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Immune System Flashcards

1
Q

Body’s ability to resist or eliminate potentially harmful foreign materials or abnormal cells

A

Immunity

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2
Q

Identifies and destroys abnormals cells that arise in the body

A

immune surveillance

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3
Q

Nonspecific, defends against any foreign or abnormal material, even on initial exposure, responds immediately

A

innate defense system

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4
Q

Specific, selectively targets particular foreign material to which body has already been exposed, takes more time to mount

A

Adaptive defense system

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5
Q

First line of defense

A

epithelial barriers (skin and mucosa membranes)

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6
Q

Second line of defense

A

internal defenses (inflammation)

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7
Q

Third line of defense

A

lymphocytes

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8
Q

List all factors of second line of defense

A

fever, phagocytes, NK cells, antimicrobial proteins, and inflammation

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9
Q

What are the 2 types of phagocytes?

A

neutrophils and macrophages

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10
Q

Lymphocytes that nonspecifically destroy virus-infected cells and cancer cells, kill by direct contact

A

NK Cells

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11
Q

What is the purpose of inflammation?

A

isolate, destroy, or inactivate invaders, remove debris, and prepare for subsequent healing and repair

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12
Q

What are the four cardinal signs of acute inflammation?

A

redness, heat, swelling and pain

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13
Q

What are the sequence of events?

A

release of inflammatory chemicals, vasodilation and increased capillary permeability and phagocyte mobilization

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14
Q

In area of tissue damage release histamine that cause localized vasodilation and increased capillary permeability

A

Mast cells

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15
Q

What causes redness and heat

A

arterioles dilate and increase blood flow

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16
Q

What causes swelling and pain?

A

increased capillary permeability so fluid and plasma proteins leak into tissue spaces

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17
Q

In order, what are the 4 steps of phagocyte mobilization?

A
  1. Leukoctosis
  2. Margination
  3. Diapedesis
  4. Chemotaxis
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18
Q

Neutrophils migrate up gradient of chemotaxins to injury site

A

chemotaxis

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19
Q

Neutrophils stick to endothelial lining

A

margination

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20
Q

Neutrophils squeeze between endothelial cells

A

diapedesis

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21
Q

Increase in number of neutrophils in blood response to ____- inducing factors

A

leukocytosis

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22
Q

What follows neutrophils?

A

monocytes which become macrophages

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23
Q

What are the components of pus?

A

mixture of living and dead phagocytes, dead tissue and bacteria

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24
Q

Secreted by virus-infected cells, interfere with replication of viruses in nearby cells that have not yet been infected

A

interferons

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25
What are the 2 ways that complement proteins can be activated?
Innate: by exposure t carbohydrate chains present on surfaces of microorgansims Adaptive: by exposure to ABs produced against a specific foreign invader
26
What are the 3 effects of activated complement?
enhances inflammation, oposinzation and cell lysis, MAC complex
27
Abnormally high body temperature, release of pyrogens
fever
28
What are the 2 benefits of fever?
causes liver and spleen to sequester iron and zinc (less available for bacterial growth)and increases metabolic rate of tissue cells (speeds up repair)
29
What type of immunity acts against extracellular and provides by antibodies present in body's fluids?
Humoral (AB-mediated)
30
What type of immunity acts against intracellular and provided by living cells?
Cellular (cell-mediated)
31
large, complex molecule that triggers a specific immune response against itself when it gains entry into the body
AG
32
What type of cells are involved in humoral? Cell-mediated?
Humoral: B cells | Cellular- T cells
33
Where do B and T cell originate?
red bone marrow
34
Ability to recognize a specific AG by binding to it
immunocompetence
35
Failure to respond t self-AGs
self-tolerance
36
What are the primary lymphoid organs?
thymus and bone marrow
37
What are secondary lymphoid organs?
spleen, lymph nodes, and peyer's patches
38
What are the 2 options B cells can become during clonal expansion?
PCs and memory cells
39
Describe primary immune response
occurs on first exposure to a specific Ag, 3-6 days, peak plasma AB levels reaches in 10 days
40
Describe secondary immune response
occurs on re-exposure to same Ag, memory cells respond within hours
41
Active humoral immunity
B cells encounter Ags and produce Abs against them
42
What type of immunity is a response to infection
Active humoral, naturally acquired
43
What type of immunity responds to vaccine containing dead or attenuated pathogens?
Active humoral, artificially acquired
44
Passive humoral immunity
ready-made ABs introduced into body
45
What type of immunity has Abs delivered to fetus via placenta or to infant through milk?
Passive immunity, naturally acquired
46
What type of immunity has an injection of Abs from immune donor?
Passive immunity- artificially acquired
47
Proteins secreted by PCs in reponse to an Ag, capable of bindning specifically with that Ag
Ab
48
What are the four defensive mechanisms?
1. Neutralization 2. Aggultination 3. Precipitation 4. Complement fixation
49
Abs block specific sites on viruses or bacterial toxins; prevents binding to receptors on tissue cells
neutralization
50
Abs bind to target cells membrane
complement fixation
51
Soluble molecules are cross-linked
Precipitation
52
Abs bind to more than once cell-bound Ab at a time
Agglutination
53
Activated by a foreign Ag only when it is on the surface of a cell that also carries a self-Ag
T cells
54
What are the 3 APCs?
B cells, macrophages, and DCs
55
What type MHC do CD8s bind?
MHC I
56
What type of MHC do CD4s bind?
MHC II
57
Found on surface of all nucleated cells; display endogenous Ag
MHC I
58
Found only on surface of APCs; display of exogenuos Ag
MHC II
59
Release perforin and granzymes
NK cells and CD8
60
What do Th cells secrete?
cytokines

A&P II (13 decks)

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