Cell Injury Flashcards
Give an example of physiological hypertrophy
Body building
Gif an example of pathological hypertrophy
Increase in heart size in hypertension
Define hyperplasia
Increase in cell number resulting in larger organ
Give an example of physiological hyperplasia
Menstrual cycle
Give an example of pathological hyperplasia
Endometrial hyperplasia if hormone stimulus persists
Define atrophy
Shrinkage of the size of the cells
Name some causes of atrophy
Decreased workload, reduced blood supply, inadequate nutrition
Define metaplasia
One adult cell being replaced by another adult cell type
Gives a named example of metaplasia
Barrett’s oesophagus
Name some causes of cell injury
Hypoxia, ischaemia, chemical exposure, infection, immunological reactions
What is the name of programmed cell death
Apoptosis
Define apoptosis in 3 key stages
- Cells activate enzymes to degrade own DNA and proteins
- Membrane remains intact so no leakage or response
- Dead cell is removed by phagocytosis
Give examples of physiological apoptosis
Embryogenesis
Elimination of cells that have served purpose
Elimination of potentially harmful lymphocytes
Give some examples of pathological apoptosis
DNA damage
Accumulation of misfolded proteins
Infection
T cell induced cell death
What is the intrinsic pathway of apoptosis
Mitochondrial pathway
