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A&P II > Reproductive System > Flashcards

Reproductive System Flashcards

1
Q

Scrotum

A

contains paired testes and hangs outside abdominopelvic cavity

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2
Q

What winkles the scrotal skin?

A

dartos muscles

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3
Q

What elevates the testes?

A

cremaster muscle

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4
Q

What is the name of the serous membrane covering the testes?

A

tunica vaginalis

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5
Q

What is the fibrous capsule of testis?

A

tunica albuginea

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6
Q

What produces testosterone?

A

interstitial endocrine cells

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7
Q

What produces sperm?

A

seminiferous tubules

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8
Q

What are the testes divided into?

A

250 lobules

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9
Q

What encloses nerve fibers, blood vessels, lymphatics and ductus deferens?

A

spermatic cord

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10
Q

What are the major part of the penis?

A

root, shaft, glans penis and prepuse

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11
Q

What does the internal penis contain?

A

spongy urethra and 3 cylindrical of erectile tissue

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12
Q

What are the erectile tissue in the penis?

A

corpus spongiosum and corpus cavernosa(paired)

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13
Q

What is the order of the male duct system?

A

epididymsis-> ducyus deferens -> ejaculatory duct -> urethra

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14
Q

Site where sperm gain ability to swim

A

epididymis

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15
Q

stores sperm prior to ejaculation

A

epididymis

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16
Q

Epididymis

A

immature sperm conveyed from seminiferous tubules

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17
Q

Where does the epididymis empty into?

A

ductus deferens

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18
Q

Ductus deferens joins duct of what to form the ejaculatory duct?

A

seminal vesicle

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19
Q

Cutting and ligating ductus deferens

A

vasectomy

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20
Q

What are the 3 regions of the urethra?

A
  1. prostatic urethra
  2. membranous urethra
  3. spongy urethra
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21
Q

Which of the accessory glands are paired?

A

seminal vesicles, bulbo-urethral glands and prostate

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22
Q

What contains 70% of semen volume?

A

seminal vesicle

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23
Q

What are the 2 components of semen?

A

fructose and prostaglandins

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24
Q

Contains up to 1/3 of semen volume

A

prostate

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25
Q

Pea-sized glands inferior to prostate

A

bublo-urethral glands

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26
Q

Bulbo-urethral glands

A

lubricates glans penis and neutralizes traces of urine

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27
Q

What are the functions of semen

A
  1. provides transport medium for sperm
  2. provides fuel for ATP synthesis
  3. contains chemicals that enhance sperm motility
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28
Q

pH of sperm

A

7.2-8.0

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29
Q

Why is the pH of the sperm so basic?

A

this is because the vagina is acidic

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30
Q

How many total chromosomes in a diploid cell?

A

2n=46

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31
Q

How many chromosomes in a haploid cell?

A

n=23

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32
Q

Nuclear division process that occurs only in gonads?

A

meiosis

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33
Q

Prophase I

A

crossing over for genetic variation

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34
Q

Metaphase I

A

tetrads line up at metaphase plate

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35
Q

Anaphase I

A

homologous chromosomes separate

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36
Q

Product of meiosis I

A

2 diploid daughter cells

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37
Q

Product of meiosis II

A

4 genetically distinct haploid daughter cells

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38
Q

What is the function of meiosis?

A

introduce genetic variability

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39
Q

Sperm formation in seminiferous tubules

A

spermatogenesis

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40
Q

What are the major steps in the spermatogenesis?

A
  1. Mitosis of spermatogonia
  2. Meiosis
  3. Spermiogenesis
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41
Q

Stem cells at outermost tubule

A

spermatogonia

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42
Q

Starting at puberty, each mitotic division become what?

A

type A and type B daughter cells

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43
Q

Which cell type remains at basal lamina?

A

type A

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44
Q

Which cell type moves toward lumen and becomes primary spermatocyte?

A

type B

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45
Q

What occurs during meiosis I to the primary spermatocyte?

A

it becomes 2 secondary spermatocytes

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46
Q

Are the cells haploid or diploid at primary spermatocyte?

A

diploid

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47
Q

Are the cells haploid or diploid at secondary spermatocytes?

A

haploid

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48
Q

During meiosis II what happens to the secondary spermatocyte?

A

2 spermatids

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49
Q

Are the cells haploid or diploid at the 2 spermatids?

A

haploid

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50
Q

Spermatid elongates loses excess cytoplasm and forms a tail

A

spermeogensis

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51
Q

what is another name for sperm?

