Respiratory system Flashcards
what does the repository system include
airways, lungs, and blood vessels
what does the upper respiratory system include
nose, nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, and pharynx
what happens in external respiration
exchange of gases between external environment and blood in the lungs
what happens in internal respiration
exchange of gases between capillaries and cells
what moves into the blood in external respiration
oxygen
what moves from capillaries to lungs in external respiration
carbon dioxide
what moves into the cells from the blood in internal respiration
oxygen
what is used to make ATP in the cells
oxygen
what does the lower respiratory system include
larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli
what is the start of the lower respiratory system
larynx
what is the pathway of the conducting portion of the respiratory tract
starts at the nasal cavity and goes to the bronchioles
what is the pathway of the respiratory portion of the respiratory tract
respiratory bronchioles to the alveoli
what happens in the respiratory bronchioles
exchange of gases
3 functions of the conduction portion of the respiratory tract
filters the air that comes in, makes sure that the air is warm and humid, and protects respiratory passage
what parts are involved in the conduction zone
every part until the alveoli
what does the respiratory mucosa line?
conduction portion
what is the respiratory mucosa made up of
epithelium and areolar tissue
what is the name of the areolar tissue that underlies the respiratory epithelium
lamina propria
what type of epithelia cells line the respiratory passage way
psuedostratified columnar
what propels mucus across epithelial surface
ciliary movement
what is affected during cystic fibrosis
mucociliary escalator
what happens to the mucus when there is a defect in the mucus producing cells
thick sticky mucus
where in the respiratory tract are pseudostratified cells found
nasal cavity and superior portion of the pharynx
where in the respiratory tract are stratified squamous cells found
inferior portion of pharynx
where in the respiratory tract are cuboidal cells
smaller bronchioles (small boi)
where in the respiratory tract would I find simple squamous cells
alveoli
what is the primary passageway for air entry
the nose
what does the nasal vestibule contain
flexible tissues of the nose
what does the air have to pass through to reach the nasal vestibule
nose hair
what do the hairs in the nose prevent
large airborne particles to enter nasal cavity
how does the irregular bony surface affect the air flow
it makes it turbulent
what does the turbulence of air flow in the nasal cavity cause
small particles interact with mucus
what does the extra time air is spent in the nasal cavity result in
arm becomes warn and humid
what do the circular air currents in the nasal cavity cause
olfactory stimuli goes to olfactory receptors
what provide sense of smell
receptors in olfactory epithelium
what is the process of the air becoming warm and humid called
vascularization
what happens to the water in the mucus when it passes in the nasal cavity
it evaporates into the air
Why is it important that the air we breathe in is saturated with water vapor
so our respiratory surfaces don’t dry out
what happens when air leaves nostrils
its dehumidified
what happens when air enters nostrils
its humidified
why is it bad to breathe through the mouth
air is not humidified or warm, and filtration is compromised
what is the one part of the body that is shared between the digestive and respiratory system
pharynx
what are the three regions of the pharynx
nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx
what part of the pharynx is most superficial
nasopharynx
what is the middle region of the pharynx
oropharynx
what is the lower part of the pharynx
laryngopharynx
what is the landmark between the nasopharynx and the oropharynx
soft palate
how does the epithelium change from the nasopharynx to the oropharynx
psudostratified columnar to stratified squamous
what is the larynx also known as
the voice box
what is the order of “organs” of the respiratory system
nose –> nasal cavity –> pharynx –> larynx –> trachea –> bronchus –> bronchioles –> alveoli
what is the cartilaginous tube that surrounds the glottis called
larynx
what is the purpose of the cartilaginous tube
to protect the glottis
what is the pathway of air to get to the glottis
pharynx to larynx to glottis
what is the first cartilage of the larynx
epiglottis
what is the purpose of the epiglottis
ensures that air gets into the trachea but not food particles
what are the other 2 cartilages in the larynx
thyroid and cricoid cartilage
what is the epiglottis made up of
elastic cartilage
what is the thyroid and cricoid cartilage made of
hyaline cartilage
what is the main function of the thyroid and cricoid cartilage
structural support
how does the epiglottis keep food from falling into larynx/trachea
slides over the glottis
when does the gag reflex of food entering the windpipe not work
when a person is unconscious
what happens when food enters the windpipe
