Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

BMS 300 > Urinary system > Flashcards

Urinary system Flashcards

1
Q

what is the function of the kidney in the simplest terms

A

filter blood and produce urine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what is the function of the ureters in the simplest terms

A

transport urine to the bladder

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what is the function of the bladder in the simplest terms

A

store urine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what is the function of the urethra in the simplest terms

A

excrete pee

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

how many ureters are there

A

2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what are ureters

A

muscular tubes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what are ureters lined with

A

transitional epithelium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what does the bladder do when it gets full

A

distends/stretches

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what is the bladder lined with

A

transitional epithelium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

where is the bladder located

A

different places for men and women

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what are the 3 regions of the urethra in men

A

prostatic, membranous, spongy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what does the urethra in men do

A

remove urine and semen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what type of tissue in the urethra is closest to the bladder

A

transitional

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

in males, what is the type of tissue that lies in the middle of the urethra

A

psuedostratified

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what type of tissue is towards the end of the urethra

A

stratified squamous (a urethra would make kat STRATford sqeamous)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

why are UTIs more common in women

A

urethras are shorter, closer to anus, and sexually transmitted

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what is the granular superficial part of the kidney called

A

renal cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what are the cone shaped pyramids in the kidney called

A

renal medulla

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

how does urine flow because of the medulla

A

papillae to ureter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

where does blood flow come from in the medulla

A

segmental artery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what is the pathway of blood flow in renal circulation

A

renal artery –> afferent arteriole –> glomerulus –> efferent arteriole –> peritubular capillaries –> venule –> renal vein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what are the two parts of the nephron

A

glomerulus and renal tubule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what is the glomerulus

A

tube of capillaries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what is the renal tubule

A

cup shaped capsule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

what is the renal tubule followed by

A

proximal convoluted tubule, loop of henle, distal convoluted tubule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

what tissue is the renal corpuscle composed of

A

simple squamous cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

what tissue is the proximal convoluted tubule composed of

A

simple cuboidal cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

what tissue is the descending limb of the nephron loop composed of

A

simple squamous cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

what tissue is the ascending limb of the nephron loop composed of

A

simple cuboidal cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

what tissue is the distal convoluted tubule composed of

A

simple cuboidal cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

what is main difference between the cuboidal cells in the distal vs proximal convoluted tubules

A

proximal has microvilli and lots of mitochondria and distal doesn’t

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

how many types of cells does the collecting duct have

A

2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

what tissue is the papillary duct composed of

A

simple columnar cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

what is the most abundant type of nephron

A

cortical nephrons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

where are cortical nephrons found

A

renal cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

where are juxtamedullary nephrons found

A

between cortex and medulla

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

what do juxtamedullary nephrons have

A

long loops of henle that innvervate the medulla

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

what do the juxtamedullary nephrons do

A

concentrate urine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

what is glomerular filtration influenced by

A

hydrostatic pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

where does glomerular filtration take place

A

renal corpuscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

what is produced in glomerular filtration

A

filtrate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

what happens in the proximal convoluted tubule

A

water and nutrients are reabsorbed back into the blood stream

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

what happens in the descending limb of the nephron loop

A

reabsorbs water into bloodstream

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

what happens in the ascending limb of the nephron loop

A

reabsorbs sodium and chloride into the bloodstream

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

what happens in the distal convoluted tubule

A

secretes ions, toxins, etc and reabsorbs water into blood stream

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

what happens in the collecting duct

A

water reabsorption and solutes are secreted

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

what happens in the papillary duct

A

delivers urine to minor calyx to be eliminated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

3 layers of the glomerular filtration membrane

A

glomerular capillary, basement membrane, podocytes (go be pussies)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

what does the glomerular capillary layer contain

A

fenestra - pores

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

what connects the capillary layer and podocytes

A

basement membrane of the glomerular filtration membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

what are podocytes

A

filtration slits

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

which way does filtrate travel in the glomerular filtration membrane

A

from capillary lumen to the capillary space

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

what is the glomerular filtration rate

A

filtrate formed per minute

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

what is glomerular hydrostatic pressure

A

pressure in the glomerulus due to BP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

what are the 2 forces that oppose GHP

A

capsular hydrostatic pressure and blood caloidal pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

what is capsular hydrostatic pressure

A

force of filtrate against the capsule wall in the glomerulus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

how does blood caloidal pressure oppose GHP

A

blood proteins in the capillaries increase osmotic pressure which causes filtrate to be drawn back into capillaries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

what does net filtration pressure cause if it becomes off balance

A

renal/kidney failure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

where does tubular reabsorption occur

A

proximal convoluted tubule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

what is being absorbed in the proximal convoluted tubule

A

water, inorganic, and organic solutes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

