Chapter 3

Question 1

cell theory (3 things)

Answer 1

1. cells are the basic unit of life
2. all living things are made up of cells
3. new cells come only from other cells

Question 2

all cells have

Answer 2

plasma membrane (boundary), DNA (genetic material), cytoplasm (other stuff)

Question 3

why are cells so small

Answer 3

surface-area-to-volume-ratio: larger cells can’t move materials in & out fast enough to stay alive

Question 4

most cells can’t be seen by the naked eye so we use____ to see them

Answer 4

microscopes

Question 5

human cells are

Answer 5

eukaryotic

Question 6

eukaryotic cells

Answer 6

larger & more complex, DNA in nucleus, organelles

Question 7

prokaryotic cells

Answer 7

no nucleus, dna in ring, no organelles

Question 8

plasma membrane

Answer 8

phospholipid bilayer with proteins, carbohydrates & other lipids mixed in

Question 9

functions of plasma membrane (4)

Answer 9

1. defines boundary of cell
2. regulates movement in and out of cell
3. role in recognition and communication between cells
4. cell adhesion molecules in membrane hold cell together

Question 10

receptor proteins

Answer 10

in plasma membrane, bind chemicals outside and then start reactions inside

Question 11

what are the different types of movement across the plasma membrane

Answer 11

simple diffusion, osmosis, facilitated transport, active transport, endocytosis, exocytosis

Question 12

simple diffusion

Answer 12

small molecules move freely from areas of high concentration to low concentration

Question 13

osmosis

Answer 13

water moves to even out concentrations of solutes

Question 14

facilitated transport

Answer 14

molecules use carrier proteins to get across membrane

Question 15

active transport

Answer 15

uses ATP & carrier proteins to move substances against the concentration gradient

Question 16

endocytosis

Answer 16

parts of cell membrane pinch off to make vesicle

Question 17

exocytosis

Answer 17

vesicle merges with membrane to release contents to outside

Question 18

nucleus

Answer 18

contains genetic material

Question 19

chromatin

Answer 19

condenses into chromosomes, is made by DNA mixed with proteins

Question 20

nuclear envelope

Answer 20

double membrane

Question 21

what is in the endomembrane system

Answer 21

endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus, vesicles

Question 22

endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 22

manufacturing center, rough er and smooth er

Question 23

rough er

Answer 23

has ribosomes which makes proteins

Question 24

smooth er

Answer 24

makes lipids and other functions

Question 25

golgi apparatus

Answer 25

shipping center

Question 26

vesicles

Answer 26

transport, secretory, incoming,

Question 27

lysosomes

Answer 27

in vesicles, have digestive enzymes

Question 28

cytoskeleton function

Answer 28

gives cell its shape, anchors organelles & assists movement within cell

Question 29

what is the cytoskeleton made of

Answer 29

different kinds of microtubules

Question 30

cillia and flagella

Answer 30

microubule protusions from cell, often help cells move and absorb food

Question 31

cell junctions

Answer 31

tight-leak proof epithelial linings adhesion-flexibility under mechanical stress gap- allow molecule movement

Question 32

mitochondria

Answer 32

powerhouse of the cell, site of ATP production, reactions of cellular respiration

Question 33

almost all reactions in living things use

Answer 33

enzymes

Question 34

pathways

Answer 34

chains of reactions linked together

Question 35

respiration

Answer 35

breaks down glucose and produces ATP while releasing CO2

Question 36

three phases of cellular respiration

Answer 36

glycolysis- breaks glucose in 2 transition reaction & krebs cycle- releases CO2 electron transport chain-makes ATP

Question 37

energy from cellular respiration is used to

Answer 37

produce ATP

Question 38

energy from ATP breakdown is used for

Answer 38

metabolic work

Question 39

fermentation

Answer 39

reactions after glycolysis in absence of oxygen ATP from glycolysis need to regenerate electron carriers

Question 40

lactic acid fermentation

Answer 40

one extra step makes lactic acid from pyruvate | done by animals

Question 41

alcoholic fermentation

Answer 41

two extra steps makes CO2 and ethanol, done by yeast