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A&P II > The Heart > Flashcards

The Heart Flashcards

1
Q

what is the sequence in the pulmonary circuit?

A

heart-> pulmonary arteries -> pulmonary capillaries -> pulmonary veins -> heart

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2
Q

What is special about the pulmonary arteries?

A

Arteries usually consist of oxygenated blood, however these arteries consists of deoxygenated blood

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3
Q

What is the sequence in the systemic circuit?

A

heart -> systemic arteries -> systemic capillaries -> systemic veins -> heart

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4
Q

Where is the apex in terms of the 4 chambers?

A

The apex is located in the let ventricle

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5
Q

What are the 2 parts of the pericardium and their relative location?

A

the fibrous pericardium and is superficial to the serous pericardium which is deep

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6
Q

What is the function of the fibrous pericardium?

A

protection, anchoring the heart to surrounding structures and prevents overfilling with blood

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7
Q

What is the fibrous skeleton of the heart?

A

dense connective tissue network that anchors cardiac muscle fibers, supports vessels and valves, and limits spread of action potentials

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8
Q

What separates the 2 atria?

A

interatrial septum

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9
Q

What separates the 2 ventricles?

A

interventricular septum

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10
Q

Which surface marker separates the atria from the ventricles both anteriorly and posteriorly?

A

coronary sulcus

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11
Q

Which 2 surface markings divide the 2 ventricles?

A

the anterior and posterior interventricular sulcus

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12
Q

What is the purpose of the atria?

A

they are the receiving chambers

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13
Q

How much activity do the atria contribute the pumping blood?

A

little

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14
Q

How many auricles are there and their purpose?

A

2: right and left

The purpose of the auricles are to aid the atria by slightly increasing the volume

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15
Q

What muscles are located in the wall of the right atrium and auricles?

A

pectinate muscles

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16
Q

Which marking is present in the fetus, but once born becomes a bone marking?

A

fossa ovalis

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17
Q

What is the function of the fossa ovalis n a fetus?

A

to pump blood between the right and left atria

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18
Q

What pumps blood into the right atrium? From where?

A

Superior vena cava: from above diaphragm

Inferior vena cava: from below diaphragm

Coronary sinus: from myocardium

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19
Q

Is blood in the right atrium deoxygenated or oxygenated?

A

deoxygenated

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20
Q

What pumps blood into the left atrium? From where?

A

the pulmonary veins, from the lungs

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21
Q

Is the blood in the left atrium deoxygenated or oxygenated?

A

oxygenated

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22
Q

What are the ventricles referred to as?

A

the discharging chambers

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23
Q

What connects the papillary muscles to valve cusps?

A

chordae tendiane

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24
Q

What is the function of the pulmonary trunk?

