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BMS 300 > Respiratory system > Flashcards

Respiratory system Flashcards

1
Q

what does the repository system include

A

airways, lungs, and blood vessels

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2
Q

what does the upper respiratory system include

A

nose, nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, and pharynx

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3
Q

what happens in external respiration

A

exchange of gases between external environment and blood in the lungs

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4
Q

what happens in internal respiration

A

exchange of gases between capillaries and cells

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5
Q

what moves into the blood in external respiration

A

oxygen

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6
Q

what moves from capillaries to lungs in external respiration

A

carbon dioxide

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7
Q

what moves into the cells from the blood in internal respiration

A

oxygen

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8
Q

what is used to make ATP in the cells

A

oxygen

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9
Q

what does the lower respiratory system include

A

larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli

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10
Q

what is the start of the lower respiratory system

A

larynx

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11
Q

what is the pathway of the conducting portion of the respiratory tract

A

starts at the nasal cavity and goes to the bronchioles

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12
Q

what is the pathway of the respiratory portion of the respiratory tract

A

respiratory bronchioles to the alveoli

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13
Q

what happens in the respiratory bronchioles

A

exchange of gases

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14
Q

3 functions of the conduction portion of the respiratory tract

A

filters the air that comes in, makes sure that the air is warm and humid, and protects respiratory passage

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15
Q

what parts are involved in the conduction zone

A

every part until the alveoli

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16
Q

what does the respiratory mucosa line?

A

conduction portion

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17
Q

what is the respiratory mucosa made up of

A

epithelium and areolar tissue

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18
Q

what is the name of the areolar tissue that underlies the respiratory epithelium

A

lamina propria

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19
Q

what type of epithelia cells line the respiratory passage way

A

psuedostratified columnar

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20
Q

what propels mucus across epithelial surface

A

ciliary movement

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21
Q

what is affected during cystic fibrosis

A

mucociliary escalator

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22
Q

what happens to the mucus when there is a defect in the mucus producing cells

A

thick sticky mucus

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23
Q

where in the respiratory tract are pseudostratified cells found

A

nasal cavity and superior portion of the pharynx

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24
Q

where in the respiratory tract are stratified squamous cells found

A

inferior portion of pharynx

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25
Q

where in the respiratory tract are cuboidal cells

A

smaller bronchioles

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26
Q

where in the respiratory tract would I find simple squamous cells

A

alveoli

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27
Q

what is the primary passageway for air entry

A

the nose

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28
Q

what does the nasal vestibule contain

A

flexible tissues of the nose

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29
Q

what does the air have to pass through to reach the nasal vestibule

A

nose hair

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30
Q

what do the hairs in the nose prevent

A

large airborne particles to enter nasal cavity

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31
Q

how does the irregular bony surface affect the air flow

A

it makes it turbulent

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32
Q

what does the turbulence of air flow in the nasal cavity cause

A

small particles interact with mucus

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33
Q

what does the extra time air is spent in the nasal cavity result in

A

arm becomes warn and humid

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34
Q

what do the circular air currents in the nasal cavity cause

A

olfactory stimuli goes to olfactory receptors

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35
Q

what provide sense of smell

A

receptors in olfactory epithelium

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36
Q

what is the process of the air becoming warm and humid called

A

vascularization

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37
Q

what happens to the water in the mucus when it passes in the nasal cavity

A

it evaporates into the air

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38
Q

Why is it important that the air we breathe in is saturated with water vapor

A

so our respiratory surfaces don’t dry out

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39
Q

what happens when air leaves nostrils

A

its dehumidified

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40
Q

what happens when air enters nostrils

A

its humidified

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41
Q

why is it bad to breathe through the mouth

A

air is not humidified or warm, and filtration is compromised

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42
Q

what is the one part of the body that is shared between the digestive and respiratory system