where does tubular secretion occur

A

proximal convoluted tubule, distal convoluted tubule, and collecting duct

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

where does tubular secretion never occur

A

nephron loop

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

what’s being secreted in tubular secretion

A

inorganic, organic solutes, and drugs/toxins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

how does facilitated diffusion work

A

glucose attaches to carrier protein which moves it into/out of cell

65
Q

is ATP required for facilitate diffusion

A

no

66
Q

why is ATP not required for some carrier-mediated transport mechanism

A

concentration gradient is what moves the molecules

67
Q

how does co-transport work

A

2 molecules follow the same gradient in the same direction

68
Q

does co-transport require ATP

A

no

69
Q

how does active transport work

A

sodium-potassium pumps move Na+ and K+ against gradient

70
Q

is ATP required for active transport

A

yes

71
Q

how does counter transport work

A

one molecule enters cell while another exits

72
Q

are leak channels always open

A

yes

73
Q

what enters the cell in in the proximal convoluted tubule

A

glucose and sodium

74
Q

what is formed in the cell in the proximal convoluted tubule

A

H+

75
Q

what goes in and what goes out in the proximal convoluted tubule

A

Na+ in, K+ out

76
Q

how does glucose and sodium enter the cell in the process of transport in the proximal convoluted tubule

A

co transport

77
Q

how else can sodium enter the cell in the process of transport in the proximal convoluted tubule

A

leak channels

78
Q

how does H+ form in the cell in the process of transport in the proximal convoluted tubule

A

carbonic anhydrase reaction

79
Q

how does Na+ leave cell and K+ enter cell in the process of transport in the proximal convoluted tubule

A

exchange pump

80
Q

how do carrier proteins become saturated

A

Na+ and glucose concentrations are too high so sodium glucose transporters can’t transfer them across the membrane, so the solutes are left in the filtrate

81
Q

how does Na and Cl enter the cell in the transport at the distal convoluted tubule

A

co transport

82
Q

how does Cl leave the cell in the transport at the distal convoluted tubule

A

leak channels

83
Q

how does Na leave the cell in the transport at the distal convoluted tubule

A

exchange pump with K+

84
Q

when Na leaves in the cell in the transport at the distal convoluted tubule, what is it exchanged with

A

K+

85
Q

how does K leave the cell in the transport at the distal convoluted tubule

A

leak channels

86
Q

how can the Na/K pump be regulated

A

by aldosterone

87
Q

what happens after H is moved into the cell in the transport at the distal convoluted tubule

A

bicarbonate is moved into the blood

88
Q

what happens to CO2 once it enters the cell in the transport at the distal convoluted tubule

A

interacts with water to form carbonic acid which then dissociates into H+ and bicarbonate

89
Q

what happens once H+ and bicarbonate is formed in the transport at the distal convoluted tubule

A

H+ leaves the cell and Na moves in

90
Q

how else can Na enter the cell in the second part of the transport at the distal convoluted tubule

A

counter transport with ammonia

91
Q

where does ammonia come from in the transport at the distal convoluted tubule

A

amino acid deamination

92
Q

what else is formed from amino acid deamination

A

bicarbonate

93
Q

how does bicarbonate exit the cell at the end of the transport at the distal convoluted tubule

A

counter transport with Cl- (chloride shift)

94
Q

what fluid in the kidneys become urine

A

tubular fluid

95
Q

what does tubular transport result in

A

medulla osmotic gradient

96
Q

what causes the osmotic gradient in renal

A

concentration in medulla is greater than the concentration in the cortex

97
Q

what is osmolarity defined as

A

how much solute is in a certain amount of water

98
Q

how is osmotic gradient obtained

A

changes in tubular fluid, peritubular fluid, and blood

99
Q

what is the general idea of what happens to fluid as it moves along the nephron loop

A

filtrate concentration changes

100
Q

what can pass through the descending loop

A

only water

101
Q

what can pass through the ascending loop

A

only Na and Cl

102
Q

what happens to osmolarity as fluid moves down the descending limb

A

increases because water is leaving

103
Q

what happens to osmolarity as fluid moves up the ascending limb

A

decreases because Na and Cl are leaving

104
Q

what is the counter current multiplication defined as

A

the flow of filtrate in opposite direction in the nephron loop and concentration multiplying

105
Q

how does transport at the collecting duct change peritubular concentration

A

urea concentrations increase

106
Q

why do urea concentrations increase when moving from the nephron loop to collecting duct

