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BMS 300 > Nervous system > Flashcards

Nervous system Flashcards

1
Q

what is the data coming into the nervous system called

A

afferent (accept)

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2
Q

what is the data going of the nervous system called

A

efferent (exit)

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3
Q

what is the electromagnetic senses

A

sight

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4
Q

what is the mechanical senses

A

touch and hearing

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5
Q

what is the chemical senses

A

taste and smell

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6
Q

what is sensory transduction

A

energy changes due to the movement of ions across the membrane

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7
Q

what is the “language” that the brain understands

A

movement of ions across membrane

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8
Q

how are wavelength and frequency related

A

inversely

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9
Q

how does light enter the eyes

A

photoreceptors

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10
Q

what type of light do humans see

A

visible light

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11
Q

where is taste detected

A

gustatory cortex

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12
Q

what converts chemical to brain signals in taste

A

chemoreceptors on the tongue

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13
Q

what are chemoreceptors on the tongue called

A

papillae

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14
Q

what is the movement of ions across the membrane in regards to salt and sour

A

a channel lets H+ and Na+ ions through membrane

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15
Q

what is called when the inside of the cell becomes more positive

A

depolarized

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16
Q

what is the movement of ions across the membrane in regards to sweet, bitter, and umami

A

ion attaches to receptor to activate the G protein

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17
Q

what happens when the G protein is activated

A

stimulates the release of neurotransmitters

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18
Q

where is smell detected

A

olfactory cortex

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19
Q

where are taste and smell interpreted

A

in the brain

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20
Q

what is the order of how scent travels to the brain

A

epithelium –> nerves –> bulb –> tract –> CNS

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21
Q

what is the unit of what we hear

A

Hz

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22
Q

where are vibrating air molecules sent

A

ear canal

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23
Q

where is sound sent from the ear canal

A

ear drum

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24
Q

where is sound sent from the ear drum

A

ossicles

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25
Q

where is sound sent from the ossicles

A

cochlea and vestibulocochlear

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26
Q

what happens to sound once it exits the cochlea and vestibulocochlear

A

hair cells are stimulated

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27
Q

what happens once the hair cells in the ear are stimulated

A

nerve fibers send info to auditory cortex

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28
Q

what do mechanically gated ions respond to

A

pressure, stretch, distortion of the membrane

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29
Q

where is touch processed

A

somatosensory cortex

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30
Q

where is motor input located

A

frontal lobe

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31
Q

where is somatosensory input located

A

parietal lobe

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32
Q

where is visual input located

A

occipital lobe

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33
Q

where is auditory and olfactory input located

A

temporal

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34
Q

what is the fundamental unit of the nervous system

A

the neuron

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35
Q

where in the neuron does ATP synthesis occur

A

mitochondria

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36
Q

where in the neuron are proteins made

A

Golgi

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37
Q

what part of the neuron sends info to other neurons

A

axon terminals

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38
Q

what part of the neuron receives info

A

dendrites

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39
Q

what kind of channels is input

A

ligand gated channels

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40
Q

what kind of channels is conduction

A

voltage gated channels

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41
Q

what kind of channels is output

A

voltage gated calcium channels

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42
Q

what do ligand channels open in response to

A

ACH

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43
Q

what do voltage gated channels open in response to

A

membrane potential

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44
Q

when are voltage gated channels closed

A

-70 mV

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45
Q

when are voltage gated channels opened

A

-60 mV

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46
Q

when are voltage gated channels inactivated

A

+30 mV

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47
Q

what is axonal transport

A

movement of materials between cell body and axon terminals

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48
Q

how do materials move along the neurotubules

A

+K and -D motor proteins

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49
Q

what is anterograde fast transport

A

vesicle transport

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50
Q

what are the vesicles used in anterograde fast transport

A

transmembrane proteins on membrane bound ribosomes

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51
Q

what is anterograde slow transport

A

non-vesicle transport

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52
Q

what are the non-vesicles in anterograde slow transport

A

cytoplasmic on free ribosomes

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53
Q

what are glial cells

A

cells of the CNS and PNS

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54
Q

what is the purpose of glial cells

A

support and protect neurons

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55
Q

what are the glial cells found in the CNS

A

astrocytes, ependymal, oligodendrocytes, microglial (OMEA)

