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Blood Flashcards

1
Q

what is the main protein found in plasma?

A

albumin

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2
Q

how many molecules of oxygen can be transported by one hemoglobin molecule?

A

4

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3
Q

What is plasma?

A

Nonliving fluid matrix

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4
Q

What are formed elements? Composition?

A

Living blood cells: erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets

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5
Q

Define hematocrit.

A

Percent of total blood volume occupied by erythrocytes

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6
Q

Give the range of hematocrit for males and females

A

Males 47 +/- 5

Females 42+/- 5

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7
Q

What are the physical characteristics of blood

A

scarlet to dark red, pH 7.35-7.45, 38C

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8
Q

What does it mean when the blood is dark red or scarlet?

A

Dark red is a lack of oxygen and scarlet is the presence of oxygen

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9
Q

What are the 3 functions of blood?

A

protection, distribution.n and regulation

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10
Q

Name the term. helps maintain normal body temperature, pH, and fluid volume

A

Regulation of blood

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11
Q

What describes the slow blood loss preventing infection?

A

Protection of the blood

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12
Q

Describe blood plasma

A

straw-colored, sticky fluid, 90% water, 10% dissolved solutes

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13
Q

What describes the O2 and nutrients; metabolic and hormones?

A

Distribution of the blood

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14
Q

Which 3 proteins compromise plasma? Percentage?

A

albumin (60%), globulins(34%), and fibrinogen (4%)

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15
Q

T/F. Only leukocytes are complete cells

A

T

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16
Q

T/F Most formed elements divide, but are continuously renewed by division of stem cells in red bone marrow

A

F. Most do NOT divide

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17
Q

What are the functions of erythrocytes?

A

Pick up O2 and release it to tissue cells and transport ~ 20% of CO2 from tissue back to lungs

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18
Q

What is the shape of erythrocytes?

A

biconcave disc shape

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19
Q

What is the advantage of the particular shape of an erythrocyte?

A

increases surface area to volume ration allowing faster O2 exchange. This allows RBCs to bend and flex

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20
Q

What are the two parts of hemoglobin?

A

Globin and heme

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21
Q

Why is carbon monoxide dangerous?

A

CO has a higher affinity than O2 for heme binding sites

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22
Q

What is the term given to blood cell formation?

A

hematopoiesis

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23
Q

Where does blood cell formation occur in adults?

A

red bone marrow

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24
Q

What is another term for hemocytoblasts?

