Disorders of Growth Flashcards
Define neoplasm
A NEOPLASM is an abnormal mass of tissue, the growth of which exceeds and is unco-ordinated with that of normal tissues, and which persists in the same excessive manner after cessation of the stimuli which evoked the change
Define neoplasia
NEOPLASIA is the process by which a neoplasm is formed.
Name a synonym for neoplasm
Tumour
How does a benign tumour grow?
by expansion, displacing adjacent tissue
How does a malignant tumour grow?
by infiltration of local tissues, and spreads to other parts of the body
What name is given to the original malignant tumour?
Primary tumour
What name is given to ‘offspring’ malignant tumours?
Secondary tumours
What are the two definitions of Metastasis?
- a secondary tumour
- process by which secondary tumour is formed
Name 5 routes of metastasis
lymphatics blood transcoelomic along epithelial-lined spaces within epithelium
What cancer typically affects lymphatics?
Epithelial malignancy
Give two examples of how metastasis affects lymphatics
- direct invasion of lymphatics
- tumour emboli filtered out and grows in lymph nodes
What cancer typically affects blood?
Stromal malignancy
Late stage epithelial malignancy
Give two examples of how metastasis affects blood
- direct invasion of blood vessels
- emboli filtered out by capillary beds
How does metastasis spread transcoelomically?
Via peritoneal or pleural cavities
Give an example of metastasis spread via epithelial-lined spaces
Bronchio-alveolar carcinoma of lung
Give an example of metastasis spread within epithelium
Paget’s disease of nipple, vulva and anus
What 3 things contribute to the naming of a lesion?
site, behaviour, histogenesis
Give 3 names for benign epithelial tumours
Adenoma, Papilloma, Cystadenoma
What is a polyp?
a mass attached to a surface, which may or may not be a neoplasm
What is cancer?
Any malignant tumour
What is carcinoma?
a malignant tumour of epithelial tissue
What is sarcoma?
a malignant tumour of stromal tissue
How are mesenchymal tumours named?
According to cell type with a suffix
What sort of tumour has the suffix -oma?
Benign
What sort of tumour has the suffix -sarcoma?
Malignant
What is leukaemia?
neoplastic proliferation of haemopoietic stem cells
What is Hodgkin’s disease?
malignant proliferation of cells of lymphoid tissue
in which there is a mixture of cells, including Reed-Sternberg cells
What is non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma?
malignant proliferation of cells of lymphoid tissue
which lacks the cellular mixture of Hodgkin’s disease
Define teratoma
Arises from totipotential cells, tumour contains cells such as teeth, hair or skin cells. Occurs in ovary/testes
Name 4 non-neoplastic premalignant conditions
- chronic inflammation
- cirrhosis of the liver
- chronic ulcerative colitis
- xeroderma pigmentosum
Name 2 neoplastic premalignant conditions
- familial polyposis coli
- intra-epithelial neoplasia
What 3 features is tumour staging based on
- size of primary tumour
- extent of lymph node disease
- any blood-borne metastasis
Name 3 effects of tumours
displacement or destruction of normal structures
excess “normal” function
paraneoplastic phenomena
Name 3 effects of benign tumours
Mechanical pressure, obstruction and ulceration
Name 4 effects specific to malignant tumours
Tissue destruction, hemorrhage, secondary infection, cachexia
Give 2 examples of paraneoplastic syndromes
Cushing’s syndrome from carcinoma of bronchus
Hypoglycaemia from fibrosarcoma
