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A&P II > Endocrine System > Flashcards

Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the Endocrine System?

A

glands, tissues, and cells that secrete hormones

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2
Q

What are 2 properties of the endocrine glands?

A

produce hormones and lack ducts

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3
Q

List the endocrine glands

A

pituitary glands, thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, adrenal lands and pineal gland

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4
Q

List non-endocrine glands

A

hypothalamus, pancreas, ovaries and testes, and placenta

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5
Q

State the differences between Nervous and Endocrine system

A

Nervous: neurotransmitter, local, responds quickly, and stops quickly

Endocrine: hormones, general and widespread, responds slowly, and persist after stimulus stops

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6
Q

What are the 2 types of hormones?

A

amino acid-based and steroids

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7
Q

Which type of hormones are synthesized from cholesterol?

A

steroids

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8
Q

List hormones that are steroids

A

testosterone, estrogen, aldosterone, cortisol, and progesterone

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9
Q

How do hormones alter activity of target cells?

A

opening or closing ion channels, stimulating protein synthesis, activating or deactivating enzymes, inducing secretions, and stimulating mitosis

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10
Q

How do water-soluble hormones interact with target cells?

A

cannot enter target cells, act on receptors in plasma membrane, and coupled by G proteins to intracellular second messengers

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11
Q

How do lipid-soluble hormones interact with target cells?

A

can enter target cells, and act on intracellular receptors that directly activate genes

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12
Q

What are the steps in the cAMP signaling?

A
  1. Hormone binds receptor
  2. Receptor activates G protein
  3. G protein activates adenylate cyclase
  4. Adenylate cyclase converts ATP to cAMP
  5. cAMP activates protein kinases
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13
Q

What non-steroid hormones also uses this mechanism?

A

Thyroid hormone

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14
Q

What are the steps of the intracellular receptors?

A
  1. The steroid hormone diffuses through the plasma membrane and binds to an intracellular receptor
  2. The receptor hormone complex enters the nucleus
  3. The receptor-hormone complex binds a hormone response element
  4. Binding initiates transcription to the gene to mRNA
  5. The mRNA directs protein synthesis
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15
Q

What is up-regulation compared to down-regulation?

A

up-regulation increases the cell number of receptors which then becomes more sensitive to a while down-regulation reduces cell number of receptors which then becomes less sensitive to a hormone

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16
Q

What are the 3 ways that multiple hormones that act on same target?

A

permissiveness, synergism, and antagonism

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17
Q

Describe synergism. give an example

A

two or hormones act together to produce an effect that is greater then sum of their separate effects. EP and glucagon

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18
Q

Define permissiveness. Give an example

A

one hormone cannot exert its full effects without another hormone being present. Estrogen and progesterone

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19
Q

Define antagonism. Give an example

A

one hormone opposes action of another hormone. Insulin and glucagon

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20
Q

What are the three types of stimuli?

A

humoral, neural, and hormonal

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21
Q

How is hormone synthesis and secretion regulated?

A

by negative feedback

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22
Q

Which hormones respond to neural stimuli?

A

oxytocin, ADH, NE, and EP

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23
Q

Which hormones respond to humoral stimuli?

A

Calcitonin, PTH, insulin, and glucagon

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24
Q

Which hormones respond to hormonal stimuli?

A

ALL pituitary hormones, TH, testosterone, estrogen, and progesterone

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25
Q

What is another name for the pituitary gland?

A

hypophysis

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26
Q

What connects the hypothalamus to the posterior pituitary?

A

infundibulum

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27
Q

What is the pos. pituitary glands composed?

A

neural tissue

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28
Q

What is the ant. pituitary composed?

A

glandular tissue

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29
Q

What runs through the infundibulum and formed by axons of neurons?

A

hypothalamic-hypophyseal tract

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30
Q

What allows the ant. pituitary respond to the hormones secreted b the hypothalamus?

A

hypophyseal portal system

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31
Q

Which 2 hormones are secreted by the post. pituitary?

A

ADH and oxytocin

32
Q

What are the functions of oxytocin?

A

triggers milk ejection and uterine contractions during childbirth

33
Q

What are the function of ADH?

A

prevents large amounts of urine production by stimulating kidney tubule cells to reabsorb water and return to blood stream

34
Q

What results when there is ADH deficiency?

