Chapter 15

Question 1

endocrine glands release

Answer 1

hormones that influence other parts of the body

Question 2

hormones enter from where

Answer 2

enter blood & travel to target cells with receptors

Question 3

hormones are critical for maintaining

Answer 3

homeostasis

Question 4

peptide hormones

Answer 4

start chain of reactions

Question 5

peptide hormones - more specific

Answer 5

usually don’t enter cell, use second messengers

Question 6

activating enzymes in peptide hormones

Answer 6

starts cascade of reactions, ex: epinephrine, cAMP, breakdown of glycogen

Question 7

steroid and other lipid hormones bind

Answer 7

inside cells

Question 8

steroid and other lipid hormones enter

Answer 8

cells directly and find receptors there (often in nucleus)

Question 9

steroid and other lipid hormones have a ______ effect

Answer 9

slower effect, making new proteins, longer lasting effect

Question 10

when regulates the secretion of hormones

Answer 10

feedback mechanisms

Question 11

negative feedback vs positive feedback

Answer 11

negative feedback is important for stability and homeostasis

positive feedback is less common

Question 12

where is the pituitary gland located

Answer 12

base of brain

Question 13

two lobes of the pituitary gland

Answer 13

anterior: larger; circulatory connection to hypothalamus, ex: growth hormone
posterior: very small; neural connection to hypothalamus, stores hormones made in hypothalamus, ex: oxytocin:child birth and lactation

Question 14

growth hormone

Answer 14

stimulates growth - cell size & division
direct effect on cells
indirect by stimulating other hormone release

Question 15

too much growth hormone

Answer 15

giantism; acromegaly

Question 16

too little growth hormone

Answer 16

pituitary dwarfism

Question 17

thyroid gland location

Answer 17

front of neck

Question 18

hormones in the thyroid gland

Answer 18

thyroid hormones: T3&T4 - # of iodine atoms, stimulate all cells to metabolize at faster rate
calcitonin: decreases blood calcium levels

Question 19

parathyroid glands: location & hormones

Answer 19

4 small glands @ back of thyroid, parathyroid hormone: increases blood calcium levels

Question 20

thyroid hormones

Answer 20

• congential hypothyroidism: affects growth and results in mental retardation
• goiter-enlargement of thyroid when not enough iodine

Question 21

adult hypothyroidism results in

Answer 21

fluid build up in face, decreased alertness, body temp and heart rate

Question 22

hyperthyroidism

Answer 22

increases metabolism, heart rate, sweating, nervousness, weight loss, protruding eyes from edema

Question 23

where are the adrenal glands located and what are the two parts?

Answer 23

located on top if kidneys

parts: cortex (outer) and medulla (inner)

Question 24

medulla secretes

Answer 24

epinephrine & norepinephrine

Question 25

epinephrine & norepinephrine function

Answer 25

short term stress hormones, raise heart rate, blood pressure & blood glucose, dilate skeletal and cardiac blood vessels, constrict digestive vessel

Question 26

the cortex secretes

Answer 26

greater than 20 hormones including glucocorticoids & mineralocorticoids, help with a long term response to stress

Question 27

glucocorticoids

Answer 27

secreted by the cortex in adrenal glands, regulates carbohydrate, fat & protein metabolism, decrease inflammation response

Question 28

mineralocorticoids

Answer 28

ion balances, secreted by the cortex in adrenal glands

Question 29

where is the pancreas located

Answer 29

behind the stomach , exocrine & endocrine role

Question 30

role of the pancreas

Answer 30

glucose regulation

Question 31

glucagon

Answer 31

in the pancreas increases glucose in the blood, make in liver from glycogen, lactic acids, and amino acids

Question 32

insulin

Answer 32

decreases glucose in blood, inhibits glycogen breakdown; promotes glucose transport into muscle & white blood cells; prevents glucose from forming, results in promoting protein synthesis, fat storage & energy from glucose use

Question 33

diabetes mellitus

Answer 33

high levels of glucose in the blood

Question 34

type 1 diabetes

Answer 34

autoimmune disorder-no insulin is made, need insulin plus careful blood monitoring

Question 35

type 2 diabetes

Answer 35

decreases sensitivity to insulin, often managed with weight loss, diet and exercise

Question 36

serious long term risks of diabetes

Answer 36

blindness, kidney disease, heart disease, high blood pressure, artherosclerosis, gum disease, nervous system damage, poor circulation

Question 37

other endocrine glands & functions etc.

Answer 37

testes and ovaries: sex hormones that give secondary sex characters, sperm formation in males & menstrual cycle in females pineal gland: melatonin and sleep-wake cycle