Endocrine Flashcards
What causes hyperpituitarism?
Adenomas
What is the local mass effect of pituitary disease?
Compressing the optic chasm
What causes hypopituitarism ?
- Ischemic necrosis of the pituitary: Sheehan’s syndrome
- Non functioning adenomas
- Surgery or irradiation
- Inflammatory lesions
What causes hyperthyroidism?
- Grave’s disease (Autoimmune)
- Over treatment by thyroxine
- Infective – De Quervain’s thyroiditis
- Toxic multinodular goitre
- Toxic adenoma
What are the symptoms of hyperthyroidism?
Bulging eyes Club fingers Intolerance to heat Enlarged thyroid Muscle wastage
What causes hypothyroidism?
- Iodine deficiency
- Autoimmune – Hashimoto’s thyroiditis
- Iatrogenic: Surgery, radioiodine
- Pituitary defects
- Congenital
What are the symptoms of hypothyroidism?
Lethargy Hair loss Intolerance to cold Extreme fatigue Apathy Constipation
What is the most common type of thyroid cancer?
Papillary carcinoma
What are the causes of hypoparathyroidism?
- Removal by surgery (Thyroidectomy)
- Congenital
- Hereditary (autoimmune
What are the symptoms of hypoparathyroidism?
- Tetany
- Seizures
- irritability
What is the primary cause of hyperparathyroidism?
Adenomas
What is the secondary cause of hyperparathyroidism?
Chronic renal failure
What is the tertiary cause of hyperparathyroidism?
Having a renal transplant
What are the symptoms of hyperparathyroidism?
Constipation Depression Seizures Muscle wasting Polyuria Bone fractures Kidney stones
What is the primary cause of Hyperaldosteronism?
Conn’s disease >50% cases
What is the secondary cause of Hyperaldosteronism?
High renin levels
What are the symptoms of conns disease?
Oedema
•Hypertension
•High Sodium
•Low Potassium
What is Cushing’s syndrome?
Excess production of cortisol
What is Cushing’s syndrome caused by?
ACTH releasing tumour (pituitary/lung)
Steroids
What are the symptoms of Cushing’s syndrome?
Buffalo hump Thinning skin Emotional disturbance Moon face Osteoporosis Obesity Skin ulcers
What are the causes of Addison’s disease?
- Autoimmune
- Infection
- Neoplasms
What are the symptoms of Addison’s disease?
GI Symptoms (Anorexia, nausea, vomiting and diarrhoea)
- Weight loss
- Hyperpigmentation
- Low Sodium, High Potassium
Define Phaeochromocytoma
Neuroendocrine tumour on medulla of adrenal glands
How does Phaeochromocytoma present?
- Hypertension
- Sweating
- Palpitations
- Nervousness
- Increased metabolic ratio
- Rapid heart rate
What causes hypopituitarism?
Injury, surgery, radiation, inflammation
