buffer system involves plasma and in cells?

A

Protein buffer system

120
Q

True or false. A protein molecule can function reversibly as a weak acid or weak base

A

true

121
Q

True or False. When pH falls, amino groups release H+

A

False, amino groups bind H+

122
Q

True or false. When pH rises, organic acid or carboxyl groups release H+

A

true

123
Q

Respiratory and renal system are what type of buffering systems?

A

physiological buffering systems

124
Q

What are the 3 functions of the physiological buffering system?

A
  1. regulate amount of acid or base in body

2. act more slowly than chemical buffer systems but have more buffering power

125
Q

What do lungs eliminate by eliminating CO2?

A

volatile acid carbonic acid

126
Q

What do kidneys eliminate by cellular metabolism?

A

nonvolatile acids produced by cellular metabolism

127
Q

What are the 3 effects if pressure in CO2 or plasma rises?

A
  1. respiratory rate and depth increase
  2. more CO2 removed from blood
  3. reaction shifts to left and reduces H+ concentration
128
Q

What are the 3 effects if plasma falls?

A
  1. more CO2 accumulates in blood
  2. respiratory rate and depth decrease
  3. reaction shifts to right and increases hydrogen ions concentration
129
Q

What are the 2 ways kidneys regulate acid-base balance by adjusting amount of HCO3-?

A
  1. conserving or generating new HCO3-

2. Excreting HCO3-

130
Q

When plasma decreases kidneys excrete large quantities what happens to the pH?

A

plasma H+ increases toward normal

131
Q

When plasma increases kidneys reabsorb HCO3- what happens to the plasma H+?

A

Plasma H+ decreases toward normal

132
Q

What is the term caused by too much CO2 in the blood?

A

respiratory acidosis

133
Q

what is the term caused by too little CO2 in the blood?

A

respiratory alkalosis

134
Q

Respiratory acidosis and alkalosis are indicated by what?

A

Blood partial pressure of CO2 levels above or below normal range

135
Q

What is the term for all abnormalities other than those caused by excess retention or loss of CO2?

A

Metabolic acidosis or alkalosis

136
Q

Metabolic acidosis and alkalosis are indicated by what?

A

indicated by HCO3- levels above or below normal range

137
Q

What causes hypoventilation, shallow breathing and impaired gas exchange?

A

Respiratory acidosis

138
Q

What happens to the CO2 and blood pH in respiratory acidosis?

A
  1. CO2 accumulates in blood, lower than normal range

2. Blood pH drops

139
Q

What causes hyperventilation?

A

Respiratory alkalosis

140
Q

What happens to the CO2 and blood pH in respiratory alkalosis?

A
  1. CO2 eliminated faster than produced, above normal range

2. Blood pH rises

141
Q

What is cause by ingesting too much alcohol, excessive loss of HCO3-, accumulation of lactic aid, and ketosis?

A

metabolic acidosis

142
Q

What happens to the HCO3- and blood pJ in metabolic acidosis?

A

low blood and HCO3- levels

143
Q

What does vomiting acidic stomach contents and intake of excess antacids lead to?

A

metabolic alkalosis

144
Q

What happens to the blood pH and HCO3- in metabolic alkalosis?

A

rising blood pH and HCO3- levelsn

145
Q

True or false. If acid-base imbalance due to malfunction of one physiological buffer system, other system tries to compensate

A

true

146
Q

Respiratory system attempts to correct metabolic acid-base imbalances b what?

A

by changing respiratory rate and depth

147
Q

Kidneys attempt to correct respiratory acid-base imbalances by what?

A

retaining or eliminating HCO3-

148
Q

How does the respiratory system try to compensate for metabolic acidosis?

A

increasing rate and depth of breathing

149
Q

How does the respiratory system compensate for metabolic alkalosis?

A

with slow, shallow breathing

150
Q

How do the kidneys compensate for respiratory acidosis?

A

by retaining more HCO3-

151
Q

How do the kidneys compensate for respiratory alkalosis?

A

kidneys compensate by excreting more HCO3-

152
Q

Low blood, High Pco2 and high HCO3- levels

A

respiratory acidosis

153
Q

Low blood, low HCO3-, and Pco2 below normal

A

metabolic acidosis

154
Q

High blood pH, high HCO3-, and Pco2 above normal

A

metabolic alkalosis

155
Q

High blood pH, low Pco2, and low HCO3- levels

A

respiratory alkalosis

A&P II (13 decks)

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