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A&P II > Blood > Flashcards

Blood Flashcards

1
Q

what is the main protein found in plasma?

A

albumin

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2
Q

how many molecules of oxygen can be transported by one hemoglobin molecule?

A

4

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3
Q

What is plasma?

A

Nonliving fluid matrix

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4
Q

What are formed elements? Composition?

A

Living blood cells: erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets

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5
Q

Define hematocrit.

A

Percent of total blood volume occupied by erythrocytes

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6
Q

Give the range of hematocrit for males and females

A

Males 47 +/- 5

Females 42+/- 5

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7
Q

What are the physical characteristics of blood

A

scarlet to dark red, pH 7.35-7.45, 38C

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8
Q

What does it mean when the blood is dark red or scarlet?

A

Dark red is a lack of oxygen and scarlet is the presence of oxygen

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9
Q

What are the 3 functions of blood?

A

protection, distribution.n and regulation

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10
Q

Name the term. helps maintain normal body temperature, pH, and fluid volume

A

Regulation of blood

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11
Q

What describes the slow blood loss preventing infection?

A

Protection of the blood

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12
Q

Describe blood plasma

A

straw-colored, sticky fluid, 90% water, 10% dissolved solutes

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13
Q

What describes the O2 and nutrients; metabolic and hormones?

A

Distribution of the blood

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14
Q

Which 3 proteins compromise plasma? Percentage?

A

albumin (60%), globulins(34%), and fibrinogen (4%)

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15
Q

T/F. Only leukocytes are complete cells

A

T

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16
Q

T/F Most formed elements divide, but are continuously renewed by division of stem cells in red bone marrow

A

F. Most do NOT divide

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17
Q

What are the functions of erythrocytes?

A

Pick up O2 and release it to tissue cells and transport ~ 20% of CO2 from tissue back to lungs

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18
Q

What is the shape of erythrocytes?

A

biconcave disc shape

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19
Q

What is the advantage of the particular shape of an erythrocyte?

A

increases surface area to volume ration allowing faster O2 exchange. This allows RBCs to bend and flex

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20
Q

What are the two parts of hemoglobin?

A

Globin and heme

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21
Q

Why is carbon monoxide dangerous?

A

CO has a higher affinity than O2 for heme binding sites

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22
Q

What is the term given to blood cell formation?

A

hematopoiesis

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23
Q

Where does blood cell formation occur in adults?

A

red bone marrow

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24
Q

What is another term for hemocytoblasts?

A

hematopoietic stem cells

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25
Q

What are the three phases of erythropoiesis?

A
  1. Ribosome synthesis
  2. Hemoglobin accumulation
  3. Ejection of nucleus and formation of reticulocytes
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26
Q

What is Erythropoietin (EPO)?

A

A hormone that stimulates RBS production

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27
Q

How is EPO released?

A

In response to hypoxia via the kidneys

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28
Q

What hypoxia?

A

decreased RBC count, amount of Hb, and O2 availability

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29
Q

What is blood doping?.

A

RBCs are drawn off and stored then replaced

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30
Q

What is the life span of erythrocytes?

A

100-120 days

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31
Q

Can RBCs grow or divide?

A

no

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32
Q

How are aged and damaged RBCs removed?

A

via macrophages in the spleen and liver

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33
Q

What is the function of iron in RBCs?

A

released from heme and stored for reuse

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34
Q

What is the function of globin in RBCs?

A

break down amino acids

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35
Q

What is the function of hemoglobin?

A

split into heme and globin

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36
Q

What is converted to bilirubin?

A

balance of heme

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37
Q

Describe the process of bilirubin

A

picked up from blood by liver, secreted into intestine in bile then excreted in feces

38
Q

What occurs when the blood has abnormally lost 02 carrying capacity?

39
Q

What are the causes of anemia?

A

insufficient RBCs, low Hb, Abnormal Hb

40
Q

Which anemia is the destruction of red bone marrow by drugs, chemicals, or radiation?

41
Q

Which anemia is the result of the loss of blood?

A

hemorrhagic

42
Q

Which anemia is caused by deficiency of vitamin B12?

A

Pernicious

43
Q

Which anemia is caused by ruptured RBCs?

44
Q

What is the name given for abnormal hemoglobin?

A

sickle-cell anemia

45
Q

What is polycythemia?

A

excess of RBCs that increase blood viscosity

46
Q

In what scenarios would an increased hematocrit not indicate polycythemia?

A

dehydration

47
Q

What are the function of leukocytes?

A

protect body from damage by bacteria, viruses, parasites, toxin, and tumor cells; remove dead cells and debris by phagocytosis

48
Q

What are the two categories of leukocytes?

