the respiratory system Flashcards
main function of the respiratory system
provide body with oxygen and carry away carbon dioxide
inspiration
intake of air
gas exchange
gas goes into the blood
expiration
release of gas
main function and parts of the upper respiratory system
filters, warms, and moistens air; nose(nasal cavity and sinus) and pharynx
main function and parts of the lower respiratory system
delivery to blood stream; epiglottis, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, lungs and alveoli
nose
adjusts incoming air, filtration by hairs and mucous, warming and moistening, cilliated odor receptor calls
pharynx
a passage for food and air (mouth and nasal passage connect), tonsils are lymph tissue defense,
epiglottis
in pharynx is blocks the airway when swallowing food
larynx
below the epiglottis, voice box, an adjustable entryway that produces the voice.
Vocal chords
Made of mucosal tissue, mucosal folds and is supported by ligaments
What happens to the vocal chords when air passes?
They vibrate; it’s how we produce sound
Where does the pitch come from
The width of the opening. Long looser waves - low pitch short tight waves- high pitch
What affects the volume of the voice
Amplitude of the vibration
how do we produce sound?
our vocal chords vibrate when air passes
what does our pitch come from
the width of opening
what does our volume come from
the amplitude of vibration
heimlich maneuver
can unblock airway (trachea, larynx, epiglottis)
lower respiratory tract
trachea, bronchial tree, lungs, aveoli
trachea
the main tube of the lower respiratory tract, reinforced tube connecting upper to lower tract, lines with mucous-producing goblet cells and sweeping ciliated epithelium -continues to trap and filter
broncheal tree
maximizes the surface area
bronchi and bronchioles
branches into lungs
lungs
site of gas exchange
alveoli
sacs surrounded by capillaries
increasing thoracic cavity size for inhalation
(muscle control) muscles contract pulling ribs out and diaghphragm down, lungs expand bc thoracic cavity sealed, air is drawn in as lungs expand
decreasing thoracic cavity size for exhalation
(muscle control) muscles relax, ribs move in & diaphragm up, lungs contract and air is pushed out, forced exhalation for singing and blowing is more active
breathing created
air pressure differences (like bellows)
an indication of health is…
the volume of air moved into and out of the lungs
vital capacity
the difference between how much air is in the lungs during max inhalation vs how much is in the lungs during exhalation
three ways breathing can be controlled
breathing center in medulla, consciously, chemical controls
breathing center in medulla.
automatic, we don’t have to think about it, stimulated muscle contraction for inspiration, expiration during stop of nerve signal
chemical controls of breathing
increased co2 in blood signals brain via chemical receptors sensitive to pH, not sensitive to low O2
external respiration is
blood/lung exchange of gases
what is the surface for gas exchange
the alveoli, they must be moist, important to keep open, they have a very large surface area (as big as a tennis court)
gas diffusion across…
alveolar and capillary walls- must go through 2 cell layers
most oxygen is carried by
hemoglobin in RBCs, relative concentrations determine when bind and when release, active cells get more
most carbon dioxide is transported as..
bicarbonate ions, plays a role in buffering
internal respiration is
gas exchange between capillaries and tissues of body
internal respiration is driven by
simple diffusion
respiratory infection
sinusitis : infection of sinuses
tonsilitis : infection of tonsils
laryngitis : infection of larynx
bronchitis : infection of bronchi
CO poisoning
respiratory disorder, co binds permanently into hemoglobin-oxygen can’t get into the blood, attaches to it like water, carbon monoxide is odorless and colorless, you will turn cherry red
asthma
respiratory disorder: inflamation and irration causes bronchies to constrict, bronchial muscle spasms= difficulty breathing, irritation inflames
pneumonia
respiratory disorder: fluid and pus build up in alveoli, may be bacterial or viral
emphysema
respiratory disorder: destruction of alveoli, loss of surface area, increased “dead” air = shortness of breath
immediate effects of smoking
nicotine addiction, damage to lung cells & other tissues (loss of cilia, hampers macrophages), less effective cleaning=more illness, tar buildup, exposure to co (reduces delivery of O2)
long term effects of smoking
increased cancer, increased heart disease and stroke, lung disease (inflammation, bronchitis, emphysema), premature aging of skin, bad vision, urinary incontinence, osteoporosis
how many carcinogens are in tobacco
fifty known
smokins is responsible for… of cancer deaths
30%
_____% of lung cancers are caused by smoking
85-90
why is lung cancer so deadly
no symptoms until it is well advanced, metastasis common
additional risks to smoking women
interaction of smoking and birth control hormones, earlier menopause, reproductive problems (less fertile/more miscarriages, placental separation, stillbirths, premature births, low birthweights) all due to low o2 to fetus
