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Biology > Chapter 15 > Flashcards

Chapter 15 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

endocrine glands release

A

hormones that influence other parts of the body

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2
Q

hormones enter from where

A

enter blood & travel to target cells with receptors

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3
Q

hormones are critical for maintaining

A

homeostasis

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4
Q

peptide hormones

A

start chain of reactions

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5
Q

peptide hormones - more specific

A

usually don’t enter cell, use second messengers

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6
Q

activating enzymes in peptide hormones

A

starts cascade of reactions, ex: epinephrine, cAMP, breakdown of glycogen

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7
Q

steroid and other lipid hormones bind

A

inside cells

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8
Q

steroid and other lipid hormones enter

A

cells directly and find receptors there (often in nucleus)

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9
Q

steroid and other lipid hormones have a ______ effect

A

slower effect, making new proteins, longer lasting effect

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10
Q

when regulates the secretion of hormones

A

feedback mechanisms

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11
Q

negative feedback vs positive feedback

A

negative feedback is important for stability and homeostasis

positive feedback is less common

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12
Q

where is the pituitary gland located

A

base of brain

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13
Q

two lobes of the pituitary gland

A

anterior: larger; circulatory connection to hypothalamus, ex: growth hormone
posterior: very small; neural connection to hypothalamus, stores hormones made in hypothalamus, ex: oxytocin:child birth and lactation

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14
Q

growth hormone

A

stimulates growth - cell size & division
direct effect on cells
indirect by stimulating other hormone release

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15
Q

too much growth hormone

A

giantism; acromegaly

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16
Q

too little growth hormone

A

pituitary dwarfism

17
Q

thyroid gland location

A

front of neck

18
Q

hormones in the thyroid gland

A

thyroid hormones: T3&T4 - # of iodine atoms, stimulate all cells to metabolize at faster rate
calcitonin: decreases blood calcium levels

19
Q

parathyroid glands: location & hormones

A

4 small glands @ back of thyroid, parathyroid hormone: increases blood calcium levels

20
Q

thyroid hormones

A
  • congential hypothyroidism: affects growth and results in mental retardation
  • goiter-enlargement of thyroid when not enough iodine
21
Q

adult hypothyroidism results in

A

fluid build up in face, decreased alertness, body temp and heart rate

22
Q

hyperthyroidism

A

increases metabolism, heart rate, sweating, nervousness, weight loss, protruding eyes from edema

23
Q

where are the adrenal glands located and what are the two parts?

A

located on top if kidneys

parts: cortex (outer) and medulla (inner)

24
Q

medulla secretes

A

epinephrine & norepinephrine

25
Q

epinephrine & norepinephrine function

A

short term stress hormones, raise heart rate, blood pressure & blood glucose, dilate skeletal and cardiac blood vessels, constrict digestive vessel

26
Q

the cortex secretes

A

greater than 20 hormones including glucocorticoids & mineralocorticoids, help with a long term response to stress

27
Q

glucocorticoids

A

secreted by the cortex in adrenal glands, regulates carbohydrate, fat & protein metabolism, decrease inflammation response

28
Q

mineralocorticoids

A

ion balances, secreted by the cortex in adrenal glands

29
Q

where is the pancreas located

A

behind the stomach , exocrine & endocrine role

30
Q

role of the pancreas

A

glucose regulation

31
Q

glucagon

A

in the pancreas increases glucose in the blood, make in liver from glycogen, lactic acids, and amino acids

32
Q

insulin

A

decreases glucose in blood, inhibits glycogen breakdown; promotes glucose transport into muscle & white blood cells; prevents glucose from forming, results in promoting protein synthesis, fat storage & energy from glucose use

33
Q

diabetes mellitus

A

high levels of glucose in the blood

34
Q

type 1 diabetes

A

autoimmune disorder-no insulin is made, need insulin plus careful blood monitoring

35
Q

type 2 diabetes

A

decreases sensitivity to insulin, often managed with weight loss, diet and exercise

36
Q

serious long term risks of diabetes

A

blindness, kidney disease, heart disease, high blood pressure, artherosclerosis, gum disease, nervous system damage, poor circulation

37
Q

other endocrine glands & functions etc.

A

testes and ovaries: sex hormones that give secondary sex characters, sperm formation in males & menstrual cycle in females
pineal gland: melatonin and sleep-wake cycle

Biology (14 decks)

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