Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

A&P II > The Heart > Flashcards

The Heart Flashcards

1
Q

what is the sequence in the pulmonary circuit?

A

heart-> pulmonary arteries -> pulmonary capillaries -> pulmonary veins -> heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is special about the pulmonary arteries?

A

Arteries usually consist of oxygenated blood, however these arteries consists of deoxygenated blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the sequence in the systemic circuit?

A

heart -> systemic arteries -> systemic capillaries -> systemic veins -> heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Where is the apex in terms of the 4 chambers?

A

The apex is located in the let ventricle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the 2 parts of the pericardium and their relative location?

A

the fibrous pericardium and is superficial to the serous pericardium which is deep

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the function of the fibrous pericardium?

A

protection, anchoring the heart to surrounding structures and prevents overfilling with blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the fibrous skeleton of the heart?

A

dense connective tissue network that anchors cardiac muscle fibers, supports vessels and valves, and limits spread of action potentials

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What separates the 2 atria?

A

interatrial septum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What separates the 2 ventricles?

A

interventricular septum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Which surface marker separates the atria from the ventricles both anteriorly and posteriorly?

A

coronary sulcus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Which 2 surface markings divide the 2 ventricles?

A

the anterior and posterior interventricular sulcus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the purpose of the atria?

A

they are the receiving chambers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How much activity do the atria contribute the pumping blood?

A

little

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

How many auricles are there and their purpose?

A

2: right and left

The purpose of the auricles are to aid the atria by slightly increasing the volume

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What muscles are located in the wall of the right atrium and auricles?

A

pectinate muscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Which marking is present in the fetus, but once born becomes a bone marking?

A

fossa ovalis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the function of the fossa ovalis n a fetus?

A

to pump blood between the right and left atria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What pumps blood into the right atrium? From where?

A

Superior vena cava: from above diaphragm

Inferior vena cava: from below diaphragm

Coronary sinus: from myocardium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Is blood in the right atrium deoxygenated or oxygenated?

A

deoxygenated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What pumps blood into the left atrium? From where?

A

the pulmonary veins, from the lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Is the blood in the left atrium deoxygenated or oxygenated?

A

oxygenated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are the ventricles referred to as?

A

the discharging chambers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What connects the papillary muscles to valve cusps?

A

chordae tendiane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is the function of the pulmonary trunk?

A

carry deoxygenated blood to the lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is the function of the aorta?

A

carry oxygenated blood to the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Which side is the pulmonary circuit pump?

A

right side

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Which side is the systemic circuit pump?

A

left side

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What causes the valves to open and close?

A

response to changes n pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What prevents backflow into the atria when the ventricles contract?

A

Atrioventricular (AV) valves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What are the 2 types of AV valves and their location?

A

tricupsid valve- right

bicuspid (mitral) valve- left

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Which internal feature tightens, preventing valve flaps from everting into atria?

A

chordae tendinae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Which 2 valves prevent backflow into ventricles when ventricles relax?

A

Aortic and pulmonary semilunar valves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What supplies the arteries with blood?

A

right and left coronary arteries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What collects venous blood?

A

cardiac veins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

How are adjacent cells joined in the cardiac muscle cell?

A

via intercalated discs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What are the 3 components that comprise the intercalated disc?

A

desmosomes and gap junctions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Of the 2 components of the intercalated disc which prevent cells from separting?

A

desmosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Of the 2 components which allow ions to pass from cell to cell?

A

gap junctions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

True or False. Some cardiac muscles are not excitable.

A

False. Some are self excitable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

True or False. Some cardiac muscle cells contract as a unit or not at all.

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

These have the ability to depolarize spontaneously and pace heart.

A

cardiac pacemaker cells

42
Q

These are responsible for heart’s pumping activity.

A

contractile muscle fibers

43
Q

What are the 3 stages in AP of contractile cardiac cells? Include what occurs at each stage.

A
  1. Depolarization. Na+ enters the cell
  2. Plateau phase- Ca2+ enters the cell
  3. Repolarization. K+ leaves the cell
44
Q

What is angina pectoris?

A

severe chest pain due to ischemia. O2- deprives cells shift to anaerobic glycolysis causing lactic acid stimulates pain receptors

45
Q

What occurs during myocardial infarction?

A

sudden death of myocardial cells resulting from prolonged coronary blockage

46
Q

What initiates AP in the heart?

A

Pacemaker potentials

47
Q

What are the 3 parts of the AP of pacemaker cells?

A
  1. Pacemaker potential
  2. Depolarization
  3. Repolarization
48
Q

What occurs during pacemaker potential?

A

spontaneous depolarization that trigger AP once threshold is reached

49
Q

What occurs during AP of Pacemaker cells?

A

Depolarization- Ca2+ channels open entering the cell

Repolarization: K+ leaves cell

50
Q

What is the sequence of excitation of pacemaker cells?

