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the respiratory system Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

main function of the respiratory system

A

provide body with oxygen and carry away carbon dioxide

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2
Q

inspiration

A

intake of air

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3
Q

gas exchange

A

gas goes into the blood

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4
Q

expiration

A

release of gas

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5
Q

main function and parts of the upper respiratory system

A

filters, warms, and moistens air; nose(nasal cavity and sinus) and pharynx

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6
Q

main function and parts of the lower respiratory system

A

delivery to blood stream; epiglottis, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, lungs and alveoli

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7
Q

nose

A

adjusts incoming air, filtration by hairs and mucous, warming and moistening, cilliated odor receptor calls

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8
Q

pharynx

A

a passage for food and air (mouth and nasal passage connect), tonsils are lymph tissue defense,

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9
Q

epiglottis

A

in pharynx is blocks the airway when swallowing food

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10
Q

larynx

A

below the epiglottis, voice box, an adjustable entryway that produces the voice.

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11
Q

Vocal chords

A

Made of mucosal tissue, mucosal folds and is supported by ligaments

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12
Q

What happens to the vocal chords when air passes?

A

They vibrate; it’s how we produce sound

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13
Q

Where does the pitch come from

A

The width of the opening. Long looser waves - low pitch short tight waves- high pitch

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14
Q

What affects the volume of the voice

A

Amplitude of the vibration

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15
Q

how do we produce sound?

A

our vocal chords vibrate when air passes

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16
Q

what does our pitch come from

A

the width of opening

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17
Q

what does our volume come from

A

the amplitude of vibration

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18
Q

heimlich maneuver

A

can unblock airway (trachea, larynx, epiglottis)

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19
Q

lower respiratory tract

A

trachea, bronchial tree, lungs, aveoli

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20
Q

trachea

A

the main tube of the lower respiratory tract, reinforced tube connecting upper to lower tract, lines with mucous-producing goblet cells and sweeping ciliated epithelium -continues to trap and filter

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21
Q

broncheal tree

A

maximizes the surface area

22
Q

bronchi and bronchioles

A

branches into lungs

23
Q

lungs

A

site of gas exchange

24
Q

alveoli

A

sacs surrounded by capillaries

25
Q

increasing thoracic cavity size for inhalation

A

(muscle control) muscles contract pulling ribs out and diaghphragm down, lungs expand bc thoracic cavity sealed, air is drawn in as lungs expand

26
Q

decreasing thoracic cavity size for exhalation

A

(muscle control) muscles relax, ribs move in & diaphragm up, lungs contract and air is pushed out, forced exhalation for singing and blowing is more active

27
Q

breathing created

A

air pressure differences (like bellows)

28
Q

an indication of health is…

A

the volume of air moved into and out of the lungs

29
Q

vital capacity

A

the difference between how much air is in the lungs during max inhalation vs how much is in the lungs during exhalation

30
Q

three ways breathing can be controlled

A

breathing center in medulla, consciously, chemical controls

31
Q

breathing center in medulla.

A

automatic, we don’t have to think about it, stimulated muscle contraction for inspiration, expiration during stop of nerve signal

32
Q

chemical controls of breathing

A

increased co2 in blood signals brain via chemical receptors sensitive to pH, not sensitive to low O2

33
Q

external respiration is

A

blood/lung exchange of gases

34
Q

what is the surface for gas exchange

A

the alveoli, they must be moist, important to keep open, they have a very large surface area (as big as a tennis court)

35
Q

gas diffusion across…

A

alveolar and capillary walls- must go through 2 cell layers

36
Q

most oxygen is carried by

A

hemoglobin in RBCs, relative concentrations determine when bind and when release, active cells get more

37
Q

most carbon dioxide is transported as..

A

bicarbonate ions, plays a role in buffering

38
Q

internal respiration is

A

gas exchange between capillaries and tissues of body

39
Q

internal respiration is driven by

A

simple diffusion

40
Q

respiratory infection

A

sinusitis : infection of sinuses
tonsilitis : infection of tonsils
laryngitis : infection of larynx
bronchitis : infection of bronchi

41
Q

CO poisoning

A

respiratory disorder, co binds permanently into hemoglobin-oxygen can’t get into the blood, attaches to it like water, carbon monoxide is odorless and colorless, you will turn cherry red

42
Q

asthma

A

respiratory disorder: inflamation and irration causes bronchies to constrict, bronchial muscle spasms= difficulty breathing, irritation inflames

43
Q

pneumonia

A

respiratory disorder: fluid and pus build up in alveoli, may be bacterial or viral

44
Q

emphysema

A

respiratory disorder: destruction of alveoli, loss of surface area, increased “dead” air = shortness of breath

45
Q

immediate effects of smoking

A

nicotine addiction, damage to lung cells & other tissues (loss of cilia, hampers macrophages), less effective cleaning=more illness, tar buildup, exposure to co (reduces delivery of O2)

46
Q

long term effects of smoking

A

increased cancer, increased heart disease and stroke, lung disease (inflammation, bronchitis, emphysema), premature aging of skin, bad vision, urinary incontinence, osteoporosis

47
Q

how many carcinogens are in tobacco

A

fifty known

48
Q

smokins is responsible for… of cancer deaths

A

30%

49
Q

_____% of lung cancers are caused by smoking

A

85-90

50
Q

why is lung cancer so deadly

A

no symptoms until it is well advanced, metastasis common

51
Q

additional risks to smoking women

A

interaction of smoking and birth control hormones, earlier menopause, reproductive problems (less fertile/more miscarriages, placental separation, stillbirths, premature births, low birthweights) all due to low o2 to fetus

Biology (14 decks)

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