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Biology > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

elements

A

basic unit of matter

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2
Q

atoms

A

smallest unit of element that retains property of that element

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3
Q

what makes up atoms

A

protons, neutrons, electrons

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4
Q

ions

A

atoms that have lost or gained one or more electron

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5
Q

isotopes

A

have an extra neutron in the center of the atom

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6
Q

radiation

A

energy given off by certain chemical elements when they break down into other elements , usually unstable isotopes

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7
Q

what is radiation used in

A

medical imaging & to kill cancer cells

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8
Q

chemical bonds

A

hold molecules together

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9
Q

covalent bond

A

atoms share electrons

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10
Q

ionic bonds

A

opposite charges attract

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11
Q

hydrogen bonds

A

weak attraction, partial charges

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12
Q

water is essential to

A

all life

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13
Q

water is important because

A

adhesion, cohesion, it is a good solvent, it splits into h+ and oh- and it has a high specific heat

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14
Q

adhesion

A

water sticks to other things

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15
Q

cohesion

A

water sticks to itself

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16
Q

solvent

A

dissolves lots of stuff, not everything though

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17
Q

specific heat

A

how much energy it takes to raise 1 g of substance by 1

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18
Q

pH is the measure of

A

H+ in a solution

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19
Q

acids release ____ when added to water

A

H+

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20
Q

bases release _____ when added to water

A

OH-

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21
Q

the pH scale goes from

A

0-14

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22
Q

on the pH scale 0 is

A

acidic

23
Q

on the pH scale 14 is

A

basic

24
Q

buffer

A

substance that does chemical reactions in water to keep pH constant

25
Q

what exactly does a buffer in water do

A

remove or add H+ depending on what chemical is present

26
Q

what are the major molecules of life

A

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acid

27
Q

Carbohydrates

A

molecules of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen that provide energy

28
Q

types of carbohydrates

A

monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides

29
Q

monosaccharides

A

simple sugars such as glucose

30
Q

disaccharides

A

two simple sugars joined together, sucrose or lactose

31
Q

polysaccharides

A

long chains of simple sugars joined like glycogen or cellulose

32
Q

lipids

A

non polar molecules that don’t dissolve in water

33
Q

types of lipids

A

triglycerides, phospholipids, steroids

34
Q

triglycerides

A

three fatty acids bound to one glycerol
dietary fats/oils
saturated-no double bonds
unsaturated-double bonds between carbons

35
Q

what is the role of triglycerides in humans

A

long term energy storage, protection & insulation

36
Q

phospholipids

A

2 fatty acids & 1 phosphate bound to one glycerol
hydrophilic and hydrophobic ends to molecule
main component of cell membrane

37
Q

steroids

A

characteristic 4-ring carbon backbone
cholesterol - important in membrane
sex hormones are steroids

38
Q

proteins

A

made of amino acids

39
Q

how many different types of amino acids are there

A

20

40
Q

what type of bond joins amino acids together

A

peptide bonds

41
Q

primary structure of protein

A

order of amino acids in chain

42
Q

secondary structure of protein

A

bending & coiling of chain

43
Q

tertiary structure of protein

A

3-D folding

44
Q

quaternary structure of protein

A

joining of multiple chains

45
Q

what is the main role of proteins

A

catalyze reactions; enzymes

also used for structural support, transport, and movement

46
Q

what is the base unit of nucleic acids

A

nucleotide

47
Q

nucleotide

A

phosphate group, 5c sugar and nitrogenous base

48
Q

DNA

A

two strands (double helix), sugar=deoxyribose, n bases=cytosine, adenine, guanine, and thymine

49
Q

what holds n bases together

A

hydrogen bonds

50
Q

RNA

A

single strand, sugar=ribose, n bases are cytosine, adenine, guanine, and uracil

51
Q

DNA is the

A

blueprint of life

52
Q

RNA is part of

A

the translation process-interpreting DNA into proteins

53
Q

what catalyzes the reactions that build structure and do processes

A

protein enzymes

54
Q

ATP

A

adenosine triphosphate, nucleotide of adenine, ribose & 3 phosphate groups
P bonds easy to make and break
give energy to reactions that need and capture from reactions that release

Biology (14 decks)

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