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Pathology > Disorders of Growth > Flashcards

Disorders of Growth Flashcards

1
Q

Define neoplasm

A

A NEOPLASM is an abnormal mass of tissue, the growth of which exceeds and is unco-ordinated with that of normal tissues, and which persists in the same excessive manner after cessation of the stimuli which evoked the change

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2
Q

Define neoplasia

A

NEOPLASIA is the process by which a neoplasm is formed.

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3
Q

Name a synonym for neoplasm

A

Tumour

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4
Q

How does a benign tumour grow?

A

by expansion, displacing adjacent tissue

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5
Q

How does a malignant tumour grow?

A

by infiltration of local tissues, and spreads to other parts of the body

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6
Q

What name is given to the original malignant tumour?

A

Primary tumour

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7
Q

What name is given to ‘offspring’ malignant tumours?

A

Secondary tumours

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8
Q

What are the two definitions of Metastasis?

A
  • a secondary tumour

- process by which secondary tumour is formed

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9
Q

Name 5 routes of metastasis

A 
lymphatics
  blood
  transcoelomic
  along epithelial-lined spaces
  within epithelium
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10
Q

What cancer typically affects lymphatics?

A

Epithelial malignancy

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11
Q

Give two examples of how metastasis affects lymphatics

A
  • direct invasion of lymphatics

- tumour emboli filtered out and grows in lymph nodes

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12
Q

What cancer typically affects blood?

A

Stromal malignancy

Late stage epithelial malignancy

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13
Q

Give two examples of how metastasis affects blood

A
  • direct invasion of blood vessels

- emboli filtered out by capillary beds

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14
Q

How does metastasis spread transcoelomically?

A

Via peritoneal or pleural cavities

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15
Q

Give an example of metastasis spread via epithelial-lined spaces

A

Bronchio-alveolar carcinoma of lung

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16
Q

Give an example of metastasis spread within epithelium

A

Paget’s disease of nipple, vulva and anus

17
Q

What 3 things contribute to the naming of a lesion?

A

site, behaviour, histogenesis

18
Q

Give 3 names for benign epithelial tumours

A

Adenoma, Papilloma, Cystadenoma

19
Q

What is a polyp?

A

a mass attached to a surface, which may or may not be a neoplasm

20
Q

What is cancer?

A

Any malignant tumour

21
Q

What is carcinoma?

A

a malignant tumour of epithelial tissue

22
Q

What is sarcoma?

A

a malignant tumour of stromal tissue

23
Q

How are mesenchymal tumours named?

A

According to cell type with a suffix

24
Q

What sort of tumour has the suffix -oma?

A

Benign

25
Q

What sort of tumour has the suffix -sarcoma?

A

Malignant

26
Q

What is leukaemia?

A

neoplastic proliferation of haemopoietic stem cells

27
Q

What is Hodgkin’s disease?

A

malignant proliferation of cells of lymphoid tissue

in which there is a mixture of cells, including Reed-Sternberg cells

28
Q

What is non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma?

A

malignant proliferation of cells of lymphoid tissue

which lacks the cellular mixture of Hodgkin’s disease

29
Q

Define teratoma

A

Arises from totipotential cells, tumour contains cells such as teeth, hair or skin cells. Occurs in ovary/testes

30
Q

Name 4 non-neoplastic premalignant conditions

A
  • chronic inflammation
  • cirrhosis of the liver
  • chronic ulcerative colitis
  • xeroderma pigmentosum
31
Q

Name 2 neoplastic premalignant conditions

A
  • familial polyposis coli

- intra-epithelial neoplasia

32
Q

What 3 features is tumour staging based on

A
  • size of primary tumour
  • extent of lymph node disease
  • any blood-borne metastasis
33
Q

Name 3 effects of tumours

A

displacement or destruction of normal structures
excess “normal” function
paraneoplastic phenomena

34
Q

Name 3 effects of benign tumours

A

Mechanical pressure, obstruction and ulceration

35
Q

Name 4 effects specific to malignant tumours

A

Tissue destruction, hemorrhage, secondary infection, cachexia

36
Q

Give 2 examples of paraneoplastic syndromes

A

Cushing’s syndrome from carcinoma of bronchus

Hypoglycaemia from fibrosarcoma

Pathology (17 decks)

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