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BMS 300 > Cardiovascular system > Flashcards

Cardiovascular system Flashcards

1
Q

what are the three major components of the CV system

A

blood, blood vessels, heart

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2
Q

what is the main function of the blood

A

transport nutrients, waste, hormones, gas

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3
Q

what is the main function of the heart

A

to pump

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4
Q

what is the pathway of deoxygenated blood (in the simplest terms)

A

body to heart via vena cava, heart to lungs via pulmonary artery

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5
Q

what is the pathway of oxygenated blood (in the simplest terms)

A

lungs to heart via pulmonary veins, heart to body via aorta

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6
Q

what does it mean for the heart to be a closed system

A

what’s pumped out comes back in

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7
Q

what does pulmonary mean

A

to and from the lungs

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8
Q

what does systemic mean

A

to and from the body

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9
Q

what are the blood vessels that carry deoxygenated blood

A

superior and inferior vena cava, pulmonary trunk, coronary sinuses

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10
Q

what are the blood vessels that carry oxygenated blood

A

pulmonary veins and aorta

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11
Q

what is atherosclerosis

A

buildup of plaque in vessels

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12
Q

what is coronary artery disease

A

buildup specifically in the heart blood vessels

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13
Q

what is a result of coronary artery disease

A

heart tissue dies from lack of blood

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14
Q

what is a heart attack

A

heart tissue dies (takes time)

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15
Q

what is cardiac arrest

A

immediate electrical issue in the heart

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16
Q

what is the order of how blood flows in the heart

A

sup/inf vena cava –> right atrium –> right ventricle via tricuspid valve –> pulmonary trunk to lungs –> lungs to be oxygenated –> pulmonary veins –> left atrium –> left ventricle via bicuspid valve –> aorta to body

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17
Q

in the relaxed state of the heart, what two valves are open, and what two valves are closed

A

tricuspid and bicuspid (mitral) valve are open, aortic and pulmonary valve are closed

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18
Q

what state is the chordae tendineae loose and the papillary muscles relaxed

A

relaxed state

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19
Q

what is happening to the left ventricle in the relaxed state

A

it’s relaxed so blood can fill it

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20
Q

in the contracted state of the heart, what two valves are open, and what two valves are closed

A

tricuspid and mitral valve are closed, and aortic and pulmonary valves are open

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21
Q

what state is the chordae tendineae tensed and the papillary muscles contracted

A

contracted state

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22
Q

what is the inner layer membrane of the heart called

A

epicardium (visceral layer)

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23
Q

what is the outer layer membrane of the heart called

A

pericardium (parietal layer)

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24
Q

what are the two parts of the pericardium

A

fibrous layer, serous layer (mesothelium)

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25
Q

what type of tissue is the pericardium made up of

A

areolar

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26
Q

what does the myocardium contain

A

cardiac muscle cells and connective tissue

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27
Q

what does the endocardium contain

A

endothelium and areolar tissue

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28
Q

what is pericarditis

A

inflammation of the pericardium

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29
Q

what are some potential complications of pericarditis

A

fluid build up and pressure (cardiac tamponade)

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30
Q

how is force produced in the heart (in reference to two types of cells)

A

The electrical cells trigger the mechanical cells to produce and action potential

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31
Q

what is another name for electrical cells

A

autorhythmic cells

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32
Q

what type of cell in the heart have sarcomeres

A

contractile/mechanical cells

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33
Q

what channel is used in autorhythmic cells

A

HCN channels

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34
Q

what type of heart cells produce an action potential spontaneously

A

autorhythmic

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35
Q

where can autorhythmic cells be found

A

nodes of the heart

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36
Q

when are HCN channels opening

A

when the membrane potential is hyperpolarized

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37
Q

what do HCN channels generate

A

“funny” pacemaker current (If)

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38
Q

how do electrical impulses travel to ventricle

A

signal starts at SA node and moves through AV node branches to purkinje fibers which contract the ventricle

