Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology > Chapter 4 (21) > Flashcards

Chapter 4 (21) Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

replication

A

when DNA is copied before every cell division

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

transcription to RNA

A

when DNA is copied for instructions to be activated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

DNA replication steps

A
  1. enzyme “unzips” H-bonds, separating strands
  2. new nucleotides are added by a second enzyme
  3. complementary base pairing ( A&T, C&G)
  4. proofreading & error correction
  5. Final enzyme seals breaks in backbone
  6. mutation if any change in sequence between original and final
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what are the 4 categories of RNA

A

messenger, ribosomal, transfer, small RNAs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

messenger RNA

A

carries copy of DNA template for translation into protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

ribosomal RNA

A

combines with proteins to make ribosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

transfer RNA

A

transfers amino acids to ribosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

small RNA

A

assist with making mRNA and rRNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Transcription

A

making of mRNA in nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

steps of transcription

A
  1. enzyme unzips section of DNA
  2. complementary base pairing (but with U) from just one strand
  3. joining of nucleotides along P backbone
  4. Processing to mature
    removing non-coding parts (introns) & leave only coding parts (exons)
    add cap and tail to ends
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Translation

A

turning mRNA into amino acid sequence in cytoplasm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

translation steps

A
  1. mRNA has code-3 nucleotides are CODON for one amino acid.
  2. tRNA has anticodon to complement codon and carries one amino acid
  3. tRNA has anticodon to complement codon and carries one amino acid
  4. ribosome reads mRNA and has binding sites where codons and anticodons match up
    p-site holds tRNA with polypeptide chain, A-site holds tRNA with next amino acid, peptide bond forms, P-site tRNA detaches, A-site tRNA moves over to P-site, repeat until termination signal
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

one mRNA can have many

A

ribosomes reading it at once

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

polypeptide chains must go through

A

further processing & folding to make working enzymes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what are the 4 types of tissues

A

connective, muscle, nervous, epithelial

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

connective tissue

A

“glue” of body
cells mixed with extracellular matrix of proteins and ground substances
protein fibers: collagen, elastic, reticular
ground substances: solid, fluid, semi-like

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

three types of connective tissue

A

fibrous, supportive, fluid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

fibrous connective tissue

A

gelatinous matrix
loose fibrous- supports and covers many internal organs
dense fibrous- mostly collagen; tendons & ligaments
adipose-fat storage; beneath skin & around kidneys and heart

19
Q

supportive connective tissue

A

solid matrix

cartilage: flexible; many fibers; joins, nose & ears
bone: rigid bc of inorganic salts; compact or spongy

20
Q

fluid connective tissue

A

liquid matrix
blood-plasma & formed elements (red & white blood cells, platelets)
lymph: excess tissue fluid & white blood cells

21
Q

muscle tissue

A

special fiber cells, contract when stimulated

22
Q

three kinds of muscle cells

A

skeletal, smooth cardiac

23
Q

nervous tissue

A

signaling and communication, neurons, neuroglia

24
Q

neurons

A

conduct signals, dendrites, body, axon

25
Q

neuroglia

A

support, insulate, protect, may speed signal

26
Q

epithelial tissues

A

membranous or glandular

27
Q

membranous epithelial tissue

A

simple or stratified (single/layered)

squamous, cuboidal or columnar (squashed/cubed collumn)

28
Q

glandular epithelial tissue

A

exocrine, endocrine

29
Q

endocrine glands have

A

no ducts, products are transported by bloodstream

30
Q

skin is an organ system.. also a

A

integumentary system

31
Q

functions of the skin

A

protects, regulates body temperature, and excretes

32
Q

two layers of the skin

A

epidermis, dermis

33
Q

what layer of the skin anchors

A

subcutaneous

34
Q

epidermis

A 
stratifies squamous epithelium 
hardened by waterproof keratin
surface layers are dead
new layers derived from basal cells 
also in deeper layers 
-langerhans cells: white blood cells that eat infectious agents
-melanocytes-produce melanin 
-formation of vitamin D in UV light
35
Q

dermis

A 
beneath epidermis
dense fibrous connective tissue 
-fibers give elasticity
-blood vessels
-sensory receptors
36
Q

subcutaneous layer

A

anchors skin
loose connective & adipose tissue
-insulation
-excess fat storage

37
Q

accessory organs of skin

A

nails, hair, sweat glands

38
Q

nails

A

hardened with keratin, protect and sense for tips of digits, , grow from nail root

39
Q

hair

A

dead cells filled with keratin, function in protection and sensing, grow from follicles in dermus-contain oil glands that make sebum, sebum lubricates & waterproofs, and inhibits some bacteria

40
Q

sweat glands

A

make sweat, primary function to help cool body, also start in dermis, open to surface of skin, sometime into hair follicle

41
Q

tanning occurs from

A

increase melanin production stimulated by sunlight

42
Q

sunburn is due to

A

heat damage to skin cells

43
Q

most organs are housed in _________ that are lined with ________

A

body cavities; membranes

44
Q

homeostasis is maintained by

A

negative feedback mechanisms

Biology (14 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions