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A&P II > Respiratory System > Flashcards

Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

At a constant temperature, the amount of a gas that dissolves in a liquid is directly proportional to the partial pressure of the gas above the liquid

A

Henry’s Law

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2
Q

How much of a gas will dissolve in a liquid at a given partial pressure also depends on what?

A

Solubility of the gas

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3
Q

How many more times is CO2 more soluble than O2?

A

20x

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4
Q

As compared to atmospheric gas, alveolar gas contains what amounts of O2?CO2?H20?

A

less, more, and more

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5
Q

Gas exchange across respiratory membrane

A

external respiration

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6
Q

What factors influence external respiration?

A

thickness and SA of respiratory membrane, Partial pressure gradients and gas solubilities

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7
Q

What is the average thickness of the respiratory membrane in healthy lungs?

A

0.5-1 m thick

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8
Q

Gas exchange between systemic capillaries and tissue cells

A

internal respiration

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9
Q

What occurs during internal respiration?

A

O2 moves from blood into tissue and CO2 moves from tissues into blood

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10
Q

Which 2 ways is O2 transported in the blood?

A
  1. Bound to Hb

2. Dissolved in plasma

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11
Q

Reduced Hb (deoxyHb)

A

HB that has released O2

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12
Q

Define. Hb saturation

A

extent to which Hb is combined with O2

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13
Q

How many O2 are bound to heme to be considered to be fully saturated?

A

4

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14
Q

How manyO2 are bound to heme to be considered partially saturated?

A

1-3 O2

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15
Q

What describes the relationship between the local Po2 and Hb saturation?

A

oxygen-Hb dissociation curve

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16
Q

In blood leaving lungs when the P02 is at 100 mmHg how saturated is Hb?

A

98% saturated

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17
Q

At resting tissues, what are the values for partial pressure of O2 and Hb saturation?

A

Po2= 40 mmHg

Hb saturation: 75%

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18
Q

Which 4 factors affect Hb at a given Po2?

A

temperature, pH, 2-3,BPG, and Pco2

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19
Q

What are the effects of the increase of temperature, H+, Pco2, or BPG?

A

Hb unloads O2 more easily
Curve shifts to the right
%Hb saturation ill be lower

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20
Q

What are the functions of the respiratory system?

A

to obtain O2 for use by body cells and to eliminate CO2 that cells produce

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21
Q

What are the 4 processes in respiration?

A
  1. Pulmonary ventilation
  2. External Respiration
  3. Transport of gases
  4. Internal Respiration
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22
Q

What are the major organs of the respiratory system?

A

nose, nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs and alveoli

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23
Q

Site of gas exchange

A

respiratory zone

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24
Q

All other respiratory passageways that cleanse, and humidify and warm air

A

conducting zone

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25
Q

Which organs are a part of the respiratory zones?

A

respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts and alveoli

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26
Q

Provides airway for respiration, filters inspired air, moisten and warms inspired air, houses olfactory receptors

A

the nose

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27
Q

Opens to exterior via nostrils

A

eternal nose

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28
Q

Continuous with pharynx via posterior nasal apertures

A

nasal cavity

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29
Q

Bony structure in the nasal cavity

A

hard palate

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30
Q

Muscular structure in the nasal cavity

A

soft palate

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31
Q

Lines upper respiratory tract and moistens, warms, and filters incoming air

A

respiratory mucosa

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32
Q

Increase mucosal surface area and enhance air turbulence

A

nasal conchae

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33
Q

Warm and moisten air and lighten skull

A

Paranasal sinuses (frontal, ethmoid, and maxillary)

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34
Q

Connects nasal cavity and mouth to larynx and esophagus

A

pharynx

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35
Q

Openings of auditory tubes. Epithelium?

A

nasopharynx. Pseudostratified columnar

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36
Q

Where is the pharyngeal tonsil located?

A

nasopharynx

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37
Q

Passageway for air and food. epithelium?