gag reflex
what is the laryngeal prominence also known as
Adams apple
what causes an Adam’s apple
angle of the thyroid cartilage
what triggers the thyroid cartilage to elongate
androgens during puberty
what causes a voice to deepen during puberty
elongation of thyroid cartilage
what are the functions of the larynx
open passage way for air to move through, routes air and food, and voice production
what causes sound production
vocal cords vibrating
what causes speech production
air released during opening/closing of glottis
what causes loudness in sound production
the force of the air passing by vocal cords
what causes pitch in sound production
controlling tension of the vocal cords
what amplifies and effects sound quality
pharynx
what changes sound to language
pharynx, tongue, soft palate, lips
what is the tough, flexible, tube like structure that branches off
trachea
what does the trachea branch out into
bronchi
what are the ring like structures on the trachea called
tracheal cartilages
what is the point of the tracheal cartilages
makes sure the trachea stays open
what is connected posteriorly to the tracheal cartilage
esophagus
how does the esophagus let food pass
the wall distorts/distends
what is the point of the discontinuous region of the tracheal cartilage
it allows the esophagus to distort to let food pass
what happens to the tracheal muscle during sympathetic stimulation
it relaxes
what is the result of the tracheal muscle relaxing
more air can flow in
where do the bronchus’s connect/enter into
the lungs
What does the dividing of the R and L bronchus result in
lobar bronchi
what makes up the lobes of the lungs
lobar bronchi
what does lobar bronchi branch to form
segmental bronchi
what does segmental bronchi branch to form
smaller bronchioles
what does smaller bronchioles branch to from
terminal bronchiole
what does terminal bronchiole branch to form
respiratory bronchioles
what is the alveolar sac made up of
many alveoli
what is the purpose of the openings in the alveoli
normalizes pressure across alveoli
what keeps the alveoli open
elastic fibers
what happens in the capillary beds
exchange of gases
what occurs in pneumocyte type 1 cells
exchange of gases
what is the purpose of alveolar macrophages
last line of defense
what do the endothelial cells in alveoli contain
erythrocytes
what do the elastin proteins lie on in alveoli
basal lamina
what do pneumocyte type 2 cells produce
surfactant
what is the purpose of surfactant
decrease surface tension
what is respiratory distress syndrome characterized as
difficulty breathing
what causes difficulty breathing in respiratory distress syndrome
collapse of alveoli
why might alveoli collapse
inadequate amounts of surfactant
what are the 3 layers of the blood air barrier
alveolar cell layer, fused basement membrane, capillary endothelial layer
where does gas exchange happen back and forth
alveolar air space and capillary lumen
what makes the gas exchange across the blood-air barrier quick
the distance of the barrier is short and the gases are lipid soluble
how many lobes does the right lung have
3
how many lobes does the left lung have
2
what is a pulmonary lobectomy
removal of a lobe/section of a lung
what is the inner layer of lungs called
visceral layer (visceral fat is touching the organs)
what is the outer layer of the lungs called
parietal layer
what is the parietal layer of the lungs in contact with
thoracic wall and diaphragm
what causes a fluid bond in the lungs
pleural fluid
where does the fluid bond occur
between the parietal and visceral layer of the lungs
what is the point of a fluid bond
to cause each lung to stick to the surrounding areas
what are the 2 main functions of the fluid bond
lubricates pleural cavity and allows the volume of the lung to change with diaphragm movement (it moves together)
what is pulmonary ventilation
breathing - moving air in and out of lungs
is pulmonary ventilation external or internal respiration
external
how does air flow in regards to concentration
from higher concentration to lower concentration
what happens to gas molecules as the size of the container changes
pressure changes
what is Boyles law
pressure is directly related to frequency of collisions
what factors increase lung volume
elastic recoil, negative intrapleural pressure, muscle contraction, surfactant
what happens to the thoracic wall during muscle contraction
the floor lowers
what happens to the rib cage during muscle contraction
it expands
what is the state of the diaphragm when it is relaxed
it’s dome shaped and projects into thoracic cavity
what happens when the muscles surrounding the diaphragm contract
it moves inferiorly to thoracic cavity which increases volume of lungs
what happens to pressure in the lungs as the volume increases
decreases (Boyle’s Law)
what happens to the ribcage as muscles contract
it lifts –> it expands
what are the 3 types of pressure
atmosphere, lungs, interpleural space
what is the abbreviation for pressure in the atmosphere
P ATM
what is the abbreviation for pressure in the lungs
P A
what is the abbreviation for pressure in the interpleural space
