Respiratory Disease Flashcards
How does pneumonia present in the lungs?
- Consolidation of the affected part
- Exudate with inflammatory cells and fibrin in the alveolar air spaces
What causes pneumonia?
infectious agents
inhalation of chemicals
chest wall trauma
What is an obstructive disease?
Characterised by partial or complete obstruction at any level from the trachea to respiratory bronchioles
What is an restrictive disease?
Characterised by reduced expansion with decreased total lung capacity,
What is emphysema?
Irreversible enlargement of the airspaces distal to the terminal bronchiole - destruction of their walls without obvious fibrosis
How does chronic bronchitis present?
Persistent cough with sputum for at least 3 months in 2 consecutive years
Define bronchiectasis
Permanent destruction and dilatation of the airways associated with severe infections or obstructions:
Define pneumothorax
Air in the pleural cavity
What causes Type 1 Respiratory failure?
Pneumonia Pulmonary oedema Asthma PE Pulmonary fibrosis ARDS
What causes Type 2 Respiratory failure?
Asthma, COPD, OSA
Reduced respiratory drive
Neuromuscular disease
Thoracic wall disease eg kyphoscoliosis
What make up the vast majority of lung tumours?
Carcinomas arising from lining epithelium
What are the risk factors for lung cancer?
Smoking Industrial hazards High dose ionising radiation Uranium Asbestos Radon Silica Diesel exhaust/air pollution Family history Immunodeficiency
What are the presenting complaints of lung cancer?
Cough
Weight loss
Chest pain
Dyspnoea
Where does lung cancer most commonly spread?
Adrenals, liver, brain and bone
Where does small cell carcinoma occur?
in major bronchi and at periphery
What is the histopathology of small cell carcinoma?
small, tightly packed, darkly stained ovoid tumour cells (resemble oats – also termed oat cell carcinoma)
Where does squamous cell carcinoma occur?
Arises close to hilum, usually in area of squamous metaplasia (due to cigarette smoke)
What is the histopathology of squamous cell carcinoma?
well differentiatied resembles stratified squamous epithelium; characterised by keratin formation and/or intercellular bridges
Where does adenocarcinoma occur?
In the periphery
What is the histopathology of adenocarcinoma?
well differentiated have obvious glandular elements; 80% contain mucin
What is adenocarcinoma associated with?
Areas of scarring, possibly from TB
What is the histopathology of large cell carcinoma?
large, anaplastic epithelial cells growing in islands and sheets
