Immune system Flashcards
what regulates pH in the body
carbonic anhydrase
where is carbonic anhydrase found
in the red blood cells
what is responsible for blood clotting
platelets
1st step of wound healing
hemostasis
what happens during hemostasis
blood clotting
what protein does oxygen bind to to transport gas
heme
what protein does carbon dioxide bind to to transport gas
a and b chains
where do lymphatic vessels carry lymph to
from tissues to veins
what is lymph made from
plasma
what does lymph not have that is normally found in blood
plasma proteins
where is the lymph from one side of the body carried to
subclavian vein
what happens in the primary lymphoid tissues
lymphocytes are formed and matured
what are two examples of primary lymphoid tissues
red bone marrow and thymus
what happens to lymphocytes in the secondary lymphoid tissue
lymphocytes are activated
what kind of lymphoid tissue is the spleen
secondary
where does blood pressure cause plasma to leak in to
interstitial space
what is it called when interstitial fluid enters and stays in the lymphatic system
lymph
what causes lymph to move through vessels
movement of the body
how does lymph stay in the lymphatic capillaries
they have one-way valves
what are the one-way valves made of
overlapping endothelial cells
what happens to the thymus after puberty
it becomes inactivated
what is the main function of the thymus
T cell development
where do T cells divide
cortex
where do T cells mature
medulla
what do proteins do in thyme epithelial cells
test to see if the cells recognize them
what kind of lymphoid tissue are the tonsils
secondary
where are pathogens in the tonsils trapped
crypts
where are pathogens taken once the crypts trap them
lymphoid nodules
what does the cortex of the lymph node contain
follicles
what 3 things do the follicles in the cortex contain
naive B cells, activated B cells, T cells
where do you find activated B cells
germinal centers
what are the daughter of B cells that make antibodies
plasma cells
what does the medulla in lymph nodes contain
macrophages
what does the paracortex in the lymph nodes contain
dendritic cells (lions DEN is only used PARt of the year)
2 major functions of lymph nodes
cleanse the lymph and activate the immune system
what does red pulp in the spleen contain
macrophages that monitor red blood cells
what does white pulp in the spleen do
initiates immune response
what are the main functions of the spleen
remove abnormal blood cells, storage of iron, and immune response
what is lipopolysaccharide categorized as
PAMP
what is the function of PAMPs
signal the presence of pathogens
what is the function of DAMPs
damage signaled by unusual molecules in extracellular spaces
what is an example of DAMPs
high ATP concentration detected
what are CD molecules
markers on blood cells
what is the function of cytokines
cellular signaling
what are two examples of cytokines
interleukins and chemokines
what can chemokine cause
cell mobility (chemotaxis)
what are two major functions of CD molecules
cell to cell signaling and identifying cells
what is blood plasma made up of
water, proteins, other solutes
where can white blood cells and platelets be found
Buffy coat
what is hematocrit
percent of RBC within a sample
what are stacks of RBC called
rouleaux
what do RBC lack
organelles
what are RBC unable to do
synthesize or repair proteins
what does hemoglobin transport
oxygen and carbon dioxide
what happens to the normoblast during erythropoiesis
loses nucleus and organelles
what does a normoblast turn in to during erythropoiesis
reticulocyte
what does a reticulocyte turn in to during erythropoiesis
erythrocyte
what causes the differentiation of hematopoietic stem cells during erythropoiesis
macrophage
what do macrophages secrete during erythropoiesis
IL-3
what do hematopoietic cells differentiate to during erythropoiesis
proerythrozytes
where is erythropoietin produced
kidneys
where does erythropoiesis take place
red bone marrow
how do proerythrocytes turn into normoblasts
EPO binds to receptor
what is the goal of blood doping
to elevate hematocrit
does blood doping have an affect on endurance or high intensity
only high intensity
what does EPO increase
VO2max and exhaustion
what do macrophages inspect
glycoproteins
what is jaundice a buildup of
bilirubin
what happens to RBC once they mature
they enter the bloodstream
what happens to RBCs once they become too old
phagocytosis by the macrophages
what protein do the macrophages create from phagocytosis
