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A&P II > Blood Vessels > Flashcards

Blood Vessels Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 types of blood vessels? Direction of fluid?

A

Arteries: away from the heart
Capillaries: sites of exchange
Veins: Toward the hear

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2
Q

State if the blood is oxygenated or deoxygenated in veins and arteries?

A

Arterties: oxygenated
Veins: Deoxygenated

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3
Q

What is the pathway of the vessels beginning from the heart?

A

elastic arteries -> muscular arteries -> arterioles -> capillaries -> venules -> veins

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4
Q

What type of blood do the veins and arteries carry in the systemic circulation?

A

arteries carry oxygenated blood and the veins carry deoxygenated blood

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5
Q

What type of blood do the veins and arteries carry in the pulmonary circulation?

A

arteries carry deoxygenated blood to the lungs and the veins carry oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart

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6
Q

What are the 3 layers in blood vessels from deep to superficial?

A

tunica intima, tunica media, and tunica externa

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7
Q

What is the space containing blood in the blood vessels?

A

lumen

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8
Q

Which layer of the blood vessel consist of smooth muscle and elastin, and muscle activity regulated by the vasomotor nerve fibers?

A

tunica media

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9
Q

Which layer in the blood vessel walls are connective tissue (collagen), reinforces vessels, and anchors it to nearby organs?

A

Tunica externa

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10
Q

Which layer in the blood contains blood in lumen, endothelium?

A

Tunica intima

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11
Q

What is the purpose of the endothelium in the blood vessel walls?

A

minimizes friction

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12
Q

Which layer in the blood vessels wall is responsible for vasodilation and vasoconstriction?

A

Tunica media

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13
Q

Which vessel consist of only the tunica intima?

A

capillaries

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14
Q

Which vessel consist of a thin tunica media and thick tunica externa?

A

veins

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15
Q

Which vessel consist of a thick tunica media and thin tunica externa?

A

arteries

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16
Q

What are the three types of arteries?

A

elastic, muscular, and arterioles

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17
Q

Also known as conducting arteries, these have a large, thick walls, arteries near the heart, tunica media with elastic tissue

A

elastic arteries

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18
Q

Also known as the distributing arteries, these arteries distribute blood to specific organs.

A

Muscular arteries

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19
Q

Leads into capillary beds, control minute by minute blood flow by vasoconstriction or vasodilation and important in BP regulation

A

arterioles

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20
Q

How do the elastic arteries act as pressure reservoirs?

A

expand during systole t receive blood and recoiling during diastole to push blood forward

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21
Q

What is the function of the capillaries?

A

exchange of materials between blood and interstitial fluid

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22
Q

What are the three structural types capillaries?

A

continuous, fenestrated, and sinusoid

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23
Q

Which type of capillary is the most common, primarily in the skin and muscles, and has intercellular clefts?

A

continuous

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24
Q

What is the function of intercellular clefts?

A

allow passage of fluids and small solutes

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25
Q

Which type of capillary is have endothelial cells that increase permeability, and found where absorption or filtrate formation occurs?

A

fenestrated capillaries

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26
Q

What is the location where absorption or filtrate occur in capillaries?

A

small intestine and kidneys

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27
Q

Which type of capillary has fenestrations, large intercellular clefts, and incomplete basement membrane, allows large molecules and blood cells t pass between blood and surrounding tissues?

A

sinusoid capillaries

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28
Q

What is the location that allows large molecules to pass between blood and surrounding tissues?

A

liver, bone marrow, and spleen

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29
Q

Which disorder has thicker and stiffer artery walls?

A

arteriosclerosis

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30
Q

Which disorder has lipid plaques form and protrude into vessel lumen?

A

atherosclerosis

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31
Q

What id a network of capillaries called?

A

capillary bed

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32
Q

Define microcirculation.

A

flow of blood from arteriole to venule

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33
Q

What directly connects arterioles and venule at opposite ends of bed?

A

vascular shunt

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34
Q

What are true capillaries?

A

actual exchange vessels

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35
Q

What is the function of the precapillary sphincter?

A

acts as a valve to regulate blood flow into the capillaries

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36
Q

What occurs when the precapillary sphincter closes?

A

blood flows through metarteriole thoroughfare channel and bypasses true capillaries

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37
Q

What do capillaries unite to form?

A

venules

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38
Q

What do venules join to form?

A

Veins

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39
Q

What do veins have that arteries DO NOT?

A

larger lumens and thinner walls, and valves

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40
Q

What’s another name from veins?

