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Biology > Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

cell theory (3 things)

A
  1. cells are the basic unit of life
  2. all living things are made up of cells
  3. new cells come only from other cells
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2
Q

all cells have

A

plasma membrane (boundary), DNA (genetic material), cytoplasm (other stuff)

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3
Q

why are cells so small

A

surface-area-to-volume-ratio: larger cells can’t move materials in & out fast enough to stay alive

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4
Q

most cells can’t be seen by the naked eye so we use____ to see them

A

microscopes

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5
Q

human cells are

A

eukaryotic

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6
Q

eukaryotic cells

A

larger & more complex, DNA in nucleus, organelles

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7
Q

prokaryotic cells

A

no nucleus, dna in ring, no organelles

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8
Q

plasma membrane

A

phospholipid bilayer with proteins, carbohydrates & other lipids mixed in

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9
Q

functions of plasma membrane (4)

A
  1. defines boundary of cell
  2. regulates movement in and out of cell
  3. role in recognition and communication between cells
  4. cell adhesion molecules in membrane hold cell together
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10
Q

receptor proteins

A

in plasma membrane, bind chemicals outside and then start reactions inside

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11
Q

what are the different types of movement across the plasma membrane

A

simple diffusion, osmosis, facilitated transport, active transport, endocytosis, exocytosis

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12
Q

simple diffusion

A

small molecules move freely from areas of high concentration to low concentration

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13
Q

osmosis

A

water moves to even out concentrations of solutes

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14
Q

facilitated transport

A

molecules use carrier proteins to get across membrane

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15
Q

active transport

A

uses ATP & carrier proteins to move substances against the concentration gradient

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16
Q

endocytosis

A

parts of cell membrane pinch off to make vesicle

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17
Q

exocytosis

A

vesicle merges with membrane to release contents to outside

18
Q

nucleus

A

contains genetic material

19
Q

chromatin

A

condenses into chromosomes, is made by DNA mixed with proteins

20
Q

nuclear envelope

A

double membrane

21
Q

what is in the endomembrane system

A

endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus, vesicles

22
Q

endoplasmic reticulum

A

manufacturing center, rough er and smooth er

23
Q

rough er

A

has ribosomes which makes proteins

24
Q

smooth er

A

makes lipids and other functions

25
Q

golgi apparatus

A

shipping center

26
Q

vesicles

A

transport, secretory, incoming,

27
Q

lysosomes

A

in vesicles, have digestive enzymes

28
Q

cytoskeleton function

A

gives cell its shape, anchors organelles & assists movement within cell

29
Q

what is the cytoskeleton made of

A

different kinds of microtubules

30
Q

cillia and flagella

A

microubule protusions from cell, often help cells move and absorb food

31
Q

cell junctions

A

tight-leak proof epithelial linings
adhesion-flexibility under mechanical stress
gap- allow molecule movement

32
Q

mitochondria

A

powerhouse of the cell, site of ATP production, reactions of cellular respiration

33
Q

almost all reactions in living things use

A

enzymes

34
Q

pathways

A

chains of reactions linked together

35
Q

respiration

A

breaks down glucose and produces ATP while releasing CO2

36
Q

three phases of cellular respiration

A

glycolysis- breaks glucose in 2
transition reaction & krebs cycle- releases CO2
electron transport chain-makes ATP

37
Q

energy from cellular respiration is used to

A

produce ATP

38
Q

energy from ATP breakdown is used for

A

metabolic work

39
Q

fermentation

A

reactions after glycolysis in absence of oxygen
ATP from glycolysis
need to regenerate electron carriers

40
Q

lactic acid fermentation

A

one extra step makes lactic acid from pyruvate

done by animals

41
Q

alcoholic fermentation

A

two extra steps makes CO2 and ethanol, done by yeast

Biology (14 decks)

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