A

pharynx

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43
Q

what are the three regions of the pharynx

A

nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx

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44
Q

what part of the pharynx is most superficial

A

nasopharynx

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45
Q

what is the middle region of the pharynx

A

oropharynx

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46
Q

what is the lower part of the pharynx

A

laryngopharynx

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47
Q

what is the landmark between the nasopharynx and the oropharynx

A

soft palate

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48
Q

how does the epithelium change from the nasopharynx to the oropharynx

A

psudostratified columnar to stratified squamous

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49
Q

what is the larynx also known as

A

the voice box

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50
Q

what is the order of “organs” of the respiratory system

A

nose –> nasal cavity –> pharynx –> larynx –> trachea –> bronchus –> bronchioles –> alveoli

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51
Q

what is the cartilaginous tube that surrounds the glottis called

A

larynx

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52
Q

what is the purpose of the cartilaginous tube

A

to protect the glottis

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53
Q

what is the pathway of air to get to the glottis

A

pharynx to larynx to glottis

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54
Q

what is the first cartilage of the larynx

A

epiglottis

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55
Q

what is the purpose of the epiglottis

A

ensures that air gets into the trachea but not food particles

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56
Q

what are the other 2 cartilages in the larynx

A

thyroid and cricoid cartilage

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57
Q

what is the epiglottis made up of

A

elastic cartilage

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58
Q

what is the thyroid and cricoid cartilage made of

A

hyaline cartilage

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59
Q

what is the main function of the thyroid and cricoid cartilage

A

structural support

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60
Q

how does the epiglottis keep food from falling into larynx/trachea

A

slides over the glottis

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61
Q

when does the gag reflex of food entering the windpipe not work

A

when a person is unconscious

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62
Q

what happens when food enters the windpipe

A

gag reflex

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63
Q

what is the laryngeal prominence also known as

A

Adams apple

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64
Q

what causes an Adam’s apple

A

angle of the thyroid cartilage

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65
Q

what triggers the thyroid cartilage to elongate

A

androgens during puberty

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66
Q

what causes a voice to deepen during puberty

A

elongation of thyroid cartilage

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67
Q

what are the functions of the larynx

A

open passage way for air to move through, routes air and food, and voice production