A

capacitance vessels

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41
Q

Why do veins have such thin walls?

A

BP is relatively low and F is steady rather than pulsatile

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42
Q

What are varicose veins?

A

veins that are tortuous and dilated due to competent (leaky) valves. Promoted by conditions that impede venous return

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43
Q

What are interconnections between blood vessels?

A

Vascular anatomoses

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44
Q

Define Blood Flow (F).

A

volume of blood flowing through a vessel, organ, or entire circulation in a give time

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45
Q

What is a force that blood exerts against a vessel wall?

A

BP

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46
Q

True or False. The greater the difference in blood pressure, between 2 ends of a vessel, the greater the F through that vessel.

A

True

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47
Q

What is the opposition to flow that results from friction of blood against vessel walls?

A

Resistance

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48
Q

What are the three sources of resistance?

A

blood viscosity, total blood vessel length, and blood vessel diameter

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49
Q

For each source of resistance, state whether is increases or decreases resistance?

A

Viscosity: increases resistance

Blood vessel length: increases resistance

Blood vessel diameter: decreases resistance

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50
Q

What is systemic BP?

A

pumping action of heart generating F. Pressure results when flow is opposed by resistance

51
Q

Where is Systemic BP highest and steepest?

A

highest in aorta and steepest in arterioles

52
Q

What is the highest arterial BP of a cardiac cycle? Give name and number in mmHg

A

Systolic pressure. 120mmHg

53
Q

What is the lowest arterial BP of a cardiac cycle? Give name and number in mmHg

A

Diastolic pressure. 70-80 mmHg

54
Q

What is the pressure wave caused by alternating expansion and recoil of arteries during each cardiac cycle?

A

pulse

55
Q

What is the difference between systolic and diastolic pressures?

A

pulse pressure

56
Q

What is the average arterial pressure during a single cardiac cycle?

A

Mean arterial pressure (MAP)

57
Q

As the distance increases from the heart, MAP and Pulse pressure due to what?

A

friction between blood and vessel walls and loss of elastic recoil

58
Q

What range of numbers does BP decline in capillary BP?

A

35-17mmHg

59
Q

What range of numbers does BP decline in venous BP?

A

17-0mmHg

60
Q

Which 2 functional adaptations are important to venous return?

A

Muscular and respiratory pumps

61
Q

How does the muscular pump functions?

A

skeletal muscle activity “milks” blood toward the heart

62
Q

How does the respiratory pump functions?

A

pressure changes in ventral body cavity during breathing move blood toward heart

63
Q

What are the 2 ways BP is controlled?

A

short term and long term regulation

64
Q

Describe short-term regulation

A

alters BP by changing peripheral resistance and resistance. Neural and hormonal

65
Q

Describe long-term regulation

A

alters BP by adjusting blood volume (kidneys)

66
Q

Where are the cardio centers located and their function?

A

in the medulla oblongata and the function is to regulate heart rate and force of contraction

67
Q

What are the 2 cardiac centers?

A

cardioacceleratory and cardioinhibitory

68
Q

What is the function of he vasomotor center?

A

regulates blood vessel diameter

69
Q

The role of the vasomotor center involved vasomotor fibers and tone, describe both.

A

Vasomotor fibers: transmits impulses at steady rate

Vasomotor tone: keep arterioles in state of moderate constriction

70
Q

Which receptors respond to changes in arterial pressure and stretch?

A

Baroreceptors

71
Q

Where are baroreceptors located?

A

carotid sinuses and aortic arch

72
Q

When stretched where do baroreceptors send impulses?

A

cardiovascular center

73
Q

How do baroreceptors respond when BP rises?

A

cardioinhibitory center is stimulated, cardioacceleratory center and vasomotor are inhibited. Parasympathetic

74
Q

When BP rises in baroreceptors how do the blood vessels respond?

A

vasodilation

75
Q

How do baroreceptors respond when BP drops?

A

cardioinhibitory center is inhibited, cardioacceleratory center and vasomotor center are stimulated

76
Q

When BP rises in baroreceptors how do the blood vessels respond?

A

vasoconstriction

77
Q

Which hormones are involved in short-term hormonal controls?

A

ADH, ANP, adrenal medulla hormones, and angiotensin II

78
Q

What are the effects of NE and EP in short-term regulation?

A

increase BP, CO, & R

79
Q

What are the effects of Angiotensin II in short-term regulation?

A

increases R, BP, and promotes vasoconstriction

80
Q

What are the effects of ADH in short-term regulation?

A

increases R & BP, vasoconstriction

81
Q

What are the effects of ANP in short-term regulation?

