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Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

At a constant temperature, the amount of a gas that dissolves in a liquid is directly proportional to the partial pressure of the gas above the liquid

A

Henry’s Law

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2
Q

How much of a gas will dissolve in a liquid at a given partial pressure also depends on what?

A

Solubility of the gas

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3
Q

How many more times is CO2 more soluble than O2?

A

20x

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4
Q

As compared to atmospheric gas, alveolar gas contains what amounts of O2?CO2?H20?

A

less, more, and more

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5
Q

Gas exchange across respiratory membrane

A

external respiration

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6
Q

What factors influence external respiration?

A

thickness and SA of respiratory membrane, Partial pressure gradients and gas solubilities

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7
Q

What is the average thickness of the respiratory membrane in healthy lungs?

A

0.5-1 m thick

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8
Q

Gas exchange between systemic capillaries and tissue cells

A

internal respiration

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9
Q

What occurs during internal respiration?

A

O2 moves from blood into tissue and CO2 moves from tissues into blood

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10
Q

Which 2 ways is O2 transported in the blood?

A
  1. Bound to Hb

2. Dissolved in plasma

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11
Q

Reduced Hb (deoxyHb)

A

HB that has released O2

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12
Q

Define. Hb saturation

A

extent to which Hb is combined with O2

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13
Q

How many O2 are bound to heme to be considered to be fully saturated?

A

4

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14
Q

How manyO2 are bound to heme to be considered partially saturated?

A

1-3 O2

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15
Q

What describes the relationship between the local Po2 and Hb saturation?

A

oxygen-Hb dissociation curve

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16
Q

In blood leaving lungs when the P02 is at 100 mmHg how saturated is Hb?

A

98% saturated

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17
Q

At resting tissues, what are the values for partial pressure of O2 and Hb saturation?

A

Po2= 40 mmHg

Hb saturation: 75%

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18
Q

Which 4 factors affect Hb at a given Po2?

A

temperature, pH, 2-3,BPG, and Pco2

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19
Q

What are the effects of the increase of temperature, H+, Pco2, or BPG?

A

Hb unloads O2 more easily
Curve shifts to the right
%Hb saturation ill be lower

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20
Q

What are the functions of the respiratory system?

A

to obtain O2 for use by body cells and to eliminate CO2 that cells produce

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21
Q

What are the 4 processes in respiration?

A
  1. Pulmonary ventilation
  2. External Respiration
  3. Transport of gases
  4. Internal Respiration
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22
Q

What are the major organs of the respiratory system?