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68
Q

what causes sound production

A

vocal cords vibrating

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69
Q

what causes speech production

A

air released during opening/closing of glottis

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70
Q

what causes loudness in sound production

A

the force of the air passing by vocal cords

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71
Q

what causes pitch in sound production

A

controlling tension of the vocal cords

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72
Q

what amplifies and effects sound quality

A

pharynx

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73
Q

what changes sound to language

A

pharynx, tongue, soft palate, lips

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74
Q

what is the tough, flexible, tube like structure that branches off

A

trachea

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75
Q

what does the trachea branch out into

A

bronchi

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76
Q

what are the ring like structures on the trachea called

A

tracheal cartilages

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77
Q

what is the point of the tracheal cartilages

A

makes sure the trachea stays open

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78
Q

what is connected posteriorly to the tracheal cartilage

A

esophagus

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79
Q

how does the esophagus let food pass

A

the wall distorts/distends

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80
Q

what is the point of the discontinuous region of the tracheal cartilage

A

it allows the esophagus to distort to let food pass

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81
Q

what happens to the tracheal muscle during sympathetic stimulation

A

it relaxes

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82
Q

what is the result of the tracheal muscle relaxing

A

more air can flow in

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83
Q

where do the bronchus’s connect/enter into

A

the lungs

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84
Q

What does the dividing of the R and L bronchus result in

A

lobar bronchi

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85
Q

what makes up the lobes of the lungs

A

lobar bronchi

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86
Q

what does lobar bronchi branch to form

A

segmental bronchi

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87
Q

what does segmental bronchi branch to form

A

smaller bronchioles

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88
Q

what does smaller bronchioles branch to from

A

terminal bronchiole

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89
Q

what does terminal bronchiole branch to form

A

respiratory bronchioles

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90
Q

what is the alveolar sac made up of

A

many alveoli

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91
Q

what is the purpose of the openings in the alveoli

A

normalizes pressure across alveoli

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92
Q

what keeps the alveoli open

A

elastic fibers

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93
Q

what happens in the capillary beds

A

exchange of gases

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94
Q

what occurs in pneumocyte type 1 cells

A

exchange of gases

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95
Q

what is the purpose of alveolar macrophages

A

last line of defense

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96
Q

what do the endothelial cells in alveoli contain

A

erythrocytes

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97
Q

what do the elastin proteins lie on in alveoli

A

basal lamina

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98
Q

what do pneumocyte type 2 cells produce

A

surfactant

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99
Q

what is the purpose of surfactant

A

decrease surface tension

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100
Q

what is respiratory distress syndrome characterized as

A

difficulty breathing

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101
Q

what causes difficulty breathing in respiratory distress syndrome

A

collapse of alveoli

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102
Q

why might alveoli collapse

A

inadequate amounts of surfactant

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103
Q

what are the 3 layers of the blood air barrier

A

alveolar cell layer, fused basement membrane, capillary endothelial layer

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104
Q

where does gas exchange happen back and forth

A

alveolar air space and capillary lumen

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105
Q

what makes the gas exchange across the blood-air barrier quick

A

the distance of the barrier is short and the gases are lipid soluble

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106
Q

how many lobes does the right lung have

A

3

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107
Q

how many lobes does the left lung have

A

2

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108
Q

what is a pulmonary lobectomy

A

removal of a lobe/section of a lung

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109
Q

what is the inner layer of lungs called

A

visceral layer (visceral fat is touching the organs)

110
Q

what is the outer layer of the lungs called

A

parietal layer

111
Q

what is the parietal layer of the lungs in contact with

A

thoracic wall and diaphragm

112
Q

what causes a fluid bond in the lungs

A

pleural fluid

113
Q

where does the fluid bond occur

A

between the parietal and visceral layer of the lungs

114
Q

what is the point of a fluid bond

A

to cause each lung to stick to the surrounding areas

115
Q

what are the 2 main functions of the fluid bond

A

lubricates pleural cavity and allows the volume of the lung to change with diaphragm movement (it moves together)

116
Q

what is pulmonary ventilation

A

breathing - moving air in and out of lungs

117
Q

is pulmonary ventilation external or internal respiration

A

external

118
Q

how does air flow in regards to concentration

A

from higher concentration to lower concentration

119
Q

what happens to gas molecules at the size of the container changes

A

pressure changes

120
Q

what is Boyles law

A

pressure is directly related to frequency of collisions

121
Q

what factors increase lung volume

A

elastic recoil, negative intrapleural pressure, muscle contraction, surfactant

122
Q

what happens to the thoracic wall during muscle contraction

A

the floor lowers

123
Q

what happens to the rib cage during muscle contraction

A

it expands

124
Q

what is the state of the diaphragm when it is relaxed

A

it’s dome shaped and projects into thoracic cavity

125
Q

what happens when the muscles surrounding the diaphragm contract

A

it moves inferiorly to thoracic cavity which increases volume of lungs

126
Q

what happens to pressure in the lungs as the volume increases

A

decreases (Boyle’s Law)

127
Q

what happens to the ribcage as muscles contract

A

it lifts –> it expands

128
Q

what are the 3 types of pressure

A

atmosphere, lungs, interpleural space

129
Q

what is the abbreviation for pressure in the atmosphere

A

P ATM

130
Q

what is the abbreviation for pressure in the lungs

A

P A

131
Q

what is the abbreviation for pressure in the interpleural space

A

P IP

132
Q

where is the intrapleural space

A

outside of the lungs

133
Q

what is the relationships between Pip and Pa

A

Pip is ALWAYS less than Pa

134
Q

when you’re breathing in, what is the relationships between the pressure of the lungs and atmosphere

A

Pa < Patm

135
Q

when you’re breathing out, what is the relationships between the pressure of the lungs and atmosphere

