Reproductive System Flashcards
1
Q
Scrotum
A
contains paired testes and hangs outside abdominopelvic cavity
2
Q
What winkles the scrotal skin?
A
dartos muscles
3
Q
What elevates the testes?
A
cremaster muscle
4
Q
What is the name of the serous membrane covering the testes?
A
tunica vaginalis
5
Q
What is the fibrous capsule of testis?
A
tunica albuginea
6
Q
What produces testosterone?
A
interstitial endocrine cells
7
Q
What produces sperm?
A
seminiferous tubules
8
Q
What are the testes divided into?
A
250 lobules
9
Q
What encloses nerve fibers, blood vessels, lymphatics and ductus deferens?
A
spermatic cord
10
Q
What are the major part of the penis?
A
root, shaft, glans penis and prepuse
11
Q
What does the internal penis contain?
A
spongy urethra and 3 cylindrical of erectile tissue
12
Q
What are the erectile tissue in the penis?
A
corpus spongiosum and corpus cavernosa(paired)
13
Q
What is the order of the male duct system?
A
epididymsis-> ducyus deferens -> ejaculatory duct -> urethra
14
Q
Site where sperm gain ability to swim
A
epididymis
15
Q
stores sperm prior to ejaculation
A
epididymis
16
Q
Epididymis
A
immature sperm conveyed from seminiferous tubules
17
Q
Where does the epididymis empty into?
A
ductus deferens
18
Q
Ductus deferens joins duct of what to form the ejaculatory duct?
A
seminal vesicle
19
Q
Cutting and ligating ductus deferens
A
vasectomy
20
Q
What are the 3 regions of the urethra?
A
- prostatic urethra
- membranous urethra
- spongy urethra
21
Q
Which of the accessory glands are paired?
A
seminal vesicles, bulbo-urethral glands and prostate
22
Q
What contains 70% of semen volume?
A
seminal vesicle
23
Q
What are the 2 components of semen?
A
fructose and prostaglandins
24
Q
Contains up to 1/3 of semen volume
A
prostate
25
Pea-sized glands inferior to prostate
bublo-urethral glands
26
Bulbo-urethral glands
lubricates glans penis and neutralizes traces of urine
27
What are the functions of semen
1. provides transport medium for sperm
2. provides fuel for ATP synthesis
3. contains chemicals that enhance sperm motility
28
pH of sperm
7.2-8.0
29
Why is the pH of the sperm so basic?
this is because the vagina is acidic
30
How many total chromosomes in a diploid cell?
2n=46
31
How many chromosomes in a haploid cell?
n=23
32
Nuclear division process that occurs only in gonads?
meiosis
33
Prophase I
crossing over for genetic variation
34
Metaphase I
tetrads line up at metaphase plate
35
Anaphase I
homologous chromosomes separate
36
Product of meiosis I
2 diploid daughter cells
37
Product of meiosis II
4 genetically distinct haploid daughter cells
38
What is the function of meiosis?
introduce genetic variability
39
Sperm formation in seminiferous tubules
spermatogenesis
40
What are the major steps in the spermatogenesis?
1. Mitosis of spermatogonia
2. Meiosis
3. Spermiogenesis
41
Stem cells at outermost tubule
spermatogonia
42
Starting at puberty, each mitotic division become what?
type A and type B daughter cells
43
Which cell type remains at basal lamina?
type A
44
Which cell type moves toward lumen and becomes primary spermatocyte?
type B
45
What occurs during meiosis I to the primary spermatocyte?
it becomes 2 secondary spermatocytes
46
Are the cells haploid or diploid at primary spermatocyte?
diploid
47
Are the cells haploid or diploid at secondary spermatocytes?
haploid
48
During meiosis II what happens to the secondary spermatocyte?
2 spermatids
49
Are the cells haploid or diploid at the 2 spermatids?
haploid
50
Spermatid elongates loses excess cytoplasm and forms a tail
spermeogensis
51
what is another name for sperm?
spermaozoon
52
What are 3 major regions of a sperm?