A

nose, nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs and alveoli

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23
Q

Site of gas exchange

A

respiratory zone

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24
Q

All other respiratory passageways that cleanse, and humidify and warm air

A

conducting zone

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25
Which organs are a part of the respiratory zones?
respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts and alveoli
26
Provides airway for respiration, filters inspired air, moisten and warms inspired air, houses olfactory receptors
the nose
27
Opens to exterior via nostrils
eternal nose
28
Continuous with pharynx via posterior nasal apertures
nasal cavity
29
Bony structure in the nasal cavity
hard palate
30
Muscular structure in the nasal cavity
soft palate
31
Lines upper respiratory tract and moistens, warms, and filters incoming air
respiratory mucosa
32
Increase mucosal surface area and enhance air turbulence
nasal conchae
33
Warm and moisten air and lighten skull
Paranasal sinuses (frontal, ethmoid, and maxillary)
34
Connects nasal cavity and mouth to larynx and esophagus
pharynx
35
Openings of auditory tubes. Epithelium?
nasopharynx. Pseudostratified columnar
36
Where is the pharyngeal tonsil located?
nasopharynx
37
Passageway for air and food. epithelium?
oropharynx. Stratified squamous
38
Where are the palatine and lingual tonsils located?
oropharynx
39
Provides a patent airway, routes air and food into proper channels and voice production.
larynx
40
Composed of nine cartilages
larynx
41
"Adam's apple"
thyroid cartilage
42
Vibrate as air rushes up from lungs
vocal folds (true vocal cords)
43
Help close glottis during swallowing
vestibular folds (false vocal cords)
44
What type of epithelium is the trachea composed?
pseudostratified columnar epithelium
45
What connects the trachea?
trachealis
46
Air passages undergo 23 order of branching
bronchial tree
47
What is the sequence of the conducting zone?
trachea -> right and left main bronchi -> lobar bronchi -> segmental bronchi
48
If a bronchiole is >0.5mm
terminal bronchioles
49
As airways become progressively smaller what are 3 things that change?
1. support structures change 2. epithelium type changes 3. amount of smooth muscle increases
50
What define a respiratory zone?
the presence of alveoli
51
What is the pathway of the respiratory zone?
terminal bronchioles -> respiratory bronchioles-> alveolar ducts -> aveolar sacs
52
Alveolar walls are primarily what type of cells? epithelium?
type 1 alveolar cells. simple squamous epithelium
53
Type II alveolar cells consist of what type of epithelium?
scattered cuboidal
54
What is the function of alveolar macrophages?
keep surface sterile
55
What are the 3 components of the respiratory membrane?
pulmonary capillary walls, alveolar walls, and their fused basement membrane
56
How many lobes are in each lung?
L: 2 superior and inferior R: 3 superior, middle, and inferior
57
From the heart to the body back to the heart list the order of events in pulomonary circulation.
heart -> pulmonary trunk -> pulmonary arteries -> pulmonary capillaries -> pulmonary veins -> heart
58
In pulmonary circulation where is oxygenated and deoxygenated blood located?
Deoxygenated blood is in the pulmonary trunk and arteries. Oxygenated blood is located in the pulmonary veins
59
Covers external lung surface
visceral pleura
60
Covers thoracic wall, superior surface of diaphragm, and lateral walls of mediastinum
parietal pleura
61
Allow lungs to glide over thoracic wall and surface tension separation of pleurae
pleural cavity
62
Inspiration
period when air flows into the lungs
63
Expiration
period when air flows out of the lungs
64
Pressure around 760 mmHg at sea level exerted by air surrounding body
Atmospheric pressure
65
Pressure in alveoli that rises and falls with breathing, but always equalizes with Patm
Intrapulmonary pressure
66
Pressure in pleural cavity that rises ad falls with breathing, but always negative relative to atmospheric and intrapulmonary
intrapleural pressure
67
By how mmHg is Pip less than Patm and Ppul
-4mmHg
68
What are the 2 forces that act to pull lungs away from thorax wall and cause lungs to collapse?
lungs natural tendency to recoil and surface tension of alveolar fluid
69
What opposes lung collapsing forces?
elastic recoil of chest wall
70
What type of pressure prevents the lungs from collapsing? Difference between Ppul and Pip
transpulmonary pressure
71
Pneumothorax
air in pleural cavity
72
At constant temperature, pressure of a gas varies inversely with its volume
Boyle's law
73
What are the muscles involved in inspiration?
diaphragm and external intercostals
74
During inspiration, what is the action of the diaphragm?
When contracting, moves inferiorly and flattens
75
During expiration, what is the action of the diaphragm?
dome shaped and superior
76
During inspiration, what is the action of the external intercostals?
contraction lifts rib cage and pulls sternum superiorly and ribs swing outward
77
Is inspiration a passive or active process?
active
78
When the inspiratory muscles contract, what happens to the volume in the thoracic cavity?
volume increases
79
Is expiration a passive or active process?
passive
80
When the inspiratory muscles relax what happens to the volume in the thoracic cavity?q
volume decreases
81
During expiration, what muscles help depress the rib cage?
internal intercostal muscles
82
What secretes surfactant?
type 11 alveolar cells
83
Reduces surface tension of alveolar fluid and prevents collapse of alveoli between breaths
surfactant
84
Condition of insufficient surfactant in premature infants
infant respiratory distress syndrome
85
Amount of air moved into and out of lungs with each breath
tidal volume
86
Amount of air that can be forcefully inhaled beyond tidal volume
inspiratory reserve volume
87
Amount of air that can be forcefully exhaled beyond tidal volume
expiratory reserve volume
88
Air remaining in lungs after a forced expiration
residual volume
89
What is the value associated with residual volume?
1200 ml
90
What is the value associated with inspiratory reserve volume?
3100 ml
91
What is the value associated with tidal volume?
500 ml
92
What is the value associated with expiratory reserve volume?
1200 ml
93
How to calculate total lung capacity?
TV+IRV+ERV+RV
94
How to calculate vital capacity?
TV+IRV+ERV
95
What are the partial pressures of 02 & CO2 when blood is entering pulmonary capillaries?
O2: 40 mmHg CO2: 45 mmHg
96
What are the partial pressures of 02 & CO2 when blood is leaving i pulmonary capillaries?
O2: 100mmHg CO2: 40 mmHg
97
In order what are the 3 ways CO2 is transported in blood?
1. As bicarbonate ions 2,. Combined with Hb 3. Dissolved in plasma
98
At the tissue level, bicarbonate ions diffuse out what into plasma?
RBCs
99
In the lungs COs diffuses out of what? and into what?
out of RBCs and into alveoli
100
What are the 2 medullary respiratory centers?
ventral and dorsal respiratory group
101
Sets normal respiratory rate
VRG
102
Stimulate neurons that innervate inspiratory muscles?
inspiratory neurons
103
Inhibit inspiratory neurons
expiratory neurins
104
What is normal respiratory rate called?
eupnea
105
Integrates input from sensory receptors and sends indo to VRG
DRG
106
Transmit impulses to VRG to modify and fine-tune breathing rhythms and smooth out transitions from inspiration to expiration
pontine respiratory centers
107
Which factors influence respiratory rate and depth?Detected by?
Arterial blood CO2, O2, and pH Central and peripheral chemoreceptors
108
Located in the brain stem and responds to H+ in brain ECF?
central chemoreceptors
109
Located in aortic arch and carotid arteries that respond to CO2, O2, & H+ in arterial blood
peripheral chemoreceptors
110
What depresses respiratory centers?
hypoxia
111
What stimulates respiratory centers ti increase ventilation?
peripheral chemoreceptors
112
What is the most powerful stimulus for respiration?
rising CO2 levels
113
Arterial Po2 falling below 60mmHg, becomes a primary stimulus for what?
respiration

A&P II (13 decks)

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