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39
Q

how is a pacemaker action potential threshold reached

A

HCN channels depolarize using If channels

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40
Q

how is pacemaker action potential depolarized

A

Ca2+ influx

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41
Q

how is pacemaker action potential repolarized

A

K+ efflux

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42
Q

what depolarizes the cell to threshold in autorhythmic cells

A

If (funny) channels; Na+ flows in

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43
Q

what happens during rapid depolarization in autorhythmic cells

A

Ca2+ flows into cell

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44
Q

what happens during repolarization in autorhythmic cells

A

K+ flows out of cell to bring it back to resting membrane potential

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45
Q

what causes contractile cells to reach threshold

A

action potential; Na+ influx

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46
Q

what is the peak in autorhythmic cells

A

K+ channels opening

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47
Q

what is the reason for the straight line/no change in contractile cells

A

delay in Ca2+ influx

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48
Q

what is the peak in contractile cells

A

Ca2+ released from SR causes influx

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49
Q

what causes slow repolarization in contractile cells

A

Ca2+ channels start closing

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50
Q

what causes rapid repolarization in contractile cells

A

K+ channels open and K+ moves out of cell; Na+ efflux

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51
Q

why can’t pacemaker action potentials ever meet resting membrane potential

A

constant slow inflow of Na+

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52
Q

which node fires faster

A

SA node

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53
Q

why does the SA node fire faster

A

it has more HCN channels

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54
Q

what is a result of the AV node being slow

A

there is a delay in the electrical impulses in the inter ventricular septum

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55
Q

what does an electrocardiogram display

A

the action potentials in the myocardium

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56
Q

describe the P wave

A

SA node fires and spreads across the atria to depolarize it

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57
Q

what happens in the PR segment

A

signal goes to AV node

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58
Q

what happens in the QRS complex

A

the ventricles depolarize and contract

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59
Q

what happens in the ST segments

A

action potential plateau

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60
Q

what happens in the T wave

A

ventricles repolarize and relax

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61
Q

what is one heart beat on an ECG

A

R to R

62
Q

what is bradycardia

A

slow heart rate

63
Q

what is tachycardia

A

fast heart rate

64
Q

what is a heart block defined as

A

interruption in conduction

65
Q

what is fibrillation

A

rapid, irregular contractions

66
Q

what does an amplified P-wave result in

A

enlarged atria

67
Q

what does a flatter T-wave result in

A

insufficient oxygen to myocardium

68
Q

what does elevation of the ST segment result in

A

myocardial infarction

69
Q

how does the AV valve open

A

atria pressure is greater than ventricular pressure

70
Q

why are both the AV and aortic valves closed

A

ventricular pressure is greater than atria pressure, but ventricular pressure is less than aortic pressure

71
Q

how does the aortic valve open

A

ventricular pressure is greater than aortic pressure, and blood moves from ventricle to aorta

72
Q

what is the 1st step of the cardiac cycle

A

atria contracts

73
Q

what is the 2nd step of the cardiac cycle

A

atria moves blood to ventricle

74
Q

what is the 3rd step of the cardiac cycle

A

AV valve closes; atrial systole ends

75
Q

What is the 4th step of the cardiac cycle

A

isovolumic contraction

76
Q

what causes isovolumic contraction

A

ventricle pressure rises, but isn’t higher than aortic pressure

77
Q

what is the 5th step of the cardiac cycle

A

blood is pumped out of the ventricle into the aorta

78
Q

why does the ventricle pump out blood

A

ventricle pressure is greater than aortic pressure

79
Q

what is the 6th step of the cardiac cycle

A

aortic valve closes

80
Q

what is the 7th step of tech cardiac cycle

A

isovolumic relaxation

81
Q

what causes isovolumic relaxation

A

ventricular pressure is less than aortic pressure, but greater than atria pressure

82
Q

1st step of the pressure volume loop (starting on the right bottom corner)

A

isovolumic contraction

83
Q

2nd step of the pressure volume loop

A

ventricles eject blood into aorta

84
Q

3rd step of the pressure volume loop

A

AV valve closes and vents repolarize

85
Q

4th step of the pressure volume loop

A

isovolumic relaxation

86
Q

5th step of the pressure volume loop

A

AV valve opens and passively fills ventricles

87
Q

when is end diastolic volume read

A

after passive filling of vents and before isovolumic contraction

88
Q

when is end systolic volume read

A

after isovolumic relaxation and before passive filling

89
Q

what is the slope in the pressure volume loop

A

relationship between ESV and afterload

90
Q

the slope constructed using the ESV in the PV loop indicates

A

contractility

91
Q

what is stroke volume

A

volume of blood pumped out in one beat

92
Q

what is ejection fraction

A

systolic volume divided by EDV x 100

93
Q

what is preload

A

the length of the muscle of ventricles before contraction

94
Q

what is afterload

A

the force that goes against the heart when it has to contract (vent pressure > aortic pressure)