A

oropharynx. Stratified squamous

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38
Q

Where are the palatine and lingual tonsils located?

A

oropharynx

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39
Q

Provides a patent airway, routes air and food into proper channels and voice production.

A

larynx

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40
Q

Composed of nine cartilages

A

larynx

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41
Q

“Adam’s apple”

A

thyroid cartilage

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42
Q

Vibrate as air rushes up from lungs

A

vocal folds (true vocal cords)

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43
Q

Help close glottis during swallowing

A

vestibular folds (false vocal cords)

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44
Q

What type of epithelium is the trachea composed?

A

pseudostratified columnar epithelium

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45
Q

What connects the trachea?

A

trachealis

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46
Q

Air passages undergo 23 order of branching

A

bronchial tree

47
Q

What is the sequence of the conducting zone?

A

trachea -> right and left main bronchi -> lobar bronchi -> segmental bronchi

48
Q

If a bronchiole is >0.5mm

A

terminal bronchioles

49
Q

As airways become progressively smaller what are 3 things that change?

A
  1. support structures change
  2. epithelium type changes
  3. amount of smooth muscle increases
50
Q

What define a respiratory zone?

A

the presence of alveoli

51
Q

What is the pathway of the respiratory zone?

A

terminal bronchioles -> respiratory bronchioles-> alveolar ducts -> aveolar sacs

52
Q

Alveolar walls are primarily what type of cells? epithelium?

A

type 1 alveolar cells. simple squamous epithelium

53
Q

Type II alveolar cells consist of what type of epithelium?

A

scattered cuboidal

54
Q

What is the function of alveolar macrophages?

A

keep surface sterile

55
Q

What are the 3 components of the respiratory membrane?

A

pulmonary capillary walls, alveolar walls, and their fused basement membrane

56
Q

How many lobes are in each lung?

A

L: 2 superior and inferior
R: 3 superior, middle, and inferior

57
Q

From the heart to the body back to the heart list the order of events in pulomonary circulation.

A

heart -> pulmonary trunk -> pulmonary arteries -> pulmonary capillaries -> pulmonary veins -> heart

58
Q

In pulmonary circulation where is oxygenated and deoxygenated blood located?

A

Deoxygenated blood is in the pulmonary trunk and arteries. Oxygenated blood is located in the pulmonary veins

59
Q

Covers external lung surface

A

visceral pleura

60
Q

Covers thoracic wall, superior surface of diaphragm, and lateral walls of mediastinum

A

parietal pleura

61
Q

Allow lungs to glide over thoracic wall and surface tension separation of pleurae

A

pleural cavity

62
Q

Inspiration

A

period when air flows into the lungs

63
Q

Expiration

A

period when air flows out of the lungs

64
Q

Pressure around 760 mmHg at sea level exerted by air surrounding body

A

Atmospheric pressure

65
Q

Pressure in alveoli that rises and falls with breathing, but always equalizes with Patm

A

Intrapulmonary pressure

66
Q

Pressure in pleural cavity that rises ad falls with breathing, but always negative relative to atmospheric and intrapulmonary

A

intrapleural pressure

67
Q

By how mmHg is Pip less than Patm and Ppul

A

-4mmHg

68
Q

What are the 2 forces that act to pull lungs away from thorax wall and cause lungs to collapse?

A

lungs natural tendency to recoil and surface tension of alveolar fluid

69
Q

What opposes lung collapsing forces?

A

elastic recoil of chest wall

70
Q

What type of pressure prevents the lungs from collapsing? Difference between Ppul and Pip

A

transpulmonary pressure

71
Q

Pneumothorax

A

air in pleural cavity

72
Q

At constant temperature, pressure of a gas varies inversely with its volume

A

Boyle’s law

73
Q

What are the muscles involved in inspiration?

A

diaphragm and external intercostals

74
Q

During inspiration, what is the action of the diaphragm?

