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BMS 300 > Immune system > Flashcards

Immune system Flashcards

1
Q

what regulates pH in the body

A

carbonic anhydrase

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2
Q

where is carbonic anhydrase found

A

in the red blood cells

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3
Q

what is responsible for blood clotting

A

platelets

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4
Q

1st step of wound healing

A

hemostasis

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5
Q

what happens during hemostasis

A

blood clotting

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6
Q

what protein does oxygen bind to to transport gas

A

heme

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7
Q

what protein does carbon dioxide bind to to transport gas

A

a and b chains

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8
Q

where do lymphatic vessels carry lymph to

A

from tissues to veins

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9
Q

what is lymph made from

A

plasma

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10
Q

what does lymph not have that is normally found in blood

A

plasma proteins

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11
Q

where is the lymph from one side of the body carried to

A

subclavian vein

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12
Q

what happens in the primary lymphoid tissues

A

lymphocytes are formed and matured

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13
Q

what are two examples of primary lymphoid tissues

A

red bone marrow and thymus

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14
Q

what happens to lymphocytes in the secondary lymphoid tissue

A

lymphocytes are activated

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15
Q

what kind of lymphoid tissue is the spleen

A

secondary

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16
Q

where does blood pressure cause plasma to leak in to

A

interstitial space

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17
Q

what is it called when interstitial fluid enters and stays in the lymphatic system

A

lymph

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18
Q

what causes lymph to move through vessels

A

movement of the body

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19
Q

how does lymph stay in the lymphatic capillaries

A

they have one-way valves

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20
Q

what are the one-way valves made of

A

overlapping endothelial cells

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21
Q

what happens to the thymus after puberty

A

it becomes inactivated

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22
Q

what is the main function of the thymus

A

T cell development

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23
Q

where do T cells divide

A

cortex

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24
Q

where do T cells mature

A

medulla

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25
Q

what do proteins do in thyme epithelial cells

A

test to see if the cells recognize them

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26
Q

what kind of lymphoid tissue are the tonsils

A

secondary

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27
Q

where are pathogens in the tonsils trapped

A

crypts

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28
Q

where are pathogens taken once the crypts trap them

A

lymphoid nodules

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29
Q

what does the cortex of the lymph node contain

A

follicles

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30
Q

what 3 things do the follicles in the cortex contain

A

naive B cells, activated B cells, T cells

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31
Q

where do you find activated B cells

A

germinal centers

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32
Q

what are the daughter of B cells that make antibodies

A

plasma cells

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33
Q

what does the medulla in lymph nodes contain

A

macrophages

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34
Q

what does the paracortex in the lymph nodes contain

A

dendritic cells (lions DEN is only used PARt of the year)

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35
Q

2 major functions of lymph nodes

A

cleanse the lymph and activate the immune system

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36
Q

what does red pulp in the spleen contain

A

macrophages that monitor red blood cells

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37
Q

what does white pulp in the spleen do

A

initiates immune response

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38
Q

what are the main functions of the spleen

A

remove abnormal blood cells, storage of iron, and immune response

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39
Q

what is lipopolysaccharide categorized as

A

PAMP

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40
Q

what is the function of PAMPs

A

signal the presence of pathogens

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41
Q

what is the function of DAMPs

A

damage signaled by unusual molecules in extracellular spaces

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42
Q

what is an example of DAMPs

A

high ATP concentration detected

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43
Q

what are CD molecules

A

markers on blood cells

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44
Q

what is the function of cytokines

A

cellular signaling

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45
Q

what are two examples of cytokines

A

interleukins and chemokines

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46
Q

what can chemokine cause

A

cell mobility (chemotaxis)

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47
Q

what are two major functions of CD molecules

A

cell to cell signaling and identifying cells

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48
Q

what is blood plasma made up of

A

water, proteins, other solutes

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49
Q

where can white blood cells and platelets be found

A

Buffy coat

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50
Q

what is hematocrit

A

percent of RBC within a sample

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51
Q

what are stacks of RBC called

A

rouleaux

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52
Q

what do RBC lack

A

organelles

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53
Q

what are RBC unable to do

A

synthesize or repair proteins

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54
Q

what does hemoglobin transport

A

oxygen and carbon dioxide

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55
Q

what happens to the normoblast during erythropoiesis

A

loses nucleus and organelles

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56
Q

what does a normoblast turn in to during erythropoiesis

A

reticulocyte

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57
Q

what does a reticulocyte turn in to during erythropoiesis

A

erythrocyte

58
Q

what causes the differentiation of hematopoietic stem cells during erythropoiesis

A

macrophage

59
Q

what do macrophages secrete during erythropoiesis

A

IL-3

60
Q

what do hematopoietic cells differentiate to during erythropoiesis

A

proerythrozytes

61
Q

where is erythropoietin produced

A

kidneys

62
Q

where does erythropoiesis take place

A

red bone marrow

63
Q

how do proerythrocytes turn into normoblasts

A

EPO binds to receptor

64
Q

what is the goal of blood doping

A

to elevate hematocrit

65
Q

does blood doping have an affect on endurance or high intensity

A

only high intensity

66
Q

what does EPO increase

A

VO2max and exhaustion

67
Q

what do macrophages inspect

A

glycoproteins

68
Q

what is jaundice a buildup of

A

bilirubin

69
Q

what happens to RBC once they mature

A

they enter the bloodstream

70
Q

what happens to RBCs once they become too old

A

phagocytosis by the macrophages

71
Q

what protein do the macrophages create from phagocytosis

A

heme

72
Q

what does heme convert to

A

biliverdin

73
Q

what does biliverdin convert to

A

bilirubin

74
Q

where is bilirubin sent to

A

the liver

75
Q

what is bilirubin secreted into in the liver

A

bile

76
Q

where does bilirubin go once it exits the liver

A

large intestine

77
Q

what is bilirubin broken down into in the intestine

A

urobilins

78
Q

where are urobilins taken

A

kidney

79
Q

what does the heme transport back into the bone

A

Iron (Fe2+)

