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BMS 300 > Muscular system > Flashcards

Muscular system Flashcards

1
Q

what are the two types of muscles

A

smooth and striated

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2
Q

what type of muscle are skeletal and cardiac

A

striated

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3
Q

what is the reason for the striation

A

sarcomere

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4
Q

what is the order of organization of skeletal muscle

A

tendon –> muscle –> fascicles –> myofibers –> myofibrils –> filaments

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5
Q

what is the outermost layer of the muscle

A

epimysium

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6
Q

what is the outermost layer of the fascicles

A

perimysium

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7
Q

what is the outermost layer of the muscle fiber/lays in between fibers

A

endomysium

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8
Q

what is the distinct feature of the skeletal muscle

A

it it multi-nucleated

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9
Q

why does the skeletal muscle cell have multiple nuclei

A

the myoblasts - which each have a nucleus fuse together to form the muscle cell

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10
Q

why is the myofibril super long

A

the muscle cells fusing together

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11
Q

what is the outermost contractile layer of the muscle fiber

A

sarcolemma

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12
Q

what does the sarcolemma enclose

A

sarcoplasm

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13
Q

what are T-tubules integrated through

A

sarcoplasm

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14
Q

what travels through the T-tubules

A

action potentials

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15
Q

what is the sarcoplasmic reticulum filled with

A

Calcium

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16
Q

which receptors in the sarcoplasm are voltage gated

A

dihydropyridine

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17
Q

what do ryanodine receptors do

A

they let Ca2+ pass through the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR)

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18
Q

what are myofibrils made of

A

sarcomeres

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19
Q

what is the structural and functional unit of the striated muscle

A

sarcomere

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20
Q

what makes the muscle contract (in the simplest term)

A

thin filaments sliding over the thick filaments

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21
Q

what band causes dark bands

A

A bands

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22
Q

what band causes light bands

A

I bands

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23
Q

what is the A band

A

thick and thin filaments overlap

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24
Q

what is the I band

A

thin filaments only

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25
Q

what is the M line

A

where all the thick filaments stem from/connect

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26
Q

what makes up the thick filament

A

myosin molecules

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27
Q

what characteristics does the myosin contain

A

2 heads and a tail

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28
Q

which way does the myosin tail face

A

toward the A band

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29
Q

how does the myosin “power stroke” forward

A

ATP binds and gives myosin head energy to move forward

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30
Q

when does myosin go forward

A

when it binds to actin

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31
Q

what are the thin filaments composed of

A

actin

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32
Q

what controls actin and myosin interactions

A

regulatory proteins

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33
Q

what is tropomyosin

A

a long protein that spans actin

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34
Q

what is it called when tropomyosin overlaps

A

head to tail overlap region

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35
Q

what protein is at the overlap region of the actin and myosin

A

troponin

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36
Q

what are the subunits of troponin

A

TnC, TnI, TnT

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37
Q

what does TnC do

A

binds calcium

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38
Q

TnI

A

inhibits by binding to actin to prevent myosin from binding

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39
Q

TnT

A

teathers TnC and TnI to tropomyosin

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40
Q

how will actin and myosin interact

A

there has to be changes in complex

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41
Q

What happens when calcium binds to TnC

A

hydrophobic pocket is revealed; TnI moves away and interacts with TnC instead of actin

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42
Q

what happens during structural changes of troponin complex

A

tropomyosin moves along actin which allows for actin and myosin to interact

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43
Q

what causes the cross bridge to move from blocked to just closed

A

Ca2+ binds to TnC

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44
Q

what causes tropomyosin to be pushed away

A

cross-bridges binding

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45
Q

what causes troponin complex to be moved to open state

A

cross bridges pushing tropomyosin further away

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46
Q

what causes weakly bound cross bridge to go to strongly bound

A

inorganic phosphate is released

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47
Q

what happens when myosin pulls back on actin (thin filament)

A

sarcomere contracts

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47
Q

what causes myosin and actin to detach

A

ATP kicks out ADP

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48
Q

where does an efferent neuron carry signals to and from

A

carries them from CNS to neuromuscular junction

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49
Q

what does the signal being carried to neuromuscular junction result in

A

depolarization

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50
Q

in excitation-contraction coupling what causes threshold to be reached

A

Na channels open

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51
Q

what do the vesicles contain in excitation contraction coupling

A

acetylcholine

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52
Q

in excitation-contraction coupling what causes the vesicle to release Ash

A

SNARE complex

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53
Q

what does the ACh travel through in excitation and relax. coupling

A

ligand-gated channels

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54
Q

in excitation-contraction coupling what does the binding of ACh cause

A

sodium enters muscle cell

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55
Q

in excitation-contraction coupling what does the influx of Na+ lead to in the cell