1. head
2. midpiece
3. tail
53
Part of the sperm that has hydrolytic enzymes?
acrosome
54
What does the midpiece of the sperm contain?
mitochondria
55
Surround spermatogenic cells
sustentocytes
56
Sustentocytes
divide seminiferous tubule into basal compartment and adluminal compartment
57
Blood-testis barrier
tight junctions between sustentocytes
58
2 functions of the blood-testis barrier
1. prevents antigens of developing sperm from activating immune system
2. sperm absent during immune system development and so not recognizedas "self"
59
What lies outside blood-testis barrier in basal compartment?
spermatogonia
60
What is the purpose of tight junctions opening following mitosis?
type B daughter cells pass into adluminal compartment
61
What are other functions of sustentocytes?
1. provide nutrients to dividing cells
2. secrete testicular fluid for sperm transport
3. move cells toward lumen
4. produce chmical signals that help regulate spermatogenesis
62
Hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis
hormonal interactions between hypothalamus, anterior pituitary and gonads
63
What does the hypothalamus releases?
GnRH (gonadotropin-releasing hormone)
64
GnRH
FSH and LH
65
What is stimulated by sustentocytes to release androgen-binding protein?
FSH
66
What is the function of FSH stimulation in males?
keeps concentration of testosterone high near spermatogenic cells
67
What stimulates interstitial endocrine cells to release testosterone?
LH
68
What is the final trigger for spermatogenesis?
LH
69
What do rising levels of testosterone feed back and inhibit release of?
GnRH, FSH, snd LH
70
When sperm count is high, sustentocytes do what?
release inhibin to inhibit release of GnRH and FSH
71
What directly stimulates the testes?
gonadotropins
72
What stimulates the release of gonadotropins?
GnRH
73
What exerts negative feedback controls on hypothalamus and anterior pituitary?
Gonadal hormones
74
What are the function of testosterone?
1. stimulate spermatogenesis
2. stimulates maturation of accessory reproductive organs
3. promotes development of secondary sex characteristics
4. responsible for male libido
75
Featured induced in nonreproductive organs by male sex hormones at puberty
male secondary sex characteristics
76
List male secondary sex characteristics
1. increased oilness of skin
2. increased size and mass of bones and skeletal muscles
3. deepening of voice
4. appearance of pubic, axillary and facial hair
77
What organs are in the internal genitalia in a female?
ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus and vagina
78
What organs are in the external genitalia in a female?
mons pubis, labia majora and minora, and clitoris
79
What surrounds the ovaries?
tunica albuginea
80
What are the 2 regions in the ovaries?
outer cortex and inner medulla
81
Where are ovaries located?
embedded in cortex are ovarian follicles
82
Follicle cells
1 cell layer thick
83
Granulosa cells
more than 1 layer present
84
Ejection of oocyte from mature follicle
ovulation
85
What are the components of the female duct system?
uterine tubes -> uterus -> vagina
86
Does the female duct system make contact with ovaries?
no
87
What are the 2 functions of the uterine tubes?
1. receives ovulated oocyte
| 2. usual site of fertilization
88
What occurs during at ovulation?
beating cilia create currents that move oocyte into uterine tube then the oocyte carried toward uterus by peristalsis and ciliary action
89
What is the function of the uterus?
receives, retains, and nourishes fertilized ovum
90
What are the 3 layers of the uterine wall?
perimetrium, myometrium and endometrium
91
What are the 2 layers of the endometrium?
stratum functionalis and stratum basails
92
What sheds during menstruation?
stratum functionalis
93
What forms new stratum functionalis?
stratum basalis
94
Thin-walled tube 8-10cm in length; extends from cervix to exterior
vagina
95
What are the functions of the vagina?