A

Pa > Patm

136
Q

what happens to intrapelural volume if pleural sac is punctured

A

it increases because air fills it

136
Q

why does Pa become less than Patm during beginning stages of inhalation

A

the volume of the lungs increases

137
Q

why does Pa increase during later stages of inhalation

A

because it is filling with air

138
Q

what does it mean for Pip to equal Patm

A

max amount of air

139
Q

what happens when the pleural sac is punctured

A

Pip equalizes with Patm

140
Q

what is compliance of the lungs

A

how easy it is to inflate them

141
Q

what 2 factors does compliance of the lungs depend on

A

intrapleural pressure and surfactant

142
Q

what 3 things does the law of Laplace have to do with

A

pressure, surface tension, and radius of alveoli

143
Q

how are pressure and radius related in alveoli

A

inversely

144
Q

how are amount of surfactant related to radius of alveoli

A

inversely - a small alveoli has greater surfactant to offset pressure

145
Q

what factors decrease lung volume

A

alveolar walls and muscle contraction

146
Q

what causes elastic recoil of the alveolar wall

A

elastin amounts and surface tension

147
Q

when does muscle contraction of the abdominal muscles occur

A

forced expiration

148
Q

what does contraction of the diaphragm result in

A

increase in lung volume

149
Q

what does contraction of intercostal muscles result in

A

increase in lung volume

150
Q

how are air pressure and density affected by altitude

A

pressure and density decreases as altitude increases (the higher up, the more spread out the particles are)

151
Q

does the composition of air change at all

A

NO

152
Q

what is Dalton’s law of partial pressures

A

total pressure of a mixture of gases is the sum of partial pressures of each gas

153
Q

what is total pressure a sum of

A

all the partial pressures of each gas

154
Q

what does extra ventilation increase

A

O2 content in blood

155
Q

what can diffuse in plasma

A

some gases that are lipid soluble

156
Q

what explains factors that affect diffusion

A

Fick’s Law

157
Q

what is diffusion rate proportional to

A

surface area, gas diffusion coefficient, partial pressure gradient

158
Q

how is surface area for gas exchange determined

A

number of functional lobes

159
Q

what does the gas diffusion coefficient tell us

A

how easily gas travels across the membrane

160
Q

what does the partial pressure gradient tell us

A

amount of oxygen available

161
Q

what is O2 bound to

A

hemoglobin

162
Q

how is ATP generated in RBC

A

anaerobically

163
Q

what does majority of oxygen in the blood do

A

bind to hemoglobin

164
Q

what does a small portion of oxygen in the blood do

A

dissolves in plasma

165
Q

what does a small portion of carbon dioxide in the blood do

A

dissolves in plasma

166
Q

what does majority of carbon dioxide in the blood do

A

diffuses into the RBC

167
Q

what does a small portion of carbon dioxide that has been diffused into the RBC do

A

bind to hemoglobin

168
Q

what is carbaminohemoglobin

A

carbon dioxide binded to hemoglobin

169
Q

what does a majority of carbon dioxide that has been diffused into the RBC do

A

convert to bicarbonate

170
Q

what happens to bicarbonate in the RBC

A

can bind to H+ or trade places with Cl-

171
Q

what is the chemical reaction in regards to gas exchange in the blood

A

CO2 + H2O <–> carbonic acid <–> H+ + bicarbonate

172
Q

what catalyzes the reaction in the blood

A

carbonic anhydrase

173
Q

how many subunits does hemoglobin have and what are they

A

4 total - 2 alpha, 2 beta

174
Q

what does each subunit in hemoglobin contain

A

heme

175
Q

what does heme bind to

A

O2

176
Q

what happens to neighboring subunits when O2 binds to heme

A

their structure changes to make O2 binding more easy

177
Q

what are the two states of hemoglobin

A

oxyhemoglobin and deoxyhemoglobin

178
Q

what is oxyhemoglobin

A

all 4 subunits are bound to O2

179
Q

where is oxyhemoglobin found

A

in the lungs

180
Q

where is deoxyhemoglobin found

A

in the tissues

181
Q

what is the partial pressure of O2 like in the linear relationship of the oxygen - hemoglobin saturation curve