A

depolarization

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56
Q

in excitation-contraction coupling what causes Na+ channel to close

A

inactivation gate closes

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57
Q

in excitation-contraction coupling what channels open after Na+ channels close

A

K+ channels

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58
Q

in excitation-contraction coupling what is the result of K+ channels opening

A

K+ flows out which leads to rapid depolarization

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59
Q

in excitation-contraction coupling what causes hyperpolarization

A

K+ channels closing slowly

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60
Q

what activates the dihydropyridine receptors

A

action potential traveling down T-tubule

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61
Q

what do dihydropyridine receptor interacts with

A

ryanodine

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62
Q

what is the result of dihydropyridine receptors interacting with ryanodine receptors

A

Calcium is released from S.R.

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63
Q

What happens to calcium after it is released from S.R.

A

it binds to TnC in the troponin complex

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64
Q

what are the three things that cause sarcomere/muscle relaxation

A

ACh isn’t present because it is broken down, myosin detaches from actin via ATP, calcium is moved back into SR via SERCA pump

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65
Q

main feature of smooth muscle

A

involuntary control

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66
Q

where is smooth muscle found

A

body cavities and blood vessels

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67
Q

what is the shape and size of smooth muscle

A

spindle and small

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68
Q

what is the difference in nuclei between smooth and striated

A

striated has multiple, smooth has one

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69
Q

what is the main difference in strained and smooth muscle

A

smooth doesn’t have sarcomeres, t-tubules, myofibrils, etc.

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70
Q

how are thick filaments organized in smooth muscle

A

they’re scattered

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71
Q

where do thin and thick filament overlap

A

dense bodies

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72
Q

how does smooth muscle contract without sarcomeres

A

thick and thin filaments slide over each other

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73
Q

how does the entire tissue contract

A

one muscle cell pulls on the neighboring one

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74
Q

what are bulges in smooth muscle called

A

varocosities

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75
Q

where are the bulges in smooth muscle found

A

in axons that innervate smooth muscle cells

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76
Q

what do ligand gated channels in smooth muscle activate

A

voltage gated calcium channels

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77
Q

what do the neurotransmitters from the varicosities bind to

A

ligand gates ion channels

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78
Q

what does the opening of voltage gates Ca2+ channels in smooth muscle result in

A

Calcium moves in to smooth muscle cells –> contraction

79
Q

two types of smooth muscle cells

A

multiunit and visceral (single unit)

80
Q

how do multiunit smooth muscle cells work

A

each motor neuron innervates its own smooth muscle cell

81
Q

how does a single unit smooth muscle cell work

A

motor neuron innervates just one cell

82
Q

how are multiunit smooth m. cells regulated

A

by hormones ex) fight or flight

83
Q

where are single unit smooth m. cells found

A

digestive/urinary tract

84
Q

what are single unit smooth m. cells activated by

A

stretch

85
Q

main similarity of cardiac muscle and skeletal muscle

A

myofibrils causing striation

86
Q

differences of cardiac and skeletal muscle

A

cardiac muscle is smaller

87
Q

what is the purpose of the cardiac muscle being small and branched

A

allows heart to contract and relax as a single unit

88
Q

how are cardiomyocytes linked

A

intercalated discs

89
Q

what are the types of cell junctions in intercalated discs

A

gap junctions and desmosomes

90
Q

types of cells in the heart

A

contractile cells and autorhythmic cells

90
Q

what is the purpose of desmosomes

A

mechanical support (destiny wants to be a mechanical engineer)

91
Q

how does an AP move down heart

A

through contractile cells to gap junctions which results in contraction

92
Q

what ion has a higher concentration inside the cell

A

K+ - which is why it leaves the cell during depolarization

93
Q

types of metabolism

A

catabolism and anabolism

94
Q

what is it called when molecules are broken down to extract energy

A

catabolism

95
Q

what is it called when metabolic reactions synthesize building blocks to make new molecules