A

spermaozoon

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52
Q

What are 3 major regions of a sperm?

A
  1. head
  2. midpiece
  3. tail
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53
Q

Part of the sperm that has hydrolytic enzymes?

A

acrosome

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54
Q

What does the midpiece of the sperm contain?

A

mitochondria

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55
Q

Surround spermatogenic cells

A

sustentocytes

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56
Q

Sustentocytes

A

divide seminiferous tubule into basal compartment and adluminal compartment

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57
Q

Blood-testis barrier

A

tight junctions between sustentocytes

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58
Q

2 functions of the blood-testis barrier

A
  1. prevents antigens of developing sperm from activating immune system
  2. sperm absent during immune system development and so not recognizedas “self”
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59
Q

What lies outside blood-testis barrier in basal compartment?

A

spermatogonia

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60
Q

What is the purpose of tight junctions opening following mitosis?

A

type B daughter cells pass into adluminal compartment

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61
Q

What are other functions of sustentocytes?

A
  1. provide nutrients to dividing cells
  2. secrete testicular fluid for sperm transport
  3. move cells toward lumen
  4. produce chmical signals that help regulate spermatogenesis
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62
Q

Hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis

A

hormonal interactions between hypothalamus, anterior pituitary and gonads

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63
Q

What does the hypothalamus releases?

A

GnRH (gonadotropin-releasing hormone)

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64
Q

GnRH

A

FSH and LH

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65
Q

What is stimulated by sustentocytes to release androgen-binding protein?

A

FSH

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66
Q

What is the function of FSH stimulation in males?

A

keeps concentration of testosterone high near spermatogenic cells

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67
Q

What stimulates interstitial endocrine cells to release testosterone?

A

LH

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68
Q

What is the final trigger for spermatogenesis?

A

LH

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69
Q

What do rising levels of testosterone feed back and inhibit release of?

A

GnRH, FSH, snd LH

70
Q

When sperm count is high, sustentocytes do what?

A

release inhibin to inhibit release of GnRH and FSH

71
Q

What directly stimulates the testes?

A

gonadotropins

72
Q

What stimulates the release of gonadotropins?

A

GnRH

73
Q

What exerts negative feedback controls on hypothalamus and anterior pituitary?

A

Gonadal hormones

74
Q

What are the function of testosterone?

A
  1. stimulate spermatogenesis
  2. stimulates maturation of accessory reproductive organs
  3. promotes development of secondary sex characteristics
  4. responsible for male libido
75
Q

Featured induced in nonreproductive organs by male sex hormones at puberty

A

male secondary sex characteristics

76
Q

List male secondary sex characteristics

A
  1. increased oilness of skin
  2. increased size and mass of bones and skeletal muscles
  3. deepening of voice
  4. appearance of pubic, axillary and facial hair
77
Q

What organs are in the internal genitalia in a female?

A

ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus and vagina

78
Q

What organs are in the external genitalia in a female?

A

mons pubis, labia majora and minora, and clitoris

79
Q

What surrounds the ovaries?

A

tunica albuginea

80
Q

What are the 2 regions in the ovaries?

A

outer cortex and inner medulla

81
Q

Where are ovaries located?

A

embedded in cortex are ovarian follicles

82
Q

Follicle cells

A

1 cell layer thick

83
Q

Granulosa cells

A

more than 1 layer present

84
Q

Ejection of oocyte from mature follicle

A

ovulation

85
Q

What are the components of the female duct system?

A

uterine tubes -> uterus -> vagina

86
Q

Does the female duct system make contact with ovaries?

A

no

87
Q

What are the 2 functions of the uterine tubes?

A
  1. receives ovulated oocyte

2. usual site of fertilization

88
Q

What occurs during at ovulation?

A

beating cilia create currents that move oocyte into uterine tube then the oocyte carried toward uterus by peristalsis and ciliary action

89
Q

What is the function of the uterus?

A

receives, retains, and nourishes fertilized ovum

90
Q

What are the 3 layers of the uterine wall?

A

perimetrium, myometrium and endometrium

91
Q

What are the 2 layers of the endometrium?

A

stratum functionalis and stratum basails

92
Q

What sheds during menstruation?

A

stratum functionalis

93
Q

What forms new stratum functionalis?

A

stratum basalis

94
Q

Thin-walled tube 8-10cm in length; extends from cervix to exterior

A

vagina

95
Q

What are the functions of the vagina?

