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A&P II > Immune System > Flashcards

Immune System Flashcards

1
Q

Body’s ability to resist or eliminate potentially harmful foreign materials or abnormal cells

A

Immunity

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2
Q

Identifies and destroys abnormals cells that arise in the body

A

immune surveillance

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3
Q

Nonspecific, defends against any foreign or abnormal material, even on initial exposure, responds immediately

A

innate defense system

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4
Q

Specific, selectively targets particular foreign material to which body has already been exposed, takes more time to mount

A

Adaptive defense system

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5
Q

First line of defense

A

epithelial barriers (skin and mucosa membranes)

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6
Q

Second line of defense

A

internal defenses (inflammation)

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7
Q

Third line of defense

A

lymphocytes

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8
Q

List all factors of second line of defense

A

fever, phagocytes, NK cells, antimicrobial proteins, and inflammation

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9
Q

What are the 2 types of phagocytes?

A

neutrophils and macrophages

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10
Q

Lymphocytes that nonspecifically destroy virus-infected cells and cancer cells, kill by direct contact

A

NK Cells

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11
Q

What is the purpose of inflammation?

A

isolate, destroy, or inactivate invaders, remove debris, and prepare for subsequent healing and repair

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12
Q

What are the four cardinal signs of acute inflammation?

A

redness, heat, swelling and pain

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13
Q

What are the sequence of events?

A

release of inflammatory chemicals, vasodilation and increased capillary permeability and phagocyte mobilization

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14
Q

In area of tissue damage release histamine that cause localized vasodilation and increased capillary permeability

A

Mast cells

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15
Q

What causes redness and heat

A

arterioles dilate and increase blood flow

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16
Q

What causes swelling and pain?

A

increased capillary permeability so fluid and plasma proteins leak into tissue spaces

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17
Q

In order, what are the 4 steps of phagocyte mobilization?

A
  1. Leukoctosis
  2. Margination
  3. Diapedesis
  4. Chemotaxis
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18
Q

Neutrophils migrate up gradient of chemotaxins to injury site

A

chemotaxis

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19
Q

Neutrophils stick to endothelial lining

A

margination

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20
Q

Neutrophils squeeze between endothelial cells

A

diapedesis

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21
Q

Increase in number of neutrophils in blood response to ____- inducing factors

A

leukocytosis

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22
Q

What follows neutrophils?

A

monocytes which become macrophages

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23
Q

What are the components of pus?

A

mixture of living and dead phagocytes, dead tissue and bacteria

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24
Q

Secreted by virus-infected cells, interfere with replication of viruses in nearby cells that have not yet been infected

A

interferons

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25
Q

What are the 2 ways that complement proteins can be activated?

A

Innate: by exposure t carbohydrate chains present on surfaces of microorgansims

Adaptive: by exposure to ABs produced against a specific foreign invader

26
Q

What are the 3 effects of activated complement?

A

enhances inflammation, oposinzation and cell lysis, MAC complex

27
Q

Abnormally high body temperature, release of pyrogens

A

fever

28
Q

What are the 2 benefits of fever?

A

causes liver and spleen to sequester iron and zinc (less available for bacterial growth)and increases metabolic rate of tissue cells (speeds up repair)

29
Q

What type of immunity acts against extracellular and provides by antibodies present in body’s fluids?

A

Humoral (AB-mediated)

30
Q

What type of immunity acts against intracellular and provided by living cells?

A

Cellular (cell-mediated)

31
Q

large, complex molecule that triggers a specific immune response against itself when it gains entry into the body

A

AG

32
Q

What type of cells are involved in humoral? Cell-mediated?

A

Humoral: B cells

Cellular- T cells

33
Q

Where do B and T cell originate?

A

red bone marrow

34
Q

Ability to recognize a specific AG by binding to it

A

immunocompetence

35
Q

Failure to respond t self-AGs

A

self-tolerance

36
Q

What are the primary lymphoid organs?

A

thymus and bone marrow

37
Q

What are secondary lymphoid organs?

A

spleen, lymph nodes, and peyer’s patches

38
Q

What are the 2 options B cells can become during clonal expansion?

A

PCs and memory cells

39
Q

Describe primary immune response

A

occurs on first exposure to a specific Ag, 3-6 days, peak plasma AB levels reaches in 10 days

40
Q

Describe secondary immune response

A

occurs on re-exposure to same Ag, memory cells respond within hours

41
Q

Active humoral immunity

A

B cells encounter Ags and produce Abs against them

42
Q

What type of immunity is a response to infection

A

Active humoral, naturally acquired

43
Q

What type of immunity responds to vaccine containing dead or attenuated pathogens?

A

Active humoral, artificially acquired

44
Q

Passive humoral immunity

A

ready-made ABs introduced into body

45
Q

What type of immunity has Abs delivered to fetus via placenta or to infant through milk?

A

Passive immunity, naturally acquired

46
Q

What type of immunity has an injection of Abs from immune donor?

A

Passive immunity- artificially acquired

47
Q

Proteins secreted by PCs in reponse to an Ag, capable of bindning specifically with that Ag

A

Ab

48
Q

What are the four defensive mechanisms?

A
  1. Neutralization
  2. Aggultination
  3. Precipitation
  4. Complement fixation
49
Q

Abs block specific sites on viruses or bacterial toxins; prevents binding to receptors on tissue cells

A

neutralization

50
Q

Abs bind to target cells membrane

A

complement fixation

51
Q

Soluble molecules are cross-linked

A

Precipitation

52
Q

Abs bind to more than once cell-bound Ab at a time

A

Agglutination

53
Q

Activated by a foreign Ag only when it is on the surface of a cell that also carries a self-Ag

A

T cells

54
Q

What are the 3 APCs?

A

B cells, macrophages, and DCs

55
Q

What type MHC do CD8s bind?

A

MHC I

56
Q

What type of MHC do CD4s bind?

A

MHC II

57
Q

Found on surface of all nucleated cells; display endogenous Ag

A

MHC I

58
Q

Found only on surface of APCs; display of exogenuos Ag

A

MHC II

59
Q

Release perforin and granzymes

A

NK cells and CD8

60
Q

What do Th cells secrete?

A

cytokines

A&P II (13 decks)

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