heme
what does heme convert to
biliverdin
what does biliverdin convert to
bilirubin
where is bilirubin sent to
the liver
what is bilirubin secreted into in the liver
bile
where does bilirubin go once it exits the liver
large intestine
what is bilirubin broken down into in the intestine
urobilins
where are urobilins taken
kidney
what does the heme transport back into the bone
Iron (Fe2+)
what do multi-CSF cells make
granulocytes, monocytes, platalets, and RBC
what does GM-CSF stimulate the production of
granulocytes (G) and monocytes (M)
where are most WBCs found
connective tissue proper
what do WBCs lack
hemoglobin
what do WBC have that RBC don’t
nucleus and organelles
what are the most abundant WBC
neutrophils
what WBC contains bactericidal compounds
neutrophils
what WBC is involved in allergic reactions and infections and reduces inflammation
eosinophils (eos lip balm calms inflammation and dies my lips pink)
what WBC enhances inflammation by releasing histamine and heparin
basophils (basil gives me an allergic reaction)
what do monocytes become
macrophages
where are lymphocytes found
lymphatic organs and CT
what WBC carries B and T cells
lymphocytes
what WBC is multi nucleated and can stain with an acidic dye
eosinophils
what kind of cells are innate immunity cells
mast, monocytes (macrophage, and dendritic), neutrophils, eosinophils
what kind of cells are acquired immunity cells
T cells (CD4 and CD8) and B cells (plasma cells)
what is innate immunity
immediately responds to disease
what do mast cells release
histamine and heparin
where are dendritic cells found
stratum spinosum
how does the innate response trigger the adaptive response
innate immunity is like a grenade that wakes up adaptive immunity
what is the main function of CD8 cells
kill antigens
what is the main function of CD4 cells
helps cells develop into ones that make antibodies
what cells are responsible for humoral branch
plasma
what do damaged cells secrete
cytokines and chemokines
what do chemokines send to damaged tissue
neutrophils
what do neutrophils bind to in the innate response
selection receptors
how do neutrophils enter the damaged tissue
via diapedesis
what do neutrophils do once they’re in the cell
phagocytose bacteria
what cells present agents
macrophages and dendritic cells
what are the 3 steps in adaptive immunity response
- antigen recognition
- co-stimulation
- proliferation
what is the presenting cell in activating T cells
macrophage
what does the macrophage present its antigen on in T cell activation
MCH 2
what binds to MCH 2 from T cell
CD4
what does the T-cell interact with
the antigen
what two things are interacting during co-stimulation (T-cell activation)
B7 and CD28 (28 is divisible by 7)
what receptor causes proliferation of T-cells
IL2
what kind of signaling does IL2 elicit
autocrine
what is the presenting cell in activating B cells
naive B cell
what does the B cell present its antigen on
MHC 2
how does antigen get to B cell
endocytosis
what binds to MCH 2 from ACTIVATED T cell
CD4
what two things are interacting during co-stimulation (B cell antibody making)
CD40 and CD40L (B cells are like 40 years old)
what receptor causes proliferation of B cells to antibodies
IL4
what do plasma cells do after proliferation of B cells
they bind antibodies to antigens on pathogens –> phagocytosis
what is the presenting cell in cytotoxic T cell activation
macrophage
what does the macrophage present the antibody with in cytotoxic T cell activation
MHC 1
what binds to MCH 1 from T cell
CD8
what two things are interacting during co-stimulation in cytotoxic T cell activation
B7 and CD28
what receptor causes proliferation of T KILLER cells
IL2
what are antibodies made of
glycoproteins
what are the two parts of the polypeptide chain
heavy and light
where is the antigen binding site
the ends of variable segments in light and heavy chain (binding site varies)
where does binding to macrophages occur on an antibody
heavy chain (macro - big - heavy)
what does MHC 2 bind to in general
CD4
what does MHC 1 bind to in general
CD8
what is required for entry in a viral infection
hemagglutinin
what is required for exit in a viral infection
neuraminidase
what is released when a viral infection is entering into the cell
interferon type 1
what cell type kills viral infections
cytotoxic T cells
how are the nearby cells alerted of viral infection
interferons
which organ activates lymphocytes
spleen
what are the 3 cardinal signs caused by histamine
redness, swelling, heat