A
  1. birth canal

2. female organ of copulation

96
Q

Membrane that partially covers external vaginal opening

A

hymen

97
Q

Fatty area overlying pubic symphysis

A

mons pubis

98
Q

hair-covered, fatty skin folds and counterpart of male scrotum

A

labis majora

99
Q

What is the hair-free folds enclose vestibule?

A

labia minora

100
Q

flank vaginal opening

A

greater vestibule glands

101
Q

What in a female is homologous to male bulbo-urethral bland?

A

Greater vestibular glands

102
Q

In a female what secretes mucus for lubrication?

A

greater vestibular glands

103
Q

In a female what is the male counterpart of the penis?

A

clitoris

104
Q

What is the skin fold of the clitoris?

A

prepuce

105
Q

What is the exposed portion of the clitoris?

A

glans

106
Q

What is the pigmented skin surrounding the nipple?

A

areola

107
Q

What attaches the breast to underlying muscles?

A

suspensory ligaments

108
Q

Lobules within lobes contain alveoli produce what?

A

milk

109
Q

What is the milk pathway in the mammary gland?

A

lactiferous ducts -> lactiferous sinuses

110
Q

What is the production of the female gametes called?

A

oogenesis

111
Q

When does oogeneis begin?

A

begins in the fetal period

112
Q

What are 2n stem cells called in oogenesis? How do they multiply?

A

oogonia and multiply by mitosis

113
Q

What develops in primordial follicles?

A

primary oocytes

114
Q

Where do primary begin and stall?

A

begins in meiosis and stalls in prophase I

115
Q

At birth, what is the female lifetime supply of primary oocytes?

A

1 million

116
Q

At puberty, how many oocytes remain?

A

300,000-400,000

117
Q

Each month after puberty what are activated?

A

few primary oocytes are activated

118
Q

What are the results of the oogenesis?

A

2 haploid cells of different sizes

119
Q

What are 2 cell types after the primary oocyte?

A

secondary oocyte and first polar body

120
Q

What happens to the secondary oocyte in metaphase II and ovulation?

A

it stalls

121
Q

What happens to secondary oocyte if not penetrated by sperm?q

A

deteriorates

122
Q

What happens to the secondary oocyte if penetrated by sperm?

A

completes meiosis II

123
Q

What is the result of meiosis II when the secondary oocyte penetrates sperm?

A

ovum and secondary polar body

124
Q

How many viable sperm does spermatogenesis yield? Error rate?

A

4 viable sperm and 3-4% error rate

125
Q

How many viable ovum and polar bodies does oogenesis yield? Error rate?

A

1 viable gamete and 3 polar bodies

30% error rate

126
Q

Monthly series of events associated with maturation of egg

A

ovarian cycle

127
Q

What are the phases in the ovarian cycle?

A

follicular and luteal phase

128
Q

Follicular phase

A

period of follicle growth; days 1-14

129
Q

Luteal phase

A

period of corpus luteum activity (days 14-28)

130
Q

When does ovulation occur?

A

ovulation occurs midcycle of ovarian cycle

131
Q

What are the steps in the follicular phase?

A
  1. Primordial follicle is surrounded by a single layer of flattened follicle cells
  2. Primordial follicle becomes primary follicle and the oocyte enlarges
    3a. Primary follicle becomes secondary follicle; granulosa cells form around oocyte
    3b. secondary follicle become late secondary follicle ; theca folliculi condenses around follicle and fluid accumulates between granulosa cells
  3. Late secondary follicle becomes vesicular follicle; antrum begins to form
  4. Primary oocyte completes meiosis I
132
Q

What occurs during ovulation?

A

ovary wall ruptures, expels secondary oocyte with its corona radiata into peritoneal cavity

133
Q

During conception if there is 1 egg and 1 sperm with same placenta and separate amniotic sacs, what type twins are the result?

A

identical twins

134
Q

During conception if there are 2 eggs and 2 sperms, separate placenta and separate amniotic scas, what type twins are the result?

A

fraternal twins

135
Q

What occurs in the luteal phase

A
  1. ruptured follicle collapses forming corpus luteum; secretes progesterone and some estrogen
136
Q

In the luteal phase, if no pregnancy what happens to corpus luteum?

A

it degenerates into corpus albicans (scar) in 10 days

137
Q

In the luteal phase if pregnancy occurs what happens to the corpus luteum?

A

produces hormones until placenta takes over around 3 months

138
Q

What happens in the ovarian cycle during childhood?

