Urinary System

Question 1

Define bacteruria

Answer 1

bacteria in the urine, may be asymptomatic or symptomatic.

Question 2

What is the most common causative bacteria of UTIs

Answer 2

E. coli

Question 3

What other bacteria cause UTIs

Answer 3

Staphylococcus
Proteus
Klebsiella

Question 4

What are the symptoms of cystitis?

Answer 4

Frequency, dysuria, urgency, haematuria and supra public pain

Question 5

What are the symptoms of pyelonephritis

Answer 5

High fever, rigours, vomiting, loin pain and tenderness

Question 6

What are the symptoms of prostatitis

Answer 6

Flulike symptoms, few urinary symptoms and painful tender prostate

Question 7

How does acute renal failure present ?

Answer 7

●A significant deterioration in renal function occurring over hours or days
●There is a low urine volume (

Question 8

What are the causes of pre renal failure?

Answer 8

Hypoperfusion, sepsis

Question 9

What causes renal failure?

Answer 9

ATN damage to tubules due to ischaemia or nephrotoxins

Question 10

What causes post renal failure?

Answer 10

Renal tract obstruction (eg stones, tumours

Question 11

How is chronic renal failure classified?

Answer 11

Into 5 categories by Glomerular filtration rate

Question 12

What causes chronic renal failure?

Answer 12

●Glomerulonephritis
●Diabetes
●Renovascular disease
●Hypertension
●Polycystic disease

Question 13

Define Glomerulonephritis

Answer 13

A group of disorders where there is damage to the glomerular filtration apparatus. This may cause a leak of protein or blood into the urine.

Question 14

What are kidney stones

Answer 14

Crystal aggregates that form in the collecting ducts of the kidneys and can deposit anywhere in the renal tract.

Question 15

What are the risk factors for renal cancer?

Answer 15

Smoking, obesity, hypertension, asbestos exposure

Question 16

What is the most common renal cancer?

Answer 16

Renal cell carcinoma

Question 17

What are the symptoms of renal cancer?

Answer 17

●50% incidental findings on abdominal imaging.

●Haematuria.

●Loin pain.

●Abdominal mass.

●Para neoplastic syndromes: e.g. polycythaemia, hypercalcaemia and hypertension.

Question 18

What is the most common malignant bladder condition?

Answer 18

Transitional cell carcinoma

Question 19

How does testicular torsion present?

Answer 19

Sudden onset of pain in 1 testis.

●Pain in abdomen, nausea and vomiting.

●Testis is hot, swollen and tender.

●The testis may lie high and transversely.

●Most common 11-30 years old.

Question 20

What are the risk factors for UTIs

Answer 20

●Females>males
●Sexual intercourse
●Pregnancy
●Diabetes
●Urinary tract obstructions