1. birth canal
| 2. female organ of copulation
96
Membrane that partially covers external vaginal opening
hymen
97
Fatty area overlying pubic symphysis
mons pubis
98
hair-covered, fatty skin folds and counterpart of male scrotum
labis majora
99
What is the hair-free folds enclose vestibule?
labia minora
100
flank vaginal opening
greater vestibule glands
101
What in a female is homologous to male bulbo-urethral bland?
Greater vestibular glands
102
In a female what secretes mucus for lubrication?
greater vestibular glands
103
In a female what is the male counterpart of the penis?
clitoris
104
What is the skin fold of the clitoris?
prepuce
105
What is the exposed portion of the clitoris?
glans
106
What is the pigmented skin surrounding the nipple?
areola
107
What attaches the breast to underlying muscles?
suspensory ligaments
108
Lobules within lobes contain alveoli produce what?
milk
109
What is the milk pathway in the mammary gland?
lactiferous ducts -> lactiferous sinuses
110
What is the production of the female gametes called?
oogenesis
111
When does oogeneis begin?
begins in the fetal period
112
What are 2n stem cells called in oogenesis? How do they multiply?
oogonia and multiply by mitosis
113
What develops in primordial follicles?
primary oocytes
114
Where do primary begin and stall?
begins in meiosis and stalls in prophase I
115
At birth, what is the female lifetime supply of primary oocytes?
1 million
116
At puberty, how many oocytes remain?
300,000-400,000
117
Each month after puberty what are activated?
few primary oocytes are activated
118
What are the results of the oogenesis?
2 haploid cells of different sizes
119
What are 2 cell types after the primary oocyte?
secondary oocyte and first polar body
120
What happens to the secondary oocyte in metaphase II and ovulation?
it stalls
121
What happens to secondary oocyte if not penetrated by sperm?q
deteriorates
122
What happens to the secondary oocyte if penetrated by sperm?
completes meiosis II
123
What is the result of meiosis II when the secondary oocyte penetrates sperm?
ovum and secondary polar body
124
How many viable sperm does spermatogenesis yield? Error rate?
4 viable sperm and 3-4% error rate
125
How many viable ovum and polar bodies does oogenesis yield? Error rate?
1 viable gamete and 3 polar bodies
| 30% error rate
126
Monthly series of events associated with maturation of egg
ovarian cycle
127
What are the phases in the ovarian cycle?
follicular and luteal phase
128
Follicular phase
period of follicle growth; days 1-14
129
Luteal phase
period of corpus luteum activity (days 14-28)
130
When does ovulation occur?
ovulation occurs midcycle of ovarian cycle
131
What are the steps in the follicular phase?
1. Primordial follicle is surrounded by a single layer of flattened follicle cells
2. Primordial follicle becomes primary follicle and the oocyte enlarges
3a. Primary follicle becomes secondary follicle; granulosa cells form around oocyte
3b. secondary follicle become late secondary follicle ; theca folliculi condenses around follicle and fluid accumulates between granulosa cells
4. Late secondary follicle becomes vesicular follicle; antrum begins to form
5. Primary oocyte completes meiosis I
132
What occurs during ovulation?
ovary wall ruptures, expels secondary oocyte with its corona radiata into peritoneal cavity
133
During conception if there is 1 egg and 1 sperm with same placenta and separate amniotic sacs, what type twins are the result?
identical twins
134
During conception if there are 2 eggs and 2 sperms, separate placenta and separate amniotic scas, what type twins are the result?
fraternal twins
135
What occurs in the luteal phase
1. ruptured follicle collapses forming corpus luteum; secretes progesterone and some estrogen
136
In the luteal phase, if no pregnancy what happens to corpus luteum?
it degenerates into corpus albicans (scar) in 10 days
137
In the luteal phase if pregnancy occurs what happens to the corpus luteum?
produces hormones until placenta takes over around 3 months
138
What happens in the ovarian cycle during childhood?
ovaries secrete small amounts of estrogens that inhibit hypothalmic release of GnRH
139
What happens to in the ovarian cycle as puberty nears?