A

ovaries secrete small amounts of estrogens that inhibit hypothalmic release of GnRH

139
Q

What happens to in the ovarian cycle as puberty nears?

A

Hypothalamus becomes less sensitive to estrogen; release GnRH

140
Q

Approximately how long after puberty near does menarche occur?

A

after 4 years

141
Q

In the ovarian cycle what does LH stimulate? Result of stimulation?

A

LH stimulates cells of theca folliculi which release androgens

142
Q

In the ovarian cycle what does FSH stimulate? Result of stimulation?

A

FSH stimulates granulosa cells which convert androgens to estrogens

143
Q

What inhibits gonadotropn release in females?

A

negative feedback

144
Q

In females what inhibits FSH and LH during gonadatropin inhibition?

A
  1. rising estrogen levels

2. rising inhibin levels (released by granulosa cells)

145
Q

What stimulates gonadotropin release?

A

positive feedback

146
Q

What is the cause of estrogen output?

A

dominant follicle

147
Q

What happens once estrogen levels reach critical level?

A

brief positive feedback on hypothalamus and anterior pituitary

148
Q

Sudden burstlike release of LH at midcycle

A

LH surge

149
Q

What are the 3 effects of LH surge?

A
  1. stimulates primary oocyte to complete meiosis I
  2. triggers ovulation
  3. transforms ruptured follicle into corpus luteum
150
Q

What occurs when negative feedback inhibits LH and FSH release?

A
  1. inhibits follicle maturation

2. prevents additional LH surges

151
Q

What are the 4 events that occur if no fertilization?

A
  1. LH levels fall
  2. corpus luteum degenerates
  3. estrogen and progesterone levels drop sharply
  4. blockade of FSH and LH secretion ends
152
Q

Cyclic changes in endometrium in response to fluctuating ovarian hormone levels

A

uterine cycle

153
Q

What are the 3 phases in the uterine cycle?

A
  1. Menstrual phase (days 1-5)
  2. Proliferative phase (days 6-14)
  3. Secretory phase (days 15-28)
154
Q

What occurs during the menstrual phase?

A
  1. stratum functionalis sheds (menstruation)
  2. ovarian hormones at lowest levels
  3. gonadotropins beginning to rise
155
Q

What occurs during the proliferative phase?

A
  1. stratum functionalis rebuilt (due to rising levels of estrogen)
  2. ovulation occurs at end of proliferative phase
156
Q

What 2 events occur during secretory phase?

A

endometrium prepares for embryo and rising progesterone levels

157
Q

In what phase do progesterone levels rise? What 2 things does it prompt?

A
  1. enrichment of blood supply

2. glandular secretion of nutrients

158
Q

In the uterine cycle what occurs if there is no fertilization?

A
  1. corpus luteum degenerates,
  2. progerstone levels fall
  3. spiral arteries kink, spasm, and relax
  4. weakened capillary beds fragment (functional layer sloughs-off)
159
Q

Which 2 phases in the in the uterine cycle overlap with which phase in the ovarian cycle?

A

the menstrual and proliferative phase overlaps with the follicular phase

160
Q

What phase responds to a phase in the ovarian cycle?

A

the secretory phase corresponds to the luteal phase

161
Q

List the 4 effects of estrogen

A
  1. promotes oogenesis and follicle growth in ovary
  2. exert anabolic effects n female reproductive tract
  3. stimulate rapid but short-lived growth spurt at puberty
  4. induce secondary sex characteristics
162
Q

List the female secondary se characteristics

A
  1. growth of breasts
  2. deposition of subcutaneous fat
  3. widening and lengthening of pelvis
163
Q

What is the number of chromosomes in a human gamete?

A

23; haploid

164
Q

What is the function of ABG?

A

keeps the concentration of testosterone in the vicinity of the spermatogenic cells high to stimulate spermatogenesi

165
Q

Which layer of the uterus is the site for implantation of a fertilized egg

A

stratum functionalis layer of the endometrium

166
Q

What part of the breast produces milk

A

alveoli

167
Q

Which layer of the uterine wall is made of smooth muscle?

A

myometrium

168
Q

What is the role of the corpus luteum?

A

to produce hormones that maintain the uterine lining during the first months of pregnancy

169
Q

What type of cell is released during ovulation?

A

secondary oocyte

170
Q

In males, which of the following includes the correct target and result of LH stimulation?

A

interstitial fluid to secrete testosterone

A&P II (13 decks)

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