P IP
where is the intrapleural space
outside of the lungs
what is the relationships between Pip and Pa
Pip is ALWAYS less than Pa
when you’re breathing in, what is the relationships between the pressure of the lungs and atmosphere
Pa < Patm
when you’re breathing out, what is the relationships between the pressure of the lungs and atmosphere
Pa > Patm
what happens to intrapelural volume if pleural sac is punctured
it increases because air fills it
why does Pa become less than Patm during beginning stages of inhalation
the volume of the lungs increases
why does Pa increase during later stages of inhalation
because it is filling with air
what does it mean for Pip to equal Patm
max amount of air
what happens when the pleural sac is punctured
Pip equalizes with Patm
what is compliance of the lungs
how easy it is to inflate them
what 2 factors does compliance of the lungs depend on
intrapleural pressure and surfactant
what 3 things does the law of Laplace have to do with
pressure, surface tension, and radius of alveoli
how are pressure and radius related in alveoli
inversely
how are amount of surfactant related to radius of alveoli
inversely - a small alveoli has greater surfactant to offset pressure
what factors decrease lung volume
alveolar walls and muscle contraction
what causes elastic recoil of the alveolar wall
elastin amounts and surface tension
when does muscle contraction of the abdominal muscles occur
forced expiration
what does contraction of the diaphragm result in
increase in lung volume
what does contraction of intercostal muscles result in
increase in lung volume
how are air pressure and density affected by altitude
pressure and density decreases as altitude increases (the higher up, the more spread out the particles are)
does the composition of air change at all
NO
what is Dalton’s law of partial pressures
total pressure of a mixture of gases is the sum of partial pressures of each gas
what is total pressure a sum of
all the partial pressures of each gas
what does extra ventilation increase
O2 content in blood
what can diffuse in plasma
some gases that are lipid soluble
what explains factors that affect diffusion
Fick’s Law
what is diffusion rate proportional to
surface area, gas diffusion coefficient, partial pressure gradient
how is surface area for gas exchange determined
number of functional lobes
what does the gas diffusion coefficient tell us
how easily gas travels across the membrane
what does the partial pressure gradient tell us
amount of oxygen available
what is O2 bound to
hemoglobin
how is ATP generated in RBC
anaerobically
what does majority of oxygen in the blood do
bind to hemoglobin
what does a small portion of oxygen in the blood do
dissolves in plasma
what does a small portion of carbon dioxide in the blood do
dissolves in plasma
what does majority of carbon dioxide in the blood do
diffuses into the RBC
what does a small portion of carbon dioxide that has been diffused into the RBC do
bind to hemoglobin
what is carbaminohemoglobin
carbon dioxide binded to hemoglobin
what does a majority of carbon dioxide that has been diffused into the RBC do
convert to bicarbonate
what happens to bicarbonate in the RBC
can bind to H+ or trade places with Cl-
what is the chemical reaction in regards to gas exchange in the blood
CO2 + H2O <–> carbonic acid <–> H+ + bicarbonate
what catalyzes the reaction in the blood
carbonic anhydrase
how many subunits does hemoglobin have and what are they
4 total - 2 alpha, 2 beta
what does each subunit in hemoglobin contain
heme
what does heme bind to
O2
what happens to neighboring subunits when O2 binds to heme
their structure changes to make O2 binding more easy
what are the two states of hemoglobin
oxyhemoglobin and deoxyhemoglobin
what is oxyhemoglobin
all 4 subunits are bound to O2
where is oxyhemoglobin found
in the lungs
where is deoxyhemoglobin found
in the tissues
what is the partial pressure of O2 like in the linear relationship of the oxygen - hemoglobin saturation curve
high
what is the hemoglobin saturation like in the linear relationship of the oxygen - hemoglobin saturation curve
saturated because more O2 is available
how does the sigmoidal relationship/curve begin in the oxygen - hemoglobin saturation curve
increase in hemoglobin saturation
positive cooperative binding
hemes become more accessible to O2 binding due to previous O2 binding
where is myoglobin found
cardiac and skeletal muscles
does myoglobin have high or low affinity for O2 binding compared to hemoglobin
high
how many subunits does myoglobin have
1
what are the fetal hemoglobin subunits
2 alpha, 2 gamma
does fetal hemoglobin have high or low affinity to O2 binding
high
what is the purpose of fetal hemoglobin having high affinity for O2 binding
so it can steal O2 from the mom’s hemoglobin
what are the factors that influence release of O2 by hemoglobin
high CO2, low pH, high temperature
how does CO2 affect affinity
CO2 binding to hemoglobin, decreasing O2 affinity
how does pH affect affinity
more acidic cell = higher H+ levels, and H+ binds to hemoglobin which decreases affinity