Hypothalamus becomes less sensitive to estrogen; release GnRH
140
Approximately how long after puberty near does menarche occur?
after 4 years
141
In the ovarian cycle what does LH stimulate? Result of stimulation?
LH stimulates cells of theca folliculi which release androgens
142
In the ovarian cycle what does FSH stimulate? Result of stimulation?
FSH stimulates granulosa cells which convert androgens to estrogens
143
What inhibits gonadotropn release in females?
negative feedback
144
In females what inhibits FSH and LH during gonadatropin inhibition?
1. rising estrogen levels
| 2. rising inhibin levels (released by granulosa cells)
145
What stimulates gonadotropin release?
positive feedback
146
What is the cause of estrogen output?
dominant follicle
147
What happens once estrogen levels reach critical level?
brief positive feedback on hypothalamus and anterior pituitary
148
Sudden burstlike release of LH at midcycle
LH surge
149
What are the 3 effects of LH surge?
1. stimulates primary oocyte to complete meiosis I
2. triggers ovulation
3. transforms ruptured follicle into corpus luteum
150
What occurs when negative feedback inhibits LH and FSH release?
1. inhibits follicle maturation
| 2. prevents additional LH surges
151
What are the 4 events that occur if no fertilization?
1. LH levels fall
2. corpus luteum degenerates
3. estrogen and progesterone levels drop sharply
4. blockade of FSH and LH secretion ends
152
Cyclic changes in endometrium in response to fluctuating ovarian hormone levels
uterine cycle
153
What are the 3 phases in the uterine cycle?
1. Menstrual phase (days 1-5)
2. Proliferative phase (days 6-14)
3. Secretory phase (days 15-28)
154
What occurs during the menstrual phase?
1. stratum functionalis sheds (menstruation)
2. ovarian hormones at lowest levels
3. gonadotropins beginning to rise
155
What occurs during the proliferative phase?
1. stratum functionalis rebuilt (due to rising levels of estrogen)
2. ovulation occurs at end of proliferative phase
156
What 2 events occur during secretory phase?
endometrium prepares for embryo and rising progesterone levels
157
In what phase do progesterone levels rise? What 2 things does it prompt?
1. enrichment of blood supply
| 2. glandular secretion of nutrients
158
In the uterine cycle what occurs if there is no fertilization?
1. corpus luteum degenerates,
2. progerstone levels fall
3. spiral arteries kink, spasm, and relax
4. weakened capillary beds fragment (functional layer sloughs-off)
159
Which 2 phases in the in the uterine cycle overlap with which phase in the ovarian cycle?
the menstrual and proliferative phase overlaps with the follicular phase
160
What phase responds to a phase in the ovarian cycle?
the secretory phase corresponds to the luteal phase
161
List the 4 effects of estrogen
1. promotes oogenesis and follicle growth in ovary
2. exert anabolic effects n female reproductive tract
3. stimulate rapid but short-lived growth spurt at puberty
4. induce secondary sex characteristics
162
List the female secondary se characteristics
1. growth of breasts
2. deposition of subcutaneous fat
3. widening and lengthening of pelvis
163
What is the number of chromosomes in a human gamete?
23; haploid
164
What is the function of ABG?
keeps the concentration of testosterone in the vicinity of the spermatogenic cells high to stimulate spermatogenesi
165
Which layer of the uterus is the site for implantation of a fertilized egg
stratum functionalis layer of the endometrium
166
What part of the breast produces milk
alveoli
167
Which layer of the uterine wall is made of smooth muscle?
myometrium
168
What is the role of the corpus luteum?
to produce hormones that maintain the uterine lining during the first months of pregnancy
169
What type of cell is released during ovulation?
secondary oocyte
170
In males, which of the following includes the correct target and result of LH stimulation?
interstitial fluid to secrete testosterone