A

high

182
Q

what is the hemoglobin saturation like in the linear relationship of the oxygen - hemoglobin saturation curve

A

saturated because more O2 is available

183
Q

how does the sigmoidal relationship/curve begin in the oxygen - hemoglobin saturation curve

A

increase in hemoglobin saturation

184
Q

positive cooperative binding

A

hemes become more accessible to O2 binding due to previous O2 binding

185
Q

where is myoglobin found

A

cardiac and skeletal muscles

186
Q

does myoglobin have high or low affinity for O2 binding compared to hemoglobin

A

high

187
Q

how many subunits does myoglobin have

A

1

188
Q

what are the fetal hemoglobin subunits

A

2 alpha, 2 gamma

189
Q

does fetal hemoglobin have high or low affinity to O2 binding

A

high

190
Q

what is the purpose of fetal hemoglobin having high affinity for O2 binding

A

so it can steal O2 from the mom’s hemoglobin

191
Q

what are the factors that influence release of O2 by hemoglobin

A

high CO2, low pH, high temperature

192
Q

how does CO2 affect affinity

A

CO2 binding to hemoglobin, decreasing O2 affinity

193
Q

how does pH affect affinity

A

more acidic cell = higher H+ levels, and H+ binds to hemoglobin which decreases affinity

194
Q

what causes the cell to become to acidic

A

lactic and carbonic acid buildup in muscles

195
Q

how does temp affect affinity

A

decreases O2 affinity

196
Q

what causes heat to be generated

A

contracting skeletal muscles

197
Q

what causes 2,3 BPG synthesis

A

increased temp, decreased pH

198
Q

which directional shift does BPG synthesis cause

A

right shift

199
Q

what directional shift results in decreased O2 affinity

A

right shift

200
Q

what process produces 2,3 BPG

A

glycolysis

201
Q

is glycolysis by RBCs aerobic or anaerobic

A

anaerobic

202
Q

what is the role of carbonic anhydrase in pH

A

maintains blood pH

203
Q

what is the range for blood pH

A

7.35-7.45

204
Q

what is it called when blood pH gets below 7.35

A

acidosis

205
Q

what is it called when blood pH gets above 7.45

A

alkalosis

206
Q

what does H+ do to pH

A

decreases it; makes it more basic

207
Q

what is the affinity for the Haldane effect

A

O2 concentrations increase = CO2 affinity decreases

208
Q

what side shift is the Haldane effect

A

left shift

209
Q

what is the affinity for the Bohr effect

A

CO2 concentrations increase = O2 affinity decreases

210
Q

which effect has to do with pH effects on hemoglobin saturation curve

A

Bohr

211
Q

where does the Haldane effect occur

A

in the lungs

212
Q

where does the Bohr effect occur

A

in the tissues

213
Q

what side shift is the Bohr effect

A

right shift

214
Q

what does intrapleural volume increasing too much lead to

A

lung collapses

215
Q

what is it called when the lung collapses

A

pneumothorax

216
Q

what is the main idea of Boyle’s law

A

volume/pressure

217
Q

what is the main idea of Fick’s law

A

diffusion of gases

218
Q

what is the main idea of Dalton’s law

A

partial pressure - O2 available

219
Q

what is the main idea of Henry’s law

A

gases dissolving (solubility)

220
Q

what two factors of the gas diffusion coefficient that determine how easily a gas passes

A

solubility and molecular weight

221
Q

what do gases dissolve into solution in proportion to (in henrys law)