A
  1. SA node -> AV node -> AV bundles -> Right and left branches -> Purkinje fibers
51
Q

SA node

A

Located in the wall of the right atrium, initiates each heartbeat and determines heart rate

52
Q

AV node

A

Inferior interatrial septum. Allows atria to finish contracting before ventricles contract

53
Q

AV bundle

A

Superior Interventriclar septum. only electrical connection between atria and ventricles

54
Q

Right and left bundle branches

A

run along interventricular septum and toward heart apex

55
Q

Purkinje fibers

A

interventcular septum -> heart apex -> ventricular walls

56
Q

What is an ECG/EKG?

A

Electrocardiogram. composite reading of all APs generated by pacemaker and contractile cells at a given time

57
Q

What occurs at P wave? QRS complex? T wave?

A

P wave: atrial depolarization

QRS complex: ventricular depolarization

T wave: ventricular repolarization

58
Q

When does atrial repolarization occur?

A

during QRS complex, specifically R wave

59
Q

What causes a P wave?

A

atrial depolarization, initiated by SA node

60
Q

What occurs after atrial depolarization?

A

the impulse is delayed at the AV node

61
Q

What causes QRS complex?

A

ventricular depolarization begins at apex, atrial repolarization occurs

62
Q

What causes the T wave?

A

ventricular repolarization begins at apex

63
Q

What type of rhythm occurs when SA node is nonfunctional so the AV node is at 40-60 beats/min?

A

Junctional rhythm

64
Q

What is called when the pacemaker is abnormal?

A

ectopic focus

65
Q

What is the impaired transmission of impulses through AV node?

A

Heart block

66
Q

Define ventricular fibrillation.

A

rapid, irregular contractions; heart cannot pump blood

67
Q

When is lub heard?

A

when AV closes

68
Q

When is dub heard?

A

when SL valves closes

69
Q

What is indicated when there is a valve problem?

A

abnormal heart sound, heart murmur

70
Q

Define systole and diastole.

A

Systole: period of contraction
Diastole: period of relaxation

71
Q

What are the phases of the cardiac cycle?

A
  1. Ventricular filling
  2. Ventricular systole
    a. Isovolumetric Contraction
    b. Ventricular Ejection
  3. Isovolumetric Relaxation
72
Q

What is occurring at the beginning and ending of ventricular?

A

Beginning: AV open, SL valves close, blood flows passively into ventricles, ventricular pressure is low

Ending: Atria contract, ventricles have max amount of blood they will contain

73
Q

What is occurring in Isovolumetric Contraction phase?

A

AV valves close, SL valves close, ventricles contract

74
Q

What is occurring in Ventricular ejection?

A

AV valves are close, SL Valves open, ventricular pressure has increased,, blood expelled from heart

75
Q

What is occurring in Isovolumetric Relaxation

A

Ventricles relax, SL vales close when pressure in ventricles are less than pressure in aorta and pulmonary trunk

76
Q

How do you calculate cardiac cycle length?

A

60 sec/# beats

77
Q

What is Cardiac output?

A

amount of blood pumped out by each ventricle in 1 minute HRxSV

78
Q

What is SV?

A

volume of blood pumped out by a ventricle with each beat

79
Q

What is the normal CO?

A

5.25L/min

80
Q

Difference between maximum and resting CO

A

Cardia reserve

81
Q

What is the typical for nonathletic and world-class athletes?

A

Non: 4-5 times
Athletes: 7x

82
Q

EDV

A

End diastolic volume. Volume of blood in each ventricle at the end of ventricular diastole

83
Q

ESV

A

End Systolic Volume. Volume of blood remaining in each ventricle after it has contracted

84
Q

What is the equation for SV?

A

EDV-ESV

85
Q

What are three main factors that affect SV?

A

Preload, Contractility, and afterload

86
Q

Preload

A

degree to which cardiac muscle cells are stretched before they contract; increase EDV

87
Q

Frank-Sterling law of heart

A

SV increases in response to an increase in EDV

88
Q

Contractility

A

contractile strength achieved at a given preload, increase ESV

89
Q

Afterload

A

pressure in aorta and pulmonary trunk, decrease in ESV

90
Q

What factors influence HR?

A

ANS, chemicals, age, gender, and exercise

91
Q

What type of innervation speeds up depolarization of SA node and release NE?

A

Sympathetic innervation

92
Q

What type innervation hyperpolarizes SA node and causes the vagus to release ACh?

A

Parasympathetic innervation

93
Q

Tachycardia

A

100 beats/min rapid heart beat

94
Q

Bradycardia

A

60 beats/min slow heart beat

95
Q

What causes congestive heart failure?

A

Failure of either ventricle to eject blood effectively

96
Q

If the left side causes congestive heart failure, what are the results?

A

Left side does not adequately eject returning blood, causing pulmonary edema

97
Q

If the right side causes congestive heart failure, what are the results?

A

blood backs up into the vena cava and fluid leaks into issue spaces causing peripheral edema

98
Q

In a fetus, why is little blood send through pulmonary circuit?

A

lungs are not yet functional

99
Q

What are 2 structures in a fetus that allow blood to bypass pulmonary circuit?

A

foramen ovale( left and right atria) and ductus arteriosus (pulomnary trunk to aorta)

100
Q

When baby takes first breath what happens to the ductus arteriosus?

A

it constricts and forms the ligamentum arteriosum

A&P II (13 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions