Chapter 14

Question 1

sensory receptors

Answer 1

generate electrochemical signals

Question 2

receptor potential

Answer 2

change in charge across membrane
varies with strength of stimulus
causes action potential if crosses threshold

Question 3

sensory adaption

Answer 3

gradual decline with continuous stimulation

variation across receptor types

Question 4

types of sensory receptors

Answer 4

mechanoreceptors, thermoreceptors, photoreceptors, chemoreceptors, pain receptors

Question 5

temperature is detected by

Answer 5

cold and heat receptors

Question 6

body and limb position are detected by

Answer 6

muscle spindles and golgi tendon organs

Question 7

touch, pressure and vibration are detected by

Answer 7

multiple receptors in the skin

Question 8

pain is caused by

Answer 8

any sufficiently strong stimulus

Question 9

what affects pain perception

Answer 9

attitude and situation

Question 10

what are the special senses

Answer 10

taste, smell, vision, hearing, balance/equilibrium

Question 11

taste buds

Answer 11

mostly on the tongue, sides of apillae, some in cheeks, throat, roof of mouth

Question 12

process of tasting

Answer 12

chemicals dissolve in saliva, stimulate hairs of taste cells (not nerves) electrical signal to dendrites wrapped around taste cells

Question 13

cells are sensitive to which different basic tastes

Answer 13

sweet- sugars
sour-acids
salty-naCl
bitter-toxins?
umami-savory-amino acids/glutamate

Question 14

smell

Answer 14

chemical sense, receptors on roof of nasal cavities, cells with long cilia, mucus layer, odor molecules bind to receptors (1000 receptors detect 10,000 odors)

Question 15

where does the smell signal get sent

Answer 15

first olfactory bulbs, then limbic system (emotional component to smells), then cerebral cortex

Question 16

parts of the eye

Answer 16

optic nerve, sclera, choroid, retina, vitreous humor, cornea, lens pupil, iris

Question 17

how do we see (steps)

Answer 17

1. light enters eye (refraction by cornea, lens, humor)
2. hits receptors in retina (rods & cones)
3. signals generated & sent to other cells (optic nerve to brain)

Question 18

rods

Answer 18

black and white vision, motion detection

Question 19

cones

Answer 19

color vision, blue red green-sensitive to different wavelengths, concentrated in fovea

Question 20

glaucoma

Answer 20

lack of drainage of aqueous humor builds up pressure, collapses blood vessels & kills cells, medication or surgery to treat

Question 21

cataracts

Answer 21

lenses become cloudy and opaque, surgical treatment

Question 22

focusing problems

Answer 22

nearsighted, farsighted, astigmatism

Question 23

hearing

Answer 23

sound waves, volume from amplitude, pitch from frequency, vibrations activate nerves

Question 24

outer ear

Answer 24

eardrum

Question 25

middle ear

Answer 25

hammer, anvil, stirrup

Question 26

inner ear

Answer 26

oval window, cochlea

Question 27

how do we hear (steps_

Answer 27

1. outer eat collects and transmits 2. middle each amplifies 3. inner ear-detects and sends signal

Question 28

cochlea

Answer 28

organ or corti with hair cells vibration waves in fluid bend hairs loud sounds=greater pressure=more cells stimulates pitch= stimulation at different places on membrane

Question 29

conductive hearing loss

Answer 29

sound waves prevented in outer or middle ear from reaching inner ear, blockage, fluid, eardrum damage

Question 30

sensorineural hearing loss

Answer 30

damage to hair cells prevents signal, aging, noise, infections, hearing aids, cochlear implants

Question 31

where is the vestibular apparatus

Answer 31

inner ear

Question 32

structure of the vestibular apparatus

Answer 32

fluid filled chambers & canals, semicircular canals, vestibule

Question 33

what does the vestibular system monitor

Answer 33

position and movement of head

Question 34

what are the detectors of the vestibular system

Answer 34

hair cells

Question 35

motion sickness

Answer 35

when visual & vestibular signals don't match | causes dizziness, nausea, tiredness, vomiting

Question 36

vertigo

Answer 36

dysfunction in vestibular system or related nerves in brain, causes you to have a sensation of spinning while stationary causes nausea, vomiting, difficulty standing or walking, may also impair speaking, blur vision, lower level of consciousness, give hearing loss

Question 37

structure that receives sensory stimuli and is a part of a sensory neuron or transmits signals to a sensory neuron

Answer 37

sensory receptor

Question 38

inner layer of the eyeball containing the photoreceptors-rods and cones

Answer 38

retina

Question 39

outer, white, fibrous layer of the eye that surrounds the eye except for the transparent cornea

Answer 39

sclerea

Question 40

receptor sensitive to chemical stimulation

Answer 40

chemoreceptor

Question 41

specialized region of the cochlea containing the hair cells for sound detection and discrimination

Answer 41

spiral organ

Question 42

a sensory receptor a. is the first portion of a reflex arc b. can be internal or external c. initiates nerve impulses d. all of these are correct

Answer 42

d. all correct

Question 43

receptors sensitive to change in blood pressure are

Answer 43

interoceptors

Question 44

conscious interpretation of changes in the internal and external environment is called

Answer 44

perception

Question 45

pain perceived as coming from another location is known as

Answer 45

referred pain

Question 46

tasting something "sweet" versus "salty" is a result of activating

Answer 46

different sensory receptors

Question 47

what structure of the eye is incorrectly matched with the function a. lens-focusing b. cones-color vision c. iris-regulation of amount of light d. choroid-location of cones e. sclera- protection

Answer 47

d. chorid location of cones

Question 48

what is the correct path for light rays entering the human eye

Answer 48

cornea, pupil, lens, vitreous humor, retina

Question 49

the thin, darkly pigmented layer that underlies most of the sclera is the

Answer 49

choroid

Question 50

adjustment of the lens to focus on objects close to the viewer is

Answer 50

visual accomodation

Question 51

to focus on objects that are close to the viewer, the lens needs to become

Answer 51

more rounded

Question 52

which is not involved in the sense of hearing

Answer 52

semicircular canals

Question 53

the middle ear is separated from the inner ear by the

Answer 53

oval window and round window