95
Q

what is contractility

A

the ability for the heart to pump blood against a specific load

96
Q

what is preload related to

A

EDV

97
Q

what is the equation for cardiac output

A

CO = HR x SV

98
Q

how is cardiac output defined

A

volume of blood pumped through the heart in 1 minute

99
Q

what factors affect stroke volume

A

EDV and ESV

100
Q

how are SV and EDV related

A

directly

101
Q

how are SV and ESV related

A

inversely

102
Q

what factors affect heart rate

A

autonomic innervation (PNS and SNS) and hormones

103
Q

how is blood being pumped impacted by exercise

A

it increases when intensity increases

104
Q

what determines amount of blood being pumped

A

venous return

105
Q

what is venous return

A

veins bringing blood back to the heart

106
Q

what is the frank starling principle

A

force-length relationship

107
Q

what prevents muscle overstretching

A

CT, cardiac skeleton, and pericardium

108
Q

where does the electrical signal start in the parasympathetic part of the autonomic innervation

A

cardioinhibitory center

109
Q

what does the signal travel through in the parasympathetic part of the autonomic innervation

A

vagus nerve

110
Q

where do the ganglionic fibers synapse in the parasympathetic part of the autonomic innervation

A

cardiac plexus

111
Q

what is the main goal of the PNS nerves in the heart

A

slow heart rate and hyperpolarize

112
Q

where does the electrical signal start in the sympathetic part of the autonomic innervation

A

cardioacceleratory center

113
Q

where do the ganglionic fiber synapse in the sympathetic part of the autonomic innervation

A

sympathetic ganglia

114
Q

do the SNS or PNS nerves integrate the ventricles more

A

SNS

115
Q

what is the main goal of the SNS nerves in the heart

A

speed up HR and depolarize

116
Q

how does depolarization occur via sympathetic nerves

A

Nor-epi opens Na+ and Ca2+ channels

117
Q

how does hyerpolarization occur via parasympathetic nerves

A

ACh opens K+ channels and K+ leaves SA node

118
Q

how does the cardiac center monitors detect changes in blood composition

A

chemo and baroreceptors

119
Q

what do baroreceptors do

A

detect changes in blood pressure

120
Q

what does it mean if there is a higher degree of hyperpolarization in parasympathetic stimulation

A

it’s harder to reach threshold = decreased heart rate from delay

121
Q

what causes hyperpolarization in parasympathetic NS

A

K+ channels and open and it leaves cell

122
Q

what hormone is in charge of opening K+ channels in PNS stimulation

A

ACh

123
Q

what causes rapid depolarization in sympathetic stimulation

A

Na+ and Ca+ channels open

124
Q

what hormone is in charge of opening HCN (Na+ and Ca+ channels)

A

Nor-epi

125
Q

does rapid depolarization occur in PNS or SNS stimulation

A
126
Q

what is the point of the SNS contracting peripheral vessels

A

to take away blood flow to unimportant things and give it to brain and vital organs

127
Q

what is does it mean to dilate the bronchioles

A

to give more oxygen to tissues

128
Q

what factors influence blood flow and resistance

A

blood viscosity, blood vessel length, blood vessel diameter

129
Q

what is blood viscosity influenced

A

plasma proteins and temperature

130
Q

how does blood vessel length affect blood flow

A

it’s like drinking out of a longer straw - it takes a long time to flow to the necessary areas

131
Q

what happens to the blood vessels during systolic pressure

A

they branch out to a larger cross sectional area

132
Q

what does the branching of blood vessels lead to

A

decreases in BP

133
Q

when does the greatest decreases in blood pressure occur

A

when blood moves from arterioles to capillaries

134
Q

does deoxygenated blood move through arteries or veins

A

veins (they both start with NOT a vowel)

135
Q

what do capillaries do to blood

A

they facilitate gas exchange in the blood

136
Q

what is the outermost layer of arteries and veins

A

tunica externa

137
Q

what is the middlemost layer of arteries and veins

A

tunica media

138
Q

what is the innermost layer of arteries and veins

A

tunica intima

139
Q

do arteries or veins have thicker walls

A

arteries

140
Q

what are arteries made of

A

smooth muscle

141
Q

what keeps back flow from occurring in veins

A

valves - can only move one way

142
Q

how do varicose veins come about

A

the valves weaken, and blood is able to pool in certain areas

143
Q

how are diameter and cross-sectional area related

A

inversely

144
Q

when does the speed of blood moving decrease the most

A

arteries to arterioles to capillaries

145
Q

what happens after the P wave

A

ventricle fills

146
Q

what’s another name for the serous layer of the pericardium

A

mesothelium

147
Q

what binds to calcium in the smooth muscle contraction

A

calmodulin

148
Q

what is attached to myosin in smooth muscle contraction

A

RLC

149
Q

what does calmodulin activate

A

myosin light chain kinase

150
Q

what leads to phosphorylation of smooth muscle cross bridges

A

myosin light chain kinase

151
Q
A

BMS 300 (6 decks)

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