A

diabete inspidous

35
Q

What are the Six hormones secreted by the ant pituitary?

A

Prolactin, FSH, TSH, ACTH, LH, GH

36
Q

Which hormones increase glucose levels?

A

GH, cortisol, glucagon EP and NE

37
Q

GH

A

Promotes cartilage and bone growth and increases protein synthesis

38
Q

What homeostatic imbalance occurs with hypersecretion of GH at epiphyseal plate?

A

gigantism

39
Q

What homeostatic imbalance occurs due to hypersecretion after epiphyseal plate closure?

A

acromegaly

40
Q

What homeostatic imbalance occurs due to hyposecretion of GH prior to epiphyseal plate closer?

A

pituitary dwarfism

41
Q

PRL

A

Prolactin. stimulates milk production

42
Q

TSH

A

Thyroid stimulating. stimulates normal development and secretory activity of thyroid

43
Q

ACTH

A

Adrenocorticotropic. stimulates adrenal cortex to release glucocorticoid hormone

44
Q

FSH & LH

A

Regulate function of gonads

45
Q

Which two hormones does the thyroid secrete?

A

TH and calcitonin

46
Q

Which type of cells synthesize thyroglobulin?

A

follicle cells

47
Q

Which type of cells synthesize calcitonin?

A

parafollicular cells

48
Q

Which two compounds comprise TH?

A

thyroxine and triiodthronine

49
Q

TH

A

Increase metabolic rate and body heat production. Plays important role in regulating development and maturation of skeletal, nervous, and reproductive systems

50
Q

What is the role of I-

A
  1. Iodide is trapped then converted to iodine.

2. I- is attached to Tyr in the colloid then linked together to form T4

51
Q

What hormone does the hypothalamus secrete to to promote TH?

A

TRH: Thyrotropin-releasing hormone

52
Q

What hormone does the ant. pituitary secrete to promote TH?

A

TSH. Thyroid-stimulating

53
Q

What is myxdemia?

A

hypothyroidism in adults

54
Q

How can myxdemia lease to a goiter?

A

if there is a lack of I-

55
Q

What is cretinism?

A

hypothyroidism in infants

56
Q

What is Graves’ disease?

A

hyperthyroidism due to abnormal Abs that mimic TSH and that secrete TH

57
Q

Calcitonin

A

lowers Ca2+ levels

58
Q

PTH

A

increase Ca2+ levels, increase reabsorption of Ca2+ in kidneys

59
Q

What are the two parts of the adrenal glands?

A

adrenal medulla and adrenal cortex

60
Q

Which part of the adrenal glands produce corticosteroids?

A

adrenal cortex

61
Q

Which part of the adrenal gland takes part in the sympathetic division

A

adrenal medulla

62
Q

Aldosterone

A

stimulates NA+ and a mineralocorticoid

63
Q

Cortisol

A

promotes gluconeogensis, mobilizes fas from adipose, stimulates breakdown of stored proteins and a glucocorticoid

64
Q

What occurs when cortisol is at high concentrations?

A

inhibits inflammation and depresses the immune system

65
Q

What is Cushing’s syndrome?

A

excess of glucocorticoid, elevated blood glucose, facial swelling, and “buffalo hump”

66
Q

Which two hormones does the adrenal medulla secrete?

A

NE and EP

67
Q

How does the adrenal medulla and adrenal cortex respond to stress?

A

Adrenal medulla: short-term stress

Adrenal cortex- long-term stress

68
Q

What hormone does the pineal gland secrete?

A

melatonin

69
Q

Melatonin

A

Influence rhythmic variations in physiological processes

70
Q

What classifies the pancreas as a “mixed gland?”

A

It consists of both endo- and exo- gland cells

71
Q

What component contribute to the endo-?

A

pancreatic islets

72
Q

Which cell typed produce insulin and glucagon?

A

Beta- insulin

Alpha- glucagon

73
Q

Glucagon

A

increase blood glucose by targeting liver cells

74
Q

Insulin

A

lowers blood glucose

75
Q

What are the three cardinal signs of diabetes mellitus?

A

polyuria, polydipsia, and polyphagia

A&P II (13 decks)

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