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A&P II > Endocrine System > Flashcards

Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the Endocrine System?

A

glands, tissues, and cells that secrete hormones

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2
Q

What are 2 properties of the endocrine glands?

A

produce hormones and lack ducts

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3
Q

List the endocrine glands

A

pituitary glands, thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, adrenal lands and pineal gland

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4
Q

List non-endocrine glands

A

hypothalamus, pancreas, ovaries and testes, and placenta

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5
Q

State the differences between Nervous and Endocrine system

A

Nervous: neurotransmitter, local, responds quickly, and stops quickly

Endocrine: hormones, general and widespread, responds slowly, and persist after stimulus stops

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6
Q

What are the 2 types of hormones?

A

amino acid-based and steroids

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7
Q

Which type of hormones are synthesized from cholesterol?

A

steroids

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8
Q

List hormones that are steroids

A

testosterone, estrogen, aldosterone, cortisol, and progesterone

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9
Q

How do hormones alter activity of target cells?

A

opening or closing ion channels, stimulating protein synthesis, activating or deactivating enzymes, inducing secretions, and stimulating mitosis

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10
Q

How do water-soluble hormones interact with target cells?

A

cannot enter target cells, act on receptors in plasma membrane, and coupled by G proteins to intracellular second messengers

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11
Q

How do lipid-soluble hormones interact with target cells?

A

can enter target cells, and act on intracellular receptors that directly activate genes

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12
Q

What are the steps in the cAMP signaling?

A
  1. Hormone binds receptor
  2. Receptor activates G protein
  3. G protein activates adenylate cyclase
  4. Adenylate cyclase converts ATP to cAMP
  5. cAMP activates protein kinases
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13
Q

What non-steroid hormones also uses this mechanism?

A

Thyroid hormone

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14
Q

What are the steps of the intracellular receptors?

A
  1. The steroid hormone diffuses through the plasma membrane and binds to an intracellular receptor
  2. The receptor hormone complex enters the nucleus
  3. The receptor-hormone complex binds a hormone response element
  4. Binding initiates transcription to the gene to mRNA
  5. The mRNA directs protein synthesis
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15
Q

What is up-regulation compared to down-regulation?

A

up-regulation increases the cell number of receptors which then becomes more sensitive to a while down-regulation reduces cell number of receptors which then becomes less sensitive to a hormone

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16
Q

What are the 3 ways that multiple hormones that act on same target?

A

permissiveness, synergism, and antagonism

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17
Q

Describe synergism. give an example

A

two or hormones act together to produce an effect that is greater then sum of their separate effects. EP and glucagon

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18
Q

Define permissiveness. Give an example

A

one hormone cannot exert its full effects without another hormone being present. Estrogen and progesterone

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19
Q

Define antagonism. Give an example

A

one hormone opposes action of another hormone. Insulin and glucagon

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20
Q

What are the three types of stimuli?

A

humoral, neural, and hormonal

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21
Q

How is hormone synthesis and secretion regulated?

A

by negative feedback

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22
Q

Which hormones respond to neural stimuli?

A

oxytocin, ADH, NE, and EP

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23
Q

Which hormones respond to humoral stimuli?

A

Calcitonin, PTH, insulin, and glucagon

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24
Q

Which hormones respond to hormonal stimuli?