A

hematopoietic stem cells

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25
What are the three phases of erythropoiesis?
1. Ribosome synthesis 2. Hemoglobin accumulation 3. Ejection of nucleus and formation of reticulocytes
26
What is Erythropoietin (EPO)?
A hormone that stimulates RBS production
27
How is EPO released?
In response to hypoxia via the kidneys
28
What hypoxia?
decreased RBC count, amount of Hb, and O2 availability
29
What is blood doping?.
RBCs are drawn off and stored then replaced
30
What is the life span of erythrocytes?
100-120 days
31
Can RBCs grow or divide?
no
32
How are aged and damaged RBCs removed?
via macrophages in the spleen and liver
33
What is the function of iron in RBCs?
released from heme and stored for reuse
34
What is the function of globin in RBCs?
break down amino acids
35
What is the function of hemoglobin?
split into heme and globin
36
What is converted to bilirubin?
balance of heme
37
Describe the process of bilirubin
picked up from blood by liver, secreted into intestine in bile then excreted in feces
38
What occurs when the blood has abnormally lost 02 carrying capacity?
Anemia
39
What are the causes of anemia?
insufficient RBCs, low Hb, Abnormal Hb
40
Which anemia is the destruction of red bone marrow by drugs, chemicals, or radiation?
aplastic
41
Which anemia is the result of the loss of blood?
hemorrhagic
42
Which anemia is caused by deficiency of vitamin B12?
Pernicious
43
Which anemia is caused by ruptured RBCs?
hemolytic
44
What is the name given for abnormal hemoglobin?
sickle-cell anemia
45
What is polycythemia?
excess of RBCs that increase blood viscosity
46
In what scenarios would an increased hematocrit not indicate polycythemia?
dehydration
47
What are the function of leukocytes?
protect body from damage by bacteria, viruses, parasites, toxin, and tumor cells; remove dead cells and debris by phagocytosis
48
What are the two categories of leukocytes?
granulocytes and agranulocytes
49
List the granulocytes
Neutrophils Eosinophils Basophils
50
List the agranulocytes
Lymphocytes and monocytes
51
Which is the most numerous WBC? Function
Neutrophils: phagocytize bacteria
52
What is the function of eosinophils?
digest parasitic worms that are too large to be phagocytized
53
What is the function of basophils?
release inflammatory chemical, histamine
54
Which is the largest leukocyte? Function?
Monocyte, leave the bloodstream to the tissues to differentiate into a macrophage
55
From least to abundant list the leukocytes
Basophils, eosinophils, monocytes, lymphocytes, and neutrophils
56
Which disorder has an abnormally low WBC count?
leukpenia
57
Which disorder has a group of cancerous condition involving WBCs?
leukemia
58
What is the term for excessive number of WBC?
Leukocytosis
59
What are the results of leukemia?
severe anemia, bleeding problems,and inability to fight off infection
60
What are platelets derived?
from megakaryotes
61
Which process are platelets essential?
clotting process
62
What is hemostasis?
stoppage of bleeding when a blood vessel wall breaks
63
What are the 3 steps of hemostasis?
1. Vascular spasm | 2. Platelet plug formation 3. Coagulation
64
What are the causes and effects of vascular spasms?
Causes: direct injury to vascular smooth muscle, chemical released by endothelial cells and platelets and reflexes initiated by local pain receptor. Effect: vasoconstriction of damaged blood vessel to reduce blood loss
65
What occurs during platelet plug formation?
platelets aggregate, forming a platelet plug that temporarily seals break in vessel wall
66
What is coagulation?
fibrin forms a mesh that traps red blood cells and platelets forming the clot
67
What are the three phases of coagulation?
1. Formation of prothrombin activator 2. Prothrombin activator catalyzes conversion of prothrombin into thrombin 3. thrombin catalyzes conversion of fibrinogen into fibrin
68
what are the two pathways that initiate prothrombin activator?
extrinsic and intrinsic
69
describe the intrinsic pathway.
triggered by negatively charged surfaces, factors needed for clotting are present within blood, and slower than extrinsic pathway due to intermediate steps
70
Describe the extrinsic pathway.
triggered by esposing blood to tissue factor found in tissues deep to damaged epitheliumm tissue factor is outside the blood, and faster due to bypassing intermediate steps
71
What is the goal of both the intrinsic and extrinsic pathway?
both cascade toward factor X which forms prothrombin activator
72
What role does thrombin play?
thrombin catalyzes conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin
73
What is clot retraction?
process by which clot is condensed into more compact structure. Damaged vessel is repaired
74
What is finbrinolysis?
process by which unneeded clots are dissolved. This converts plasminogen to plasmin
75
What is an anticoagulation?
prevents blood clots from spreading beyond wound site
76
What is a thrombus?
clot that develops and persist in an unbroken blood vessel
77
What is the term for a thrombus that breaks frees and floats freely n the bloodstream?
embolus
78
What is an embolism?
obstruction of a blood vessel by an embolus
79
What are three substances that are clinically used to prevent undesirable clotting?
aspirin, heparin, and leeches
80
What is the deficiency in number of circulating platelets?
thrombocytopenia
81
What is a transfusion?
transfer of whole blood or blood components from one individual to another
82
What is a transfusion reaction?
destruction of transfused RBCs by recipient's immune system
83
What is an antigen? Antibody?
Antigen: any substance that provoke an immune response Antibody: protein produced by immune system
84
What is agglutination?
donor RBCs are clumped together by recipient's ABs
85
List all blood groups and their AG
A: A Ag B: B Ag AB: A & B Ags O: Neither
86
List all blood groups and their Abs
A: anti-B Abs B: anti-B Abs AB: none O: Both A & B anti-Abs
87
When serum is added to a blood type what does it mean when there is clumping?
This indicates that an antigen has bound to an antibody indicating the particular blood type
88
What is the universal blood donor type?
O negative
89
What is the universal blood recipient?
AB
90
What occurs the first time a pregnant woman who is RH- has an Rh+?
This baby will be okay, however the mom will develop AB to fight off the AG
91
What occurs the second time the mom gets pregnant after being exposed to anti-RH Abs?
Her body will try to fight her baby's RBCs causing hemolytic disease in the newborn

A&P II (13 decks)

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