A

anabolism

96
Q

what is the stored energy in muscles called

A

glycogen

97
Q

what is the equation for photosynthesis

A

CO2 + water + energy from sun –> carbs + O2

98
Q

where is chemical energy contained in photosynthesis

A

between bonds of atoms

99
Q

what is the main idea of how our bodies get energy

A

they extract it from the carbon bonds to make ATP

100
Q

what phosphate does ATP come from

A

The third/last phosphate

101
Q

4 main pathways our body gets energy

A

glycolysis, pyruvate to acetyl coa, citric acid cycle, electron transport chain

102
Q

what is glucose splitting

A

6-carbon glucose splits into two 3-carbon pyruvate molecules

103
Q

what is the end products of glycolysis

A

2 pyruvate molecules and 4 ATP molecules

104
Q

how many carbon atoms does pyruvate have

A

3

105
Q

where does glycolysis take place

A

cytosol

106
Q

what are the anaerobic pathways

A

glycolysis and pyruvate to acetyl coa or lactate

107
Q

what does glycolysis require to take place

A

2 ATP molecules

108
Q

what picks up electrons in glycolysis

A

NADH+

109
Q

what can pyruvate convert to

A

acetyl CoA or lactate

110
Q

what determines what pyruvate is converted into

A

amount of O2 available

111
Q

where is lactate taken

A

liver

112
Q

what happens to lactate in the liver

A

it’s converted back into glucose

113
Q

how much net ATP is generated when glucose converts to pyruvate

A

2 ATP

114
Q

what does pyruvate convert to when oxygen is available

A

acetyl CoA

115
Q

how many acetyl coa molecules are produced from the 2 pyruvate from glycolysis

A

2 molecules

116
Q

What happens to the 3 carbons in pyruvate

A

1 goes towards CO2 and the other 2 are linked to co-enzyme A to form acetyl CoA

117
Q

what do the carbons from pyruvate bind with to make acetyl CoA

A

enzyme A

118
Q

what is the substrate and also an end product of the citric acid cycle

A

oxaloacetate

119
Q

what happens to the carbons in the citric acid cycle

A

the two from acetyl CoA bind with 4 from oxaloacetate to form 6 in citric acid

120
Q

what happens to the 2 carbons that moved from acetyl CoA to citric acid

A

the convert to CO2

121
Q

what does the citric acid cycle produce

A

GTP, 1 ATP, 1 NADH, 2 FADH, oxaloacetate (regenerated)

122
Q

how many times does the critic acid cycle occur

A

2 times

123
Q

why does the critic acid cycle occur twice

A

because it starts with ONE acetyl CoA but glycolysis makes two pyruvate which makes TWO acetyl CoA