A

carry deoxygenated blood to the lungs

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25
What is the function of the aorta?
carry oxygenated blood to the body
26
Which side is the pulmonary circuit pump?
right side
27
Which side is the systemic circuit pump?
left side
28
What causes the valves to open and close?
response to changes n pressure
29
What prevents backflow into the atria when the ventricles contract?
Atrioventricular (AV) valves
30
What are the 2 types of AV valves and their location?
tricupsid valve- right | bicuspid (mitral) valve- left
31
Which internal feature tightens, preventing valve flaps from everting into atria?
chordae tendinae
32
Which 2 valves prevent backflow into ventricles when ventricles relax?
Aortic and pulmonary semilunar valves
33
What supplies the arteries with blood?
right and left coronary arteries
34
What collects venous blood?
cardiac veins
35
How are adjacent cells joined in the cardiac muscle cell?
via intercalated discs
36
What are the 3 components that comprise the intercalated disc?
desmosomes and gap junctions
37
Of the 2 components of the intercalated disc which prevent cells from separting?
desmosomes
38
Of the 2 components which allow ions to pass from cell to cell?
gap junctions
39
True or False. Some cardiac muscles are not excitable.
False. Some are self excitable
40
True or False. Some cardiac muscle cells contract as a unit or not at all.
True
41
These have the ability to depolarize spontaneously and pace heart.
cardiac pacemaker cells
42
These are responsible for heart's pumping activity.
contractile muscle fibers
43
What are the 3 stages in AP of contractile cardiac cells? Include what occurs at each stage.
1. Depolarization. Na+ enters the cell 2. Plateau phase- Ca2+ enters the cell 3. Repolarization. K+ leaves the cell
44
What is angina pectoris?
severe chest pain due to ischemia. O2- deprives cells shift to anaerobic glycolysis causing lactic acid stimulates pain receptors
45
What occurs during myocardial infarction?
sudden death of myocardial cells resulting from prolonged coronary blockage
46
What initiates AP in the heart?
Pacemaker potentials
47
What are the 3 parts of the AP of pacemaker cells?
1. Pacemaker potential 2. Depolarization 3. Repolarization
48
What occurs during pacemaker potential?
spontaneous depolarization that trigger AP once threshold is reached
49
What occurs during AP of Pacemaker cells?
Depolarization- Ca2+ channels open entering the cell Repolarization: K+ leaves cell
50
What is the sequence of excitation of pacemaker cells?
1. SA node -> AV node -> AV bundles -> Right and left branches -> Purkinje fibers
51
SA node
Located in the wall of the right atrium, initiates each heartbeat and determines heart rate
52
AV node
Inferior interatrial septum. Allows atria to finish contracting before ventricles contract
53
AV bundle
Superior Interventriclar septum. only electrical connection between atria and ventricles
54
Right and left bundle branches
run along interventricular septum and toward heart apex
55
Purkinje fibers
interventcular septum -> heart apex -> ventricular walls
56
What is an ECG/EKG?
Electrocardiogram. composite reading of all APs generated by pacemaker and contractile cells at a given time
57
What occurs at P wave? QRS complex? T wave?
P wave: atrial depolarization QRS complex: ventricular depolarization T wave: ventricular repolarization
58
When does atrial repolarization occur?
during QRS complex, specifically R wave
59
What causes a P wave?
atrial depolarization, initiated by SA node
60
What occurs after atrial depolarization?
the impulse is delayed at the AV node
61
What causes QRS complex?
ventricular depolarization begins at apex, atrial repolarization occurs
62
What causes the T wave?
ventricular repolarization begins at apex
63
What type of rhythm occurs when SA node is nonfunctional so the AV node is at 40-60 beats/min?
Junctional rhythm
64
What is called when the pacemaker is abnormal?
ectopic focus
65
What is the impaired transmission of impulses through AV node?
Heart block
66
Define ventricular fibrillation.
rapid, irregular contractions; heart cannot pump blood
67
When is lub heard?
when AV closes
68
When is dub heard?
when SL valves closes
69
What is indicated when there is a valve problem?
abnormal heart sound, heart murmur
70
Define systole and diastole.
Systole: period of contraction Diastole: period of relaxation
71
What are the phases of the cardiac cycle?
1. Ventricular filling 2. Ventricular systole a. Isovolumetric Contraction b. Ventricular Ejection 3. Isovolumetric Relaxation
72
What is occurring at the beginning and ending of ventricular?
Beginning: AV open, SL valves close, blood flows passively into ventricles, ventricular pressure is low Ending: Atria contract, ventricles have max amount of blood they will contain
73
What is occurring in Isovolumetric Contraction phase?
AV valves close, SL valves close, ventricles contract
74
What is occurring in Ventricular ejection?
AV valves are close, SL Valves open, ventricular pressure has increased,, blood expelled from heart
75
What is occurring in Isovolumetric Relaxation
Ventricles relax, SL vales close when pressure in ventricles are less than pressure in aorta and pulmonary trunk
76
How do you calculate cardiac cycle length?
60 sec/# beats
77
What is Cardiac output?
amount of blood pumped out by each ventricle in 1 minute HRxSV
78
What is SV?
volume of blood pumped out by a ventricle with each beat
79
What is the normal CO?
5.25L/min
80
Difference between maximum and resting CO
Cardia reserve
81
What is the typical for nonathletic and world-class athletes?
Non: 4-5 times Athletes: 7x
82
EDV
End diastolic volume. Volume of blood in each ventricle at the end of ventricular diastole
83
ESV
End Systolic Volume. Volume of blood remaining in each ventricle after it has contracted
84
What is the equation for SV?
EDV-ESV
85
What are three main factors that affect SV?
Preload, Contractility, and afterload
86
Preload
degree to which cardiac muscle cells are stretched before they contract; increase EDV
87
Frank-Sterling law of heart
SV increases in response to an increase in EDV
88
Contractility
contractile strength achieved at a given preload, increase ESV
89
Afterload
pressure in aorta and pulmonary trunk, decrease in ESV
90
What factors influence HR?
ANS, chemicals, age, gender, and exercise
91
What type of innervation speeds up depolarization of SA node and release NE?
Sympathetic innervation
92
What type innervation hyperpolarizes SA node and causes the vagus to release ACh?
Parasympathetic innervation
93
Tachycardia
100 beats/min rapid heart beat
94
Bradycardia
60 beats/min slow heart beat
95
What causes congestive heart failure?
Failure of either ventricle to eject blood effectively
96
If the left side causes congestive heart failure, what are the results?
Left side does not adequately eject returning blood, causing pulmonary edema
97
If the right side causes congestive heart failure, what are the results?
blood backs up into the vena cava and fluid leaks into issue spaces causing peripheral edema
98
In a fetus, why is little blood send through pulmonary circuit?
lungs are not yet functional
99
What are 2 structures in a fetus that allow blood to bypass pulmonary circuit?
foramen ovale( left and right atria) and ductus arteriosus (pulomnary trunk to aorta)
100
When baby takes first breath what happens to the ductus arteriosus?
it constricts and forms the ligamentum arteriosum

A&P II (13 decks)

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