Cell Injury Flashcards
Give an example of physiological hypertrophy
Body building
Gif an example of pathological hypertrophy
Increase in heart size in hypertension
Define hyperplasia
Increase in cell number resulting in larger organ
Give an example of physiological hyperplasia
Menstrual cycle
Give an example of pathological hyperplasia
Endometrial hyperplasia if hormone stimulus persists
Define atrophy
Shrinkage of the size of the cells
Name some causes of atrophy
Decreased workload, reduced blood supply, inadequate nutrition
Define metaplasia
One adult cell being replaced by another adult cell type
Gives a named example of metaplasia
Barrett’s oesophagus
Name some causes of cell injury
Hypoxia, ischaemia, chemical exposure, infection, immunological reactions
What is the name of programmed cell death
Apoptosis
Define apoptosis in 3 key stages
- Cells activate enzymes to degrade own DNA and proteins
- Membrane remains intact so no leakage or response
- Dead cell is removed by phagocytosis
Give examples of physiological apoptosis
Embryogenesis
Elimination of cells that have served purpose
Elimination of potentially harmful lymphocytes
Give some examples of pathological apoptosis
DNA damage
Accumulation of misfolded proteins
Infection
T cell induced cell death
What is the intrinsic pathway of apoptosis
Mitochondrial pathway
What is the extrinsic pathway of apoptosis
Fas receptor pathway
What are the 4 types of necrosis
Coagulation necrosis
Liquefactive necrosis
Caseous necrosis
Fat necrosis
How does ATP depletion contribute to cell death?
- Atp dependent pumps fail
- Increased intracellular lactic acid
- Calcium pump failure
- Damage of protein structures
How does mitochondrial damage lead to necrosis
Failure of energy production
Failure of free radical production
How does calcium influx lead to necrosis
Activation of enzymes
Damage to cellular components
Define neoplasia
Abnormal growth of new cells
Define hyper trophy
Increase in cell size, resulting in organ size increase