A

lowers BP, inhibits NA+ reabsorption, promotes vasodilation. Usually occurs after consuming NaCl

82
Q

What is another name for long-term regulation?

A

Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone Mechanism

83
Q

What is the function of the long-term regulation?

A

kidneys restore and maintain BP homeostasis by regulating blood volume

84
Q

What does the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone Mechanism affect?

A

desire to drink and urine production

85
Q

What is the sequence of Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone Mechanism ?

A

When BP or blood volume drops, kidneys releases renin, which act as an enzyme acting on angiotensinogen converting it to angiotensis I circulating in the plasma -> angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) converts Angiotensin I to Angiotensin II

86
Q

What are the results of Angiotensin II in long-term regulation?

A

vasoconstriction, increase R, activated thirsts center (in hypothalamus), stimulates release of ADH and aldosterone

87
Q

What is hypertension?

A

sustained increased in either systolic or diastolic BP

88
Q

Which type of hypertension has no underlying identifiable cause?

A

primary (essential)

89
Q

Which type of hypertension is due to indentifiable disorders?

A

secondary

90
Q

What is the BP of someone who has hypotension?

A

60/90

91
Q

If Jack’s BP suddenly rises from suddenly rising from reclining or sitting, what does he suffer from?

A

orthostatic hypotension

92
Q

What is tissue perfusion?

A

F through body tissues

93
Q

True or false. Velocity of F is directly related to total cross-sectional area of vascular bed

A

False. Velocity of F is inversely related…

94
Q

What is the term defined as the ability of a tissue to automatically adjust its F to match its metabolic demands?

A

Autoregulation

95
Q

How is autoregulation controlled?

A

by modifying diameter of arterioles

96
Q

Why does vasodilation of arterioles and relaxation of precapillary sphincters occur?

A

decrease in O2 levels, accumulation of ions, and inflammatory chemicals

97
Q

How does capillary exchanges occur?

A

movement of substances between blood plasma and interstitial fluid

98
Q

Which mechanisms does capillary exchange use?

A

diffusion and bulk flow

99
Q

How do liquid solubles move in capillary exchange?

A

via diffusion

100
Q

How do molecules that are not liquid soluble move in capillary exchange?

A

through fenestrations or intercellular clefts

101
Q

How do large substances move in capillary exchange?

A

vesicular transport

102
Q

Define bulk flow.

A

movement of water and small solutes across capillary walls between blood and interstitial fluid

103
Q

Filtration is movement inside or outside the capillaries?

A

outside

104
Q

Reabsorption is movement inside or outside capillaries?

A

inside

105
Q

Which type of pressure pushes water out by exerting force by pressing fluid against a wall?

A

Hydrostatic pressure

106
Q

Which type of pressure pulls water in by large indiffusible molecules that are unable to cross capillary walls?

A

colloid osmotic pressure

107
Q

Hpc

A

Capillary hydrostatic pressure. pushes fluid out of capillary into interstitial fluid

108
Q

HPif

A

interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure. tends to push fluid into capillary. Usually assumed to be 0

109
Q

OPc

A

capillary colloid osmotic pressure. tends to pull fluid into capillary. Mainly albumin

110
Q

OPif

A

Interstitial fluid osmotic pressure. tends to pull fluid out of capillary

111
Q

What are the outward pressures?

A

HPc and OPif

112
Q

What are the inward pressures?

A

HPif and OPc

113
Q

What is the equation for NFP?

A

(HPc+OPif)-(HPif+OPc)

114
Q

If NFP is positive what does this indicate?

A

filtration HP>OP

115
Q

If NFP is negative what does this indicate?

A

reabsorption OP>HP

116
Q

True or false. Slightly more fluid is filtered out than is reabsorbed.

A

True

117
Q

What collects the excess fluid returning it to blood?

A

lymphatic vessels

118
Q

What is any condition in which blood vessels are inadequately filled and blood cannot circulate normally?

A

circulatory shock

119
Q

Large-scale loss of blood or body fluids

A

hypovolemic shock

120
Q

Inefficient heart cannot sustain adequate circulation

A

cardiogenic shock

121
Q

Extreme vasodilation and decreased peripheral resistance

A

Vascular shock

122
Q

This type of shock is due to anaphalaxis

A

vascular shock

123
Q

This type of shock is due to dehydration ad excessive sweating?

A

hypovolemic shock

124
Q

This type of shock is due to not enough blood being pumped out?

A

cardiogenic shock

A&P II (13 decks)

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