A

ALL pituitary hormones, TH, testosterone, estrogen, and progesterone

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25
What is another name for the pituitary gland?
hypophysis
26
What connects the hypothalamus to the posterior pituitary?
infundibulum
27
What is the pos. pituitary glands composed?
neural tissue
28
What is the ant. pituitary composed?
glandular tissue
29
What runs through the infundibulum and formed by axons of neurons?
hypothalamic-hypophyseal tract
30
What allows the ant. pituitary respond to the hormones secreted b the hypothalamus?
hypophyseal portal system
31
Which 2 hormones are secreted by the post. pituitary?
ADH and oxytocin
32
What are the functions of oxytocin?
triggers milk ejection and uterine contractions during childbirth
33
What are the function of ADH?
prevents large amounts of urine production by stimulating kidney tubule cells to reabsorb water and return to blood stream
34
What results when there is ADH deficiency?
diabete inspidous
35
What are the Six hormones secreted by the ant pituitary?
Prolactin, FSH, TSH, ACTH, LH, GH
36
Which hormones increase glucose levels?
GH, cortisol, glucagon EP and NE
37
GH
Promotes cartilage and bone growth and increases protein synthesis
38
What homeostatic imbalance occurs with hypersecretion of GH at epiphyseal plate?
gigantism
39
What homeostatic imbalance occurs due to hypersecretion after epiphyseal plate closure?
acromegaly
40
What homeostatic imbalance occurs due to hyposecretion of GH prior to epiphyseal plate closer?
pituitary dwarfism
41
PRL
Prolactin. stimulates milk production
42
TSH
Thyroid stimulating. stimulates normal development and secretory activity of thyroid
43
ACTH
Adrenocorticotropic. stimulates adrenal cortex to release glucocorticoid hormone
44
FSH & LH
Regulate function of gonads
45
Which two hormones does the thyroid secrete?
TH and calcitonin
46
Which type of cells synthesize thyroglobulin?
follicle cells
47
Which type of cells synthesize calcitonin?
parafollicular cells
48
Which two compounds comprise TH?
thyroxine and triiodthronine
49
TH
Increase metabolic rate and body heat production. Plays important role in regulating development and maturation of skeletal, nervous, and reproductive systems
50
What is the role of I-
1. Iodide is trapped then converted to iodine. | 2. I- is attached to Tyr in the colloid then linked together to form T4
51
What hormone does the hypothalamus secrete to to promote TH?
TRH: Thyrotropin-releasing hormone
52
What hormone does the ant. pituitary secrete to promote TH?
TSH. Thyroid-stimulating
53
What is myxdemia?
hypothyroidism in adults
54
How can myxdemia lease to a goiter?
if there is a lack of I-
55
What is cretinism?
hypothyroidism in infants
56
What is Graves' disease?
hyperthyroidism due to abnormal Abs that mimic TSH and that secrete TH
57
Calcitonin
lowers Ca2+ levels
58
PTH
increase Ca2+ levels, increase reabsorption of Ca2+ in kidneys
59
What are the two parts of the adrenal glands?
adrenal medulla and adrenal cortex
60
Which part of the adrenal glands produce corticosteroids?
adrenal cortex
61
Which part of the adrenal gland takes part in the sympathetic division
adrenal medulla
62
Aldosterone
stimulates NA+ and a mineralocorticoid
63
Cortisol
promotes gluconeogensis, mobilizes fas from adipose, stimulates breakdown of stored proteins and a glucocorticoid
64
What occurs when cortisol is at high concentrations?
inhibits inflammation and depresses the immune system
65
What is Cushing's syndrome?
excess of glucocorticoid, elevated blood glucose, facial swelling, and "buffalo hump"
66
Which two hormones does the adrenal medulla secrete?
NE and EP
67
How does the adrenal medulla and adrenal cortex respond to stress?
Adrenal medulla: short-term stress | Adrenal cortex- long-term stress
68
What hormone does the pineal gland secrete?
melatonin
69
Melatonin
Influence rhythmic variations in physiological processes
70
What classifies the pancreas as a "mixed gland?"
It consists of both endo- and exo- gland cells
71
What component contribute to the endo-?
pancreatic islets
72
Which cell typed produce insulin and glucagon?
Beta- insulin | Alpha- glucagon
73
Glucagon
increase blood glucose by targeting liver cells
74
Insulin
lowers blood glucose
75
What are the three cardinal signs of diabetes mellitus?
polyuria, polydipsia, and polyphagia

A&P II (13 decks)

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