Thrombosis, Embolism And Shock

Question 1

Where may thrombosis occur?

Answer 1

Arteries, veins and capillaries

Question 2

What are the 3 elements of Virchows triad?

Answer 2

1. Abnormalities of the vessel wall
2. Abnormalities of blood flow
3. Abnormalities of the bloods constituents

Question 3

What abnormalities can occur in artery walls that promote thrombosis?

Answer 3

Atheroma

Question 4

What abnormalities can occur in heart walls that promote thrombosis?

Answer 4

MI or rheumatic endocarditis

Question 5

What abnormalities can occur in vein walls that promote thrombosis?

Answer 5

Trauma, inflammation, chemical damage

Question 6

What abnormalities can occur in capillary walls that promote thrombosis?

Answer 6

Inflammation

Question 7

What abnormalities of blood flow affect arteries?

Answer 7

Turbulence - aneurysms, plaques, spasm

Question 8

What abnormalities of blood flow felt the heart?

Answer 8

Atrial fibrillation

Aneurysms

Question 9

What abnormalities of blood flow affect veins?

Answer 9

Local: compression, inactivity
General: heart failure, Circulatory shock

Question 10

Name 4 things that increase viscosity

Answer 10

Polycythaemia
Dehydration
Chronic hypoxia
Polycythaemia rubra vera

Question 11

What is the most common resolution of thrombi?

Answer 11

Fibrinolysis

Question 12

Define embolism

Answer 12

Transport of abnormal material (solid, liquid or gas) by the bloodstream and its impacting a blood vessel

Question 13

What is a common cause of fat emboli?

Answer 13

Multiple bone fractures breaking up the fat below

Question 14

How might gas emboli occur?

Answer 14

Infusions
Vascular surgery
Caissons disease

Question 15

Define shock

Answer 15

A physiological state characterised by a systemic reduction in tissue perfusion, resulting in reduced tissue oxygen delivery and insufficient removal of cellular metabolic products resulting in tissue injury

Question 16

When does hypovolaemic shock occur?

Answer 16

Haemorrhage - int or ext

Severe burns

Question 17

When does cardiogenic shock occur?

Answer 17

Large acute MI

Acute cardiac disease

Question 18

What causes septic shock?

Answer 18

Endotoxins from gram negative bacteria

Exotoxins from gram positive bacteria

Question 19

What causes Anaphylactic shock?

Answer 19

Severe allergic reaction

Question 20

What causes neurogenic shock?

Answer 20

Spinal cord trauma

Regional anaesthesia

Question 21

What causes obstructive shock?

Answer 21

Cardiac tamponade
Tension pneumothorax
Massive pulmonary embolism

Question 22

Name the 8 clinical features of shock

Answer 22

1. Low systolic bp
2. Tachycardia
3. Respiratory v high or v low
4. Low urine output
5. Metabolic acidosis
6. Hypoxia
7. Cutaneous vasodilation or vasoconstriction
8. Mood: lethargy, agitation, anxiety

Question 23

Define thrombosis

Answer 23

Formation of a semi solid mass from the constituents of blood