A

granulocytes and agranulocytes

49
Q

List the granulocytes

A

Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils

50
Q

List the agranulocytes

A

Lymphocytes and monocytes

51
Q

Which is the most numerous WBC? Function

A

Neutrophils: phagocytize bacteria

52
Q

What is the function of eosinophils?

A

digest parasitic worms that are too large to be phagocytized

53
Q

What is the function of basophils?

A

release inflammatory chemical, histamine

54
Q

Which is the largest leukocyte? Function?

A

Monocyte, leave the bloodstream to the tissues to differentiate into a macrophage

55
Q

From least to abundant list the leukocytes

A

Basophils, eosinophils, monocytes, lymphocytes, and neutrophils

56
Q

Which disorder has an abnormally low WBC count?

57
Q

Which disorder has a group of cancerous condition involving WBCs?

58
Q

What is the term for excessive number of WBC?

A

Leukocytosis

59
Q

What are the results of leukemia?

A

severe anemia, bleeding problems,and inability to fight off infection

60
Q

What are platelets derived?

A

from megakaryotes

61
Q

Which process are platelets essential?

A

clotting process

62
Q

What is hemostasis?

A

stoppage of bleeding when a blood vessel wall breaks

63
Q

What are the 3 steps of hemostasis?

A
  1. Vascular spasm

2. Platelet plug formation 3. Coagulation

64
Q

What are the causes and effects of vascular spasms?

A

Causes: direct injury to vascular smooth muscle, chemical released by endothelial cells and platelets and reflexes initiated by local pain receptor.

Effect: vasoconstriction of damaged blood vessel to reduce blood loss

65
Q

What occurs during platelet plug formation?

A

platelets aggregate, forming a platelet plug that temporarily seals break in vessel wall

66
Q

What is coagulation?

A

fibrin forms a mesh that traps red blood cells and platelets forming the clot

67
Q

What are the three phases of coagulation?

A
  1. Formation of prothrombin activator
  2. Prothrombin activator catalyzes conversion of prothrombin into thrombin
  3. thrombin catalyzes conversion of fibrinogen into fibrin
68
Q

what are the two pathways that initiate prothrombin activator?

A

extrinsic and intrinsic

69
Q

describe the intrinsic pathway.

A

triggered by negatively charged surfaces, factors needed for clotting are present within blood, and slower than extrinsic pathway due to intermediate steps

70
Q

Describe the extrinsic pathway.

A

triggered by esposing blood to tissue factor found in tissues deep to damaged epitheliumm tissue factor is outside the blood, and faster due to bypassing intermediate steps

71
Q

What is the goal of both the intrinsic and extrinsic pathway?

A

both cascade toward factor X which forms prothrombin activator

72
Q

What role does thrombin play?

A

thrombin catalyzes conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin

73
Q

What is clot retraction?

A

process by which clot is condensed into more compact structure. Damaged vessel is repaired

74
Q

What is finbrinolysis?

A

process by which unneeded clots are dissolved. This converts plasminogen to plasmin

75
Q

What is an anticoagulation?

A

prevents blood clots from spreading beyond wound site

76
Q

What is a thrombus?

A

clot that develops and persist in an unbroken blood vessel

77
Q

What is the term for a thrombus that breaks frees and floats freely n the bloodstream?

78
Q

What is an embolism?

A

obstruction of a blood vessel by an embolus

79
Q

What are three substances that are clinically used to prevent undesirable clotting?

A

aspirin, heparin, and leeches

80
Q

What is the deficiency in number of circulating platelets?

A

thrombocytopenia

81
Q

What is a transfusion?

A

transfer of whole blood or blood components from one individual to another

82
Q

What is a transfusion reaction?

A

destruction of transfused RBCs by recipient’s immune system

83
Q

What is an antigen? Antibody?

A

Antigen: any substance that provoke an immune response
Antibody: protein produced by immune system

84
Q

What is agglutination?

A

donor RBCs are clumped together by recipient’s ABs

85
Q

List all blood groups and their AG

A

A: A Ag
B: B Ag
AB: A & B Ags
O: Neither

86
Q

List all blood groups and their Abs

A

A: anti-B Abs
B: anti-B Abs
AB: none
O: Both A & B anti-Abs

87
Q

When serum is added to a blood type what does it mean when there is clumping?

A

This indicates that an antigen has bound to an antibody indicating the particular blood type

88
Q

What is the universal blood donor type?

A

O negative

89
Q

What is the universal blood recipient?

90
Q

What occurs the first time a pregnant woman who is RH- has an Rh+?

A

This baby will be okay, however the mom will develop AB to fight off the AG

91
Q

What occurs the second time the mom gets pregnant after being exposed to anti-RH Abs?

A

Her body will try to fight her baby’s RBCs causing hemolytic disease in the newborn

A&P II (13 decks)

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