A

When contracting, moves inferiorly and flattens

75
Q

During expiration, what is the action of the diaphragm?

A

dome shaped and superior

76
Q

During inspiration, what is the action of the external intercostals?

A

contraction lifts rib cage and pulls sternum superiorly and ribs swing outward

77
Q

Is inspiration a passive or active process?

A

active

78
Q

When the inspiratory muscles contract, what happens to the volume in the thoracic cavity?

A

volume increases

79
Q

Is expiration a passive or active process?

A

passive

80
Q

When the inspiratory muscles relax what happens to the volume in the thoracic cavity?q

A

volume decreases

81
Q

During expiration, what muscles help depress the rib cage?

A

internal intercostal muscles

82
Q

What secretes surfactant?

A

type 11 alveolar cells

83
Q

Reduces surface tension of alveolar fluid and prevents collapse of alveoli between breaths

A

surfactant

84
Q

Condition of insufficient surfactant in premature infants

A

infant respiratory distress syndrome

85
Q

Amount of air moved into and out of lungs with each breath

A

tidal volume

86
Q

Amount of air that can be forcefully inhaled beyond tidal volume

A

inspiratory reserve volume

87
Q

Amount of air that can be forcefully exhaled beyond tidal volume

A

expiratory reserve volume

88
Q

Air remaining in lungs after a forced expiration

A

residual volume

89
Q

What is the value associated with residual volume?

A

1200 ml

90
Q

What is the value associated with inspiratory reserve volume?

A

3100 ml

91
Q

What is the value associated with tidal volume?

A

500 ml

92
Q

What is the value associated with expiratory reserve volume?

A

1200 ml

93
Q

How to calculate total lung capacity?

A

TV+IRV+ERV+RV

94
Q

How to calculate vital capacity?

A

TV+IRV+ERV

95
Q

What are the partial pressures of 02 & CO2 when blood is entering pulmonary capillaries?

A

O2: 40 mmHg
CO2: 45 mmHg

96
Q

What are the partial pressures of 02 & CO2 when blood is leaving i pulmonary capillaries?

A

O2: 100mmHg
CO2: 40 mmHg

97
Q

In order what are the 3 ways CO2 is transported in blood?

A
  1. As bicarbonate ions
    2,. Combined with Hb
  2. Dissolved in plasma
98
Q

At the tissue level, bicarbonate ions diffuse out what into plasma?

A

RBCs

99
Q

In the lungs COs diffuses out of what? and into what?

A

out of RBCs and into alveoli

100
Q

What are the 2 medullary respiratory centers?

A

ventral and dorsal respiratory group

101
Q

Sets normal respiratory rate

A

VRG

102
Q

Stimulate neurons that innervate inspiratory muscles?

A

inspiratory neurons

103
Q

Inhibit inspiratory neurons

A

expiratory neurins

104
Q

What is normal respiratory rate called?

A

eupnea

105
Q

Integrates input from sensory receptors and sends indo to VRG

A

DRG

106
Q

Transmit impulses to VRG to modify and fine-tune breathing rhythms and smooth out transitions from inspiration to expiration

A

pontine respiratory centers

107
Q

Which factors influence respiratory rate and depth?Detected by?

A

Arterial blood CO2, O2, and pH

Central and peripheral chemoreceptors

108
Q

Located in the brain stem and responds to H+ in brain ECF?

A

central chemoreceptors

109
Q

Located in aortic arch and carotid arteries that respond to CO2, O2, & H+ in arterial blood

A

peripheral chemoreceptors

110
Q

What depresses respiratory centers?

A

hypoxia

111
Q

What stimulates respiratory centers ti increase ventilation?

A

peripheral chemoreceptors

112
Q

What is the most powerful stimulus for respiration?

A

rising CO2 levels

113
Q

Arterial Po2 falling below 60mmHg, becomes a primary stimulus for what?

A

respiration

A&P II (13 decks)

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