what causes the cell to become to acidic
lactic and carbonic acid buildup in muscles
how does temp affect affinity
decreases O2 affinity
what causes heat to be generated
contracting skeletal muscles
what causes 2,3 BPG synthesis
increased temp, decreased pH
which directional shift does BPG synthesis cause
right shift
what directional shift results in decreased O2 affinity
right shift
what process produces 2,3 BPG
glycolysis
is glycolysis by RBCs aerobic or anaerobic
anaerobic
what is the role of carbonic anhydrase in pH
maintains blood pH
what is the range for blood pH
7.35-7.45
what is it called when blood pH gets below 7.35
acidosis
what is it called when blood pH gets above 7.45
alkalosis
what does H+ do to pH
decreases it; makes it more basic
what is the affinity for the Haldane effect
O2 concentrations increase = CO2 affinity decreases
what side shift is the Haldane effect
left shift
what is the affinity for the Bohr effect
CO2 concentrations increase = O2 affinity decreases
which effect has to do with pH effects on hemoglobin saturation curve
Bohr
where does the Haldane effect occur
in the lungs
where does the Bohr effect occur
in the tissues
what side shift is the Bohr effect
right shift
what does intrapleural volume increasing too much lead to
lung collapses
what is it called when the lung collapses
pneumothorax
what is the main idea of Boyle’s law
volume/pressure
what is the main idea of Fick’s law
diffusion of gases
what is the main idea of Dalton’s law
partial pressure - O2 available
what is the main idea of Henry’s law
gases dissolving (solubility)
what two factors of the gas diffusion coefficient that determine how easily a gas passes
solubility and molecular weight
what do gases dissolve into solution in proportion to (in henrys law)
their partial pressure
if you open a soda can, what happens to the CO2
it reaches equilibrium with the CO2 in the atmosphere
what happens when a gas comes into contact with a solution/liquid in Henry’s Law
it dissolves
why does CO2 diffuse in equal amounts with oxygen
different solubility
what determines the amount of gas that is able to dissolve
it’s solubility
is CO2 or O2 more soluble in plasma
CO2
what are the CO2 and O2 levels in the alveoli
O2 is decreased, CO2 is increased
why does O2 decrease and CO2 increase once it enters the alveoli
it mixes with residual air in the alveoli
what are the CO2 and O2 levels in the arterial blood
same as alveoli levels
what are the CO2 and O2 levels in the cells
O2 is decreased, CO2 is increased
why does O2 decrease and CO2 increase once it enters the cell
O2 is used to make ATP, and cells release CO2 when ATP is being made
what are the CO2 and O2 levels in the venous blood
same as levels in the cell
is the blood oxygenated or deoxygenated when it goes from the arterial blood to the cells
deoxygenated
is the blood oxygenated or deoxygenated when it goes from the cells to the venous blood
oxygenated
what type of muscle lines the bronchioles
smooth
what is the smooth muscle in the bronchioles sensitive to
CO2 pressure
what increases bronchioles diameter
increase in CO2 pressure
what is it called when the CO2 pressure in the bronchioles increases
bronchodilator
what is called when the CO2 pressure in the bronchioles decreases
bronchoconstriction
where is airflow directed to to engage in gas exchange in the bronchioles
lobules with a high CO2 pressure
what is breathing controlled by in the brain
brainstem
what is the brainstem composed of
medulla and pons
are efferent nerve impulses to or from the medulla
from
are afferent nerve impulses to or from the medulla
to
what do efferent nerve impulses cause to happen
diaphragm and intercostal muscles contract
what are afferent nerve impulses stimulated by
increase of CO2 in blood and decrease in O2
what do central chemoreceptors detect
pH levels or CO2 levels in cerebrospinal fluid
what do peripheral chemoreceptor detect
O2 levels in blood
what does CO2 cross in the CNS
blood brain barrier
what is the blood brain barrier formed by
astrocytes
what causes H+ to be present in the CSF
carbonic anhydrase
what does H+ bind to in the CNS
chemoreceptors in the brainstem
what happens when H+ binds to chemoreceptors
action potential is sent to respiratory system
where is the respiratory system
brainstem
where are peripheral chemoreceptors located
carotid and aortic bodies
where do carotid arteries send blood
brain
where do aortic bodies send blood
body and heart
what nerves send signals to contract or relax diaphragm
phrenic nerves
what nerves send signals to contract or relax intercostal muscles
intercostal nerves
where is the involuntary upper motor neuron located
respiratory center
where is the voluntary upper motor neuron located
primary motor cortex
how is CO2 and pH related
inversely
what is hypercapnia
increase in CO2
what causes hypercapnia
hypoventilation
what does hypoventilation result in
CO2 build up
how can you fix hypocapnia
decrease respiration
what is hypocapnia
decrease in CO2
what causes hypocapnia
hyperventilation
what does hyperventilation result in
low CO2 levels
how can you fix hypercapnia
increase respiration
