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Biology > Urinary System > Flashcards

Urinary System Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what wastes do our bodies need to get rid of

A

lungs- heat, co2, water
skin- heat hco3-, water, urea, salt
digestive tract- food residue
urinary system-

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2
Q

what is the function of the urinary system

A

eliminate waste (nitrogenous wastes, water, salts, excess ions)

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3
Q

main functions of kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra

A

kidneys:production
ureters:movement
urinary bladder:storage
urethra:elimination

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4
Q

ureters

A

smooth muscle tubes lines with mucous membrane, connect kidneys to bladder, peristaltic contractions move spurts of uring

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5
Q

bladder

A

expandable smooth muscle sac that stores urine, also lined with mucose

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6
Q

urethra

A

smooth muscle tube for exit of urine

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7
Q

average size of urethra

A

4 cm females 20 cm non erect males

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8
Q

control of urination by

A

nervous system, both voluntary and involuntary components, relaxation of internal and external sphincters

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9
Q

main function of kidneys

A

form urine and maintain homeostasis

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10
Q

other functions of the kidneys

A
  1. metabolic waste removal (mostly urea, creatinine, some uric acid)
  2. water-salt balance (NaCl, K+ and other ions)
  3. pH balance (H+ secretion)
  4. hormone secretion
  5. vitamin D conversion
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11
Q

parts of the kidneys

A

renal cortex, renal medulla, renal pelvie (look at figure 10.3)

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12
Q

nephron function (basic)

A

functional unit of the kidneys, make urine

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13
Q

structure of the nephron

A 
renal corpuscle (glomerulus, glomerular capsule)
renal tubule (proximal convulted, loop, distal convoluted)
all in renal cortex, except for loop which goes into medulla
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14
Q

the nephron is surrounded by

A

capillaries

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15
Q

three functions of the nephron

A 
glomerular filtration (glomerulus)
tubular reabsorption (mostly in proximal tubule)
tubular secretion (along length of tubule)
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16
Q

filtration in the nephron

A

happens in glomerulus which is a small tuft of capillaries, blood pressure forces water and small solutes out of capillaries into capsule

17
Q

for filtration in the nephron higher pressure=

A

higher filtration rates

18
Q

reabsorption in the nephron

A

occurs in the proximal tubule, filtrate items returned into blood

19
Q

what is inside the tubule of the nephron

A

epithelial cells with microvilli for high surface area, made of 99% water and sodium, almost 100% glucose and amino acids

20
Q

secretion in the nephrons

A

active transport of certain ions (H+,K+,NH4+)
removal of certain drugs (penicillin)
blood goes to renal veins
filtrate (now urine) empties into collecting ducts then renal pelvis

21
Q

how much urine is made each day

A

1-2 liters of urine made each day from 180 liters of filtrate

22
Q

how do the kidneys help conserve water in the arterioles of the glomerulus

A

arterioles of glomerulus lie next to distal convoluted tubule, detect low blood pressure and filtering, activate hormones to reabsorb more water and raise blood pressure

23
Q

how do the kidneys help conserve water via concentration of urine

A

nephrons with long loops, tied to salt balance, collecting ducts

24
Q

role of kidneys in pH balance

A

return bicarbonate ions during reabsorption, remove H+ during secretion

25
Q

what hormones act on kidney function

A

ADH (antidiuretic hormone), Aldosterone, ANH (atrial natriuretic hormone)

26
Q

ADH’s effect on kidney function

A

antidiuretic hormone, made by hypothalamus, stored in posterior pituitary, increases amount of water re-absorbed.

27
Q

aldosterone’s effect on kidney function

A

secreted by adrenal glands, increases sodium reabsorption (raises water and blood pressure levels)

28
Q

ANH’s effect on kidney function

A

atrial natriuretic hormone, released by heart (when cells stretched), decreases blood volume by causing Na+ secretion

29
Q

hormones made by kidneys

A

renin & epo

30
Q

renin

A

made in the kidneys, released when blood pressure is low, stimulates adrenal glands and thus aldosterone production

31
Q

epo

A

erythropoietin, made in kidneys, increases RBC synthesis in bone marrow when blood oxygen low.

32
Q

renal failure

A

loss of filtration function
acure or chronic
treat with dialysis or transplants

33
Q

kidney stones

A

precipitated crystals
pain, damage to kidneys
treat with drugs, shockwaves, surgery

34
Q

urinary tract infections

A

bacteria enter via urethra

more common in women

35
Q

urinalysis

A

can detect many health disorders by analyzing urine chemicals

Biology (14 decks)

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