80
Q

what do multi-CSF cells make

A

granulocytes, monocytes, platalets, and RBC

81
Q

what does GM-CSF stimulate the production of

A

granulocytes (G) and monocytes (M)

82
Q

where are most WBCs found

A

connective tissue proper

83
Q

what do WBCs lack

A

hemoglobin

84
Q

what do WBC have that RBC don’t

A

nucleus and organelles

85
Q

what are the most abundant WBC

A

neutrophils

86
Q

what WBC contains bactericidal compounds

A

neutrophils

87
Q

what WBC is involved in allergic reactions and infections and reduces inflammation

A

eosinophils (eos lip balm calms inflammation and dies my lips pink)

88
Q

what WBC enhances inflammation by releasing histamine and heparin

A

basophils (basil gives me an allergic reaction)

89
Q

what do monocytes become

A

macrophages

90
Q

where are lymphocytes found

A

lymphatic organs and CT

91
Q

what WBC carries B and T cells

A

lymphocytes

92
Q

what WBC is multi nucleated and can stain with an acidic dye

A

eosinophils

93
Q

what kind of cells are innate immunity cells

A

mast, monocytes (macrophage, and dendritic), neutrophils, eosinophils

94
Q

what kind of cells are acquired immunity cells

A

T cells (CD4 and CD8) and B cells (plasma cells)

95
Q

what is innate immunity

A

immediately responds to disease

96
Q

what do mast cells release

A

histamine and heparin

97
Q

where are dendritic cells found

A

stratum spinosum

98
Q

how does the innate response trigger the adaptive response

A

innate immunity is like a grenade that wakes up adaptive immunity

99
Q

what is the main function of CD8 cells

A

kill antigens

100
Q

what is the main function of CD4 cells

A

helps cells develop into ones that make antibodies

101
Q

what cells are responsible for humoral branch

A

plasma

102
Q

what do damaged cells secrete

A

cytokines and chemokines

103
Q

what do chemokines send to damaged tissue

A

neutrophils

104
Q

what do neutrophils bind to in the innate response

A

selection receptors

105
Q

how do neutrophils enter the damaged tissue

A

via diapedesis

106
Q

what do neutrophils do once they’re in the cell

A

phagocytose bacteria

107
Q

what cells present agents

A

macrophages and dendritic cells

108
Q

what are the 3 steps in adaptive immunity response

A
  1. antigen recognition
  2. co-stimulation
  3. proliferation
109
Q

what is the presenting cell in activating T cells

A

macrophage

110
Q

what does the macrophage present its antigen on in T cell activation

A

MCH 2

111
Q

what binds to MCH 2 from T cell

A

CD4

112
Q

what does the T-cell interact with

A

the antigen

113
Q

what two things are interacting during co-stimulation (T-cell activation)

A

B7 and CD28 (28 is divisible by 7)

114
Q

what receptor causes proliferation of T-cells

A

IL2

115
Q

what kind of signaling does IL2 elicit

A

autocrine

116
Q

what is the presenting cell in activating B cells

A

naive B cell

117
Q

what does the B cell present its antigen on

A

MHC 2

118
Q

how does antigen get to B cell

A

endocytosis

119
Q

what binds to MCH 2 from ACTIVATED T cell

A

CD4

120
Q

what two things are interacting during co-stimulation (B cell antibody making)

A

CD40 and CD40L (B cells are like 40 years old)

121
Q

what receptor causes proliferation of B cells to antibodies

A

IL4

122
Q

what do plasma cells do after proliferation of B cells

A

they bind antibodies to antigens on pathogens –> phagocytosis

123
Q

what is the presenting cell in cytotoxic T cell activation

A

macrophage

124
Q

what does the macrophage present the antibody with in cytotoxic T cell activation

A

MHC 1

125
Q

what binds to MCH 1 from T cell

A

CD8

126
Q

what two things are interacting during co-stimulation in cytotoxic T cell activation

A

B7 and CD28

127
Q

what receptor causes proliferation of T KILLER cells

A

IL2

128
Q

what are antibodies made of

A

glycoproteins

129
Q

what are the two parts of the polypeptide chain

A

heavy and light

130
Q

where is the antigen binding site

A

the ends of variable segments in light and heavy chain (binding site varies)

131
Q

where does binding to macrophages occur on an antibody

A

heavy chain (macro - big - heavy)

132
Q

what does MHC 2 bind to in general

A

CD4

133
Q

what does MHC 1 bind to in general

A

CD8

134
Q

what is required for entry in a viral infection

A

hemagglutinin

135
Q

what is required for exit in a viral infection

A

neuraminidase

136
Q

what is released when a viral infection is entering into the cell

A

interferon type 1

137
Q

what cell type kills viral infections

A

cytotoxic T cells

138
Q

how are the nearby cells alerted of viral infection

A

interferons

139
Q

which organ activates lymphocytes

A

spleen

140
Q

what are the 3 cardinal signs caused by histamine

A

redness, swelling, heat

141
Q
A

BMS 300 (14 decks)

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