Female Genital Tract Flashcards
What does CIN stand for?
Cervical Intra-epithelial Neoplasia
What is the main cause of CIN?
Human Papilloma Virus
What are the symptoms of cervical cancer?
Abnormal discharge and bleeding
What does menorrhagia mean?
Heavy periods
Define DUB
Dysfunctional Uterine Bleeding
What is a fibroid?
Benign tumour
Where do fibroids arise from in the uterus?
Myometrium
How do fibroids present?
Heavy or painful periods, pelvic pain or distension
What causes endometritis and PID?
Infections, usually STI.
How does PID present?
Can present with abnormal discharge, pain or bleeding
What is endometriosis?
Endometrial tissue in the wrong location i.e outside the endometrium
How does endometriosis present?
Can present with heavy or painful periods, pelvic pain, painful sex
How is endometriosis treated?
Variety of contraception: Combined pill, Mirena, Zoladex
Or surgery
How does endometrial cancer present?
Post-menopausal bleeding
What are the risk factors for endometrial cancer?
nulliparity, high BMI, HRT and late menopause
What are the risk factors for endometrial carcinoma?
Obesity and oestrogen exposure
What is a cystadenoma?
Large fluid filled cysts, symptoms caused by pressure effect
What is a benign mature teratoma?
Large cyst filled with solid substance
What is polycystic ovary syndrome?
Muliple cysts presenting on ovaries
Symptoms of polycystic ovary syndrome?
Usually presents as irregular periods, no periods, infertility, other symptoms
How is polycystic ovary syndrome treated?
Combined pill
Metformin
Clomifene
What are complications of polycystic ovary syndrome?
Increased CV risk
Increased risk of T2DM
Increased problems in pregnancy
For whom are ovarian cysts usually benign/malignant?
Women 20- 45 - Benign
Women >45 - Malignant
Define miscarriage
Loss of pregnancy before 24 weeks
How many pregnancies end in miscarriage?
15%
What are risk factors for miscarriage?
Increasing age, multiple pregnancies, smoking, alcohol, connective tissue disorders in mother and diabetes
What is ectopic pregnancy?
Extra uterine pregnancy, usually occurs in Fallopian tubes
Risk factors for ectopic pregnancy?
Fertility treatments, PID, coil, previous ectopics, smokers
Presentation of ectopic pregnancy?
Unilateral lower abdominal pain