A

their partial pressure

222
Q

if you open a soda can, what happens to the CO2

A

it reaches equilibrium with the CO2 in the atmosphere

223
Q

what happens when a gas comes into contact with a solution/liquid in Henry’s Law

A

it dissolves

224
Q

why does CO2 diffuse in equal amounts with oxygen

A

different solubility

225
Q

what determines the amount of gas that is able to dissolve

A

it’s solubility

226
Q

is CO2 or O2 more soluble in plasma

A

CO2

227
Q

what are the CO2 and O2 levels in the alveoli

A

O2 is decreased, CO2 is increased

228
Q

why does O2 decrease and CO2 increase once it enters the alveoli

A

it mixes with residual air in the alveoli

229
Q

what are the CO2 and O2 levels in the arterial blood

A

same as alveoli levels

230
Q

what are the CO2 and O2 levels in the cells

A

O2 is decreased, CO2 is increased

231
Q

why does O2 decrease and CO2 increase once it enters the cell

A

O2 is used to make ATP, and cells release CO2 when ATP is being made

232
Q

what are the CO2 and O2 levels in the venous blood

A

same as levels in the cell

233
Q

is the blood oxygenated or deoxygenated when it goes from the arterial blood to the cells

A

deoxygenated

234
Q

is the blood oxygenated or deoxygenated when it goes from the cells to the venous blood

A

oxygenated

235
Q

what type of muscle lines the bronchioles

A

smooth

236
Q

what is the smooth muscle in the bronchioles sensitive to

A

CO2 pressure

237
Q

what increases bronchioles diameter

A

increase in CO2 pressure

238
Q

what is it called when the CO2 pressure in the bronchioles increases

A

bronchodilator

239
Q

what is called when the CO2 pressure in the bronchioles decreases

A

bronchoconstriction

240
Q

where is airflow directed to to engage in gas exchange in the bronchioles

A

lobules with a high CO2 pressure

241
Q

what is breathing controlled by in the brain

A

brainstem

242
Q

what is the brainstem composed of

A

medulla and pons

243
Q

are efferent nerve impulses to or from the medulla

A

from

244
Q

are afferent nerve impulses to or from the medulla

A

to

245
Q

what do efferent nerve impulses cause to happen

A

diaphragm and intercostal muscles contract

246
Q

what are afferent nerve impulses stimulated by

A

increase of CO2 in blood and decrease in O2

247
Q

what do central chemoreceptors detect

A

pH levels or CO2 levels in cerebrospinal fluid

248
Q

what do peripheral chemoreceptor detect

A

O2 levels in blood

249
Q

what does CO2 cross in the CNS

A

blood brain barrier

250
Q

what is the blood brain barrier formed by

A

astrocytes

251
Q

what causes H+ to be present in the CSF

A

carbonic anhydrase

252
Q

what does H+ bind to in the CNS

A

chemoreceptors in the brainstem

253
Q

what happens when H+ binds to chemoreceptors

A

action potential is sent to respiratory system

254
Q

where is the respiratory system

A

brainstem

255
Q

where are peripheral chemoreceptors located

A

carotid and aortic bodies

256
Q

where do carotid arteries send blood

A

brain

257
Q

where do aortic bodies send blood

A

body and heart

258
Q

what nerves send signals to contract or relax diaphragm

A

phrenic nerves

259
Q

what nerves send signals to contract or relax intercostal muscles

A

intercostal nerves

260
Q

where is the involuntary upper motor neuron located

A

respiratory center

261
Q

where is the voluntary upper motor neuron located

A

primary motor cortex

262
Q

how is CO2 and pH related

A

inversely

263
Q

what is hypercapnia

A

increase in CO2

264
Q

what causes hypercapnia

A

hypoventilation

265
Q

what does hypoventilation result in

A

CO2 build up

266
Q

how can you fix hypocapnia

A

decrease respiration

267
Q

what is hypocapnia

A

decrease in CO2

268
Q

what causes hypocapnia

A

hyperventilation

269
Q

what does hyperventilation result in

A

low CO2 levels

270
Q

how can you fix hypercapnia

A

increase respiration

BMS 300 (6 decks)

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