124
Q

what depletes the electrons of energy in the ETC

A

oxygen baskets

125
Q

What does oxygen do in the ETC

A

picks up E- and combines with H+ to make water

126
Q

what would happen if there wasn’t O2 in the ETC

A

ATP production would stop

127
Q

how many complexes does the ETC have

A

4

128
Q

where does NADH give its electrons to

A

complex 1

129
Q

where does FADH2 give its electrons to

A

complex 2

130
Q

how do electrons move energy levels when being passed down the ETC

A

they move from higher to lower energy levels as they release energy

131
Q

how does H+ move into inter membrane space

A

as e- move from one complex to another, they pump H+ through

132
Q

how does the electrochemical gradient occur

A

H+ being moved into intermembrane space means higher concentration of H+

133
Q

what does the electrochemical gradient do to H+ ions

A

it moves it back into matrix

134
Q

how do the H+ ions get back into matrix

A

atp synthase

135
Q

what happens once H+ ions move back into matrix

A

they bond with O2 to make H2O

136
Q

what is happening to the ATP synthase as H+ ions move through it

A

it rotates

137
Q

what does the rotation of ATP synthase cause to happen

A

creates binding sites for ADP to bind to Pi to make ATP

138
Q

what is the structure of lipids

A

glycerol backbone (3 carbon), each carbon is linked to a fatty acid

139
Q

what is the function of lipase

A

breaks down glycerol backbone in to the 3 carbons

140
Q

what happens to the 3 carbons that were broken down by lipase

A

they can enter glycolysis

141
Q

what happens to the fatty acids that were broken down by lipase

A

they can be converted into acetyl-CoA

142
Q

what is it called when acetyl CoA is made from fatty acids

A

beta oxidation

143
Q

where does beta oxidation take place

A

mitochondria

144
Q

what happens to the two end carbons that are cut off in beta oxidation

A

they link with CoA to make acetyl CoA

145
Q

how does beta oxidation fuel ATP synthesis

A

acetyl-CoA enters critic acid cycle which goes to ETC

146
Q

what is the function of carnitine

A

transports FFA across mitochondrial membrane to beta oxidation

147
Q

when does the body make energy from proteins

A

starvation

148
Q

what are proteins broken down into

A

amino acids

149
Q

what happens to the amino group

A

deamination - strips off amino acid

150
Q

what is left after deamination

A

carbon skeleton

151
Q

what does the carbon skeleton enter

A

catabolic pathway

152
Q

what determines how much ATP is created by the carbon skeleton

A

what pathway it enters

153
Q

what does the breakdown of amino acids yield

A

urea, CO2, water, and ATP

154
Q

How do we know what nutrient is being used to generate ATP

A

respiratory quotient

155
Q

what is the equation for RQ

A

CO2 exhaled / O2 being used

156
Q

what are the RQ values for the nutrients

A

carbs - 1, pro - 0.8, fat - 0.7

157
Q

why does pro and fat have a smaller RQ

A

they require more O2 to make CO2 and water = denominator is smaller

158
Q

how is creatine phosphate made

A

via amino acids

159
Q

where is creatine phosphate created, stored, and excreted

A

made in the liver, stored in the muscles, excreted in the kidneys

160
Q

what do the kidneys excrete in the creatine phosphate system

A

creatinine

161
Q

what fuel are you using during rest

A

carbs and fat

162
Q

what fuel are you using during an initial burst

A

creatine phosphate

163
Q

what fuel are you using during anaerobic

A

carbs

164
Q

what are you doing if your RQ level is at 0.8

A

resting

165
Q

what type of muscle fiber for long distance

A

slow fibers

166
Q

what type of muscle fiber for a sprint

A

fast fibers

167
Q
A
167
Q

what differentiates muscle fibers

A

size, blood vessels, how fuel is used, contraction speed, fatigue resistance

168
Q

where does myoglobin mostly store O2

A

slow fibers

169
Q

how to change muscle fibers

A

conditioning or genetics

170
Q

what muscle fibers are in white meat

A

fast fibers to flee predators

170
Q

what muscle fibers are in red meat

A

slow fibers to stand around

171
Q

what is it called when the muscle can’t perform any longer

A

muscle fatigue

172
Q

what is the main reason for muscle fatigue

A

metabolic reserves are depleted

173
Q

what are some characteristics of muscle fatigue

A

increase in lactic acid, decrease in enzyme activity (acetyl coa binding), decreases in Ca2+ binding to TnC

174
Q

what are the 3 reasons for DOMS

A
  1. tears in muscle tissue = loss of enzymes
  2. muscle spasms
  3. CT and tendon tears
175
Q

what helps doms

A

stretching

176
Q

what happens to muscle fibers as we age

A

decrease in size, elasticity, ability to recover

177
Q

two main types of muscle contraction

A

isotonic and isometric

178
Q

what are the two types of isotonic muscle contraction

A

concentric and and eccentric

179
Q

how can we change the force produced by muscle

A

recruitment of motor units, twitch summation, force-length relationship

180
Q

what is a motor unit

A

a motor neuron and all the fibers it innervates

181
Q

characteristics of small motor units

A

few myofibers, slow twitch, fatigue resistant

182
Q

characteristics of large motor units

A

few myofibers, fast twitch, fatigues quickly

183
Q

why does force go back down in between twitches

A

Ca2+ goes back in to S.R.

184
Q

what happens when the cardiac muscle is first stimulated

A

Na+ channels open causing depolarization

185
Q

what causes plateau in cardiac muscle action potential

A

Ca2+ influx balanced by K+ efflux

186
Q

what leads to repolarization of cardiac muscle action potential

A

K+ efflux and Ca2+ channels close

187
Q

which muscle experiences summation

A

skeletal, not cardiac

188
Q

what is force generated proportional to

A

of actin and myosin interactions

189
Q

what limb does cardiac muscle experience force

A

ascending

190
Q

what limb does skeletal muscle experience force

A

plateau

191
Q

what type of muscle experiences a more dramatic increase in force with a sarcomere length change

A

cardiac - because the muscle is smaller

BMS 300 (14 decks)

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