A

because urea can’t pass through ascending or descending limb

107
Q

what can urea pass through in the renal

A

papillary duct

108
Q

where does urea go once it’s passed through the papillary duct

A

peritubular fluid

109
Q

what is the main function of the vasa recta

A

maintain concentration gradient of the medulla

110
Q

which way does the vasa recta carry blood

A

opposite direction of filtrate in nephron loop

111
Q

how does the vasa recta maintain the osmolarity of the blood

A

absorbs the solutes and water that are in blood to balance it out/bring levels back down

112
Q

what are 3 ways the body controls glomerular filtration rate

A

auto regulation, neural regulation, and hormonal regulation

113
Q

when is auto regulation used

A

when the body is at rest

114
Q

when is neural regulation used

A

when the body is experiencing stress

115
Q

what type of regulation is short term stress and which is long term

A

neural - short term, hormonal - long term

116
Q

how does neural regulation decrease GFR

A

sympathetic fibers innervate the kidneys which causes afferent arterioles to constrict

117
Q

what is hormonal regulation initiated by

A

kidneys - RAAS system

118
Q

what are juxtaglomerular cells and where are they found

A

smooth muscles cells in the afferent arterioles

119
Q

what kind of receptors do juxtaglomerular cells contain

A

mechanoreceptors

120
Q

where are macula densa cells found

A

distal convoluted tubule

121
Q

what kind of receptors do macula densa cells contain

A

chemo and osmo receptors

122
Q

what properties do mesanglial cells have

A

contractile

123
Q

what can mesanglial cells be affected by

A

vasopressin and angiotensin 2

124
Q

what do auto regulation cells do when homeostasis is disrupted

A

dilates afferent arterioles, contracts mesanglial cells, and contracts efferent arterioles

125
Q

what does dilation of afferent arterioles, contraction of mesanglial cells, and contraction of efferent arterioles result in

A

glomerular BP increases and homeostasis is restored

126
Q

what two things are released during hormonal regulation

A

cortisol and aldosteron

127
Q

what does aldosterone trigger in normal regulation

A

retention of sodium and water and increase in BP and blood volume

128
Q

how is renal absorption affected in zona glomerulosa

A

increased

129
Q

what is the renal absorbing in zona glomerulosa

A

Na and H2O

130
Q

what is renal absorption stimulated by in zona glomerulosa

A

angiotensin 2

131
Q

what stimulates the RAAS system in the very beginning

A

decrease in BP

132
Q

what is released by the kidneys when low BP is detected

A

renin

133
Q

when happens when renin enters the blood

A

converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin 1

134
Q

what converts angiotensin 1 to angiotensin 2

A

ACE enzyme

135
Q

what can angiotensin 2 do

A

make you thirsty, constrict blood vessels, act on adrenal cortex

136
Q

what happens when angiotensin 2 acts on the adrenal cortex

A

releases aldosterone which leads to Na reabsorption in kidneys

137
Q

what does the macula densa detect

A

low Na levels

138
Q

what happens when macula densa detects low Na levels

A

releases renin to enter the bloodstream

139
Q

what organ causes angiotensinogen and convert to angiotensin 1 to enter the blood

A

liver

140
Q

what releases ACE to convert angiotensin 1 to angiotensin 2

A

lungs

141
Q

what does angiotensin 2 act on

A

posterior pituitary gland

142
Q

what happens once angiotensin 2 is acted on posterior pituitary

A

ADH is released

143
Q

what do paracellular junctions contain

A

tight junctions (with pores)

144
Q

what do transcellular junctions contain

A

aquaporins

145
Q

what are aquaporins

A

transmembrane proteins that are only water permeable

146
Q

what does ADH express in the DCT and collecting duct

A

aquaporins

147
Q

what happens when ADH expresses aquaporins

A

increased water absorption into blood which decreases urine volumes

148
Q

what is indicated if urine concentrations are too high

A

pathology

149
Q

what does high protein concentrations in urine indicate

A

hypertension

150
Q

what does high glucose concentrations in urine indicate

A

diabetes

151
Q

what does high bilirubin concentrations in urine indicate

A

liver problems

152
Q

what does high leukocytes concentrations in urine indicate

A

UTI

153
Q

what are the metabolic functions of the kidney

A

vitamin D synthesis and forming calcitriol

154
Q

what does vitamin D impact

A

metabolism, endocrine, and digestive system

155
Q

what are some metabolic wastes that are removed in urine

A

urea, creatine, uric acid

156
Q

what happens to urea, creatine, and uric acid

A

either dissolved in blood or eliminated in urine

157
Q

how do the kidneys play a part in blood homeostasis

A

regulates volume, composition, and pH

158
Q

what is gluconeogensis in terms of the kidney functions

A

energy during fasting

159
Q

what are the affects of the kidneys on endocrine function

A

produces renin and erythropoietin

BMS 300 (14 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions