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Pathology > Endocrine > Flashcards

Endocrine Flashcards

1
Q

What causes hyperpituitarism?

A

Adenomas

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2
Q

What is the local mass effect of pituitary disease?

A

Compressing the optic chasm

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3
Q

What causes hypopituitarism ?

A
  • Ischemic necrosis of the pituitary: Sheehan’s syndrome
  • Non functioning adenomas
  • Surgery or irradiation
  • Inflammatory lesions
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4
Q

What causes hyperthyroidism?

A
  • Grave’s disease (Autoimmune)
  • Over treatment by thyroxine
  • Infective – De Quervain’s thyroiditis
  • Toxic multinodular goitre
  • Toxic adenoma
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5
Q

What are the symptoms of hyperthyroidism?

A 
Bulging eyes
Club fingers
Intolerance to heat
Enlarged thyroid
Muscle wastage
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6
Q

What causes hypothyroidism?

A
  • Iodine deficiency
  • Autoimmune – Hashimoto’s thyroiditis
  • Iatrogenic: Surgery, radioiodine
  • Pituitary defects
  • Congenital
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7
Q

What are the symptoms of hypothyroidism?

A 
Lethargy
Hair loss
Intolerance to cold
Extreme fatigue
Apathy
Constipation
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8
Q

What is the most common type of thyroid cancer?

A

Papillary carcinoma

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9
Q

What are the causes of hypoparathyroidism?

A
  • Removal by surgery (Thyroidectomy)
  • Congenital
  • Hereditary (autoimmune
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10
Q

What are the symptoms of hypoparathyroidism?

A
  • Tetany
  • Seizures
  • irritability
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11
Q

What is the primary cause of hyperparathyroidism?

A

Adenomas

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12
Q

What is the secondary cause of hyperparathyroidism?

A

Chronic renal failure

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13
Q

What is the tertiary cause of hyperparathyroidism?

A

Having a renal transplant

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14
Q

What are the symptoms of hyperparathyroidism?

A 
Constipation
Depression
Seizures
Muscle wasting
Polyuria
Bone fractures
Kidney stones
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15
Q

What is the primary cause of Hyperaldosteronism?

A

Conn’s disease >50% cases

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16
Q

What is the secondary cause of Hyperaldosteronism?

A

High renin levels

17
Q

What are the symptoms of conns disease?

A

Oedema
•Hypertension
•High Sodium
•Low Potassium

18
Q

What is Cushing’s syndrome?

A

Excess production of cortisol

19
Q

What is Cushing’s syndrome caused by?

A

ACTH releasing tumour (pituitary/lung)

Steroids

20
Q

What are the symptoms of Cushing’s syndrome?

A 
Buffalo hump
Thinning skin
Emotional disturbance 
Moon face
Osteoporosis 
Obesity
Skin ulcers
21
Q

What are the causes of Addison’s disease?

A
  • Autoimmune
  • Infection
  • Neoplasms
22
Q

What are the symptoms of Addison’s disease?

A

GI Symptoms (Anorexia, nausea, vomiting and diarrhoea)

  • Weight loss
  • Hyperpigmentation
  • Low Sodium, High Potassium
23
Q

Define Phaeochromocytoma

A

Neuroendocrine tumour on medulla of adrenal glands

24
Q

How does Phaeochromocytoma present?

A
  • Hypertension
  • Sweating
  • Palpitations
  • Nervousness
  • Increased metabolic ratio
  • Rapid heart rate
25
Q

What causes hypopituitarism?

A

Injury, surgery, radiation, inflammation

Pathology (17 decks)

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