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56
Q

what are the glial cells found in the PNS

A

satellite cells and Schwann cells

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57
Q

what are the functions of astrocytes

A

blood brain barrier, control interstitial environment, and recycle neurotransmitters

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58
Q

what are the functions of ependymal cells

A

line ventricles, protection of brain, and nourishment and waste removal

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59
Q

what is the function of oligodendrocytes

A

myelinate the axon of CNS neurons

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60
Q

what is the function of satellite cells

A

surround ganglia and regulate fluid in neurons

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61
Q

what is the function of Schwann cells

A

myelinate the axon of PNS neurons

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62
Q

what is resting membrane potential

A

unstimulated resting cell

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63
Q

what is graded potential

A

temporary change in resting potential

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64
Q

what is action potential

A

electrical impulse

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65
Q

what is the goal of resting membrane potential

A

seeks equilibrium for ion that is dominate

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66
Q

what is a characteristic of the membrane in resting membrane potential

A

selectively permeable

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67
Q

what is voltage in ohms law

A

force that moves the current

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68
Q

what is current in ohms law

A

ions moving across the membrane

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69
Q

what is resistance in ohms law

A

how much membrane restricts movement

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70
Q

how does myelination effect resistance of the membrane

A

higher resistance with myelination

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71
Q

what is the movement of ions in a chemical gradient

A

passive

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72
Q

how is the movement of ions driven in a chemical gradient

A

concentration gradient

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73
Q

what causes potassium to move out of the cell in a chemical gradient

A

increase in intracellular K+

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74
Q

what causes sodium to move in to the cell in a chemical gradient

A

increase in extracellular Na+

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75
Q

what is the movement of ions in a electrical gradient

A

passive

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76
Q

how is the movement of ions driven in a electrical gradient

A

charge differences

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77
Q

how is potassium effected by the electrical gradient

A

is is weakened

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78
Q

what does sodium do in the electrical gradient

A

goes into the cell

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79
Q

what does sodium do in the electrical gradient

A

goes into the cell

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80
Q

what is equilibrium potential

A

membrane potential with no net movement

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81
Q

what does the membrane in equilibrium potential have high permeability to

A

potassium

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82
Q

what does the membrane in equilibrium potential have low permeability to

A

sodium

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83
Q

how is equilibrium potential calculated

A

Nernst equation

84
Q

what is the determinant of the Nernst equation

A

ionic concentration of the inside and outside of cell

85
Q

can graded potential create and full action potential

A

no

86
Q

why doesn’t local current spread in graded potential

A

cytosol is resistant to ion flow and Na+ efflux

87
Q

what is the result of the local current not being able to spread in graded potential

A

graded potential cannot reach full action potential

88
Q

what is involved in graded potential

A

depolarization and hyperpolarization

89
Q

osteoclasts cause calcium to be reabsorbed into the bones

A
90
Q

“tonin” = tone it down

A
91
Q

what is temporal summation

A

2 stimuli on the same spot at a different time (the first stimuli is temporary to move for the second one)

92
Q

what is spatial summation

A

2 stimuli received at the same time but different location (the stimuli are physically spaced out)

93
Q

where does the action potential send a charge down

A

the axon

94
Q

what does an action potential affect

A

the entire membrane

95
Q

where do action potentials begin

A

initial segment of axon

96
Q

how does the graded potential get the action potential to threshold

A

depolarizes the axolemma (axon membrane)

97
Q

what has to be reached in order to begin an action potential

A

threshold

98
Q

what is the term for when the membrane potential begins to increase

A

depolarization

99
Q

what causes depolarization in an action potential

A

Na+ channels start to open

100
Q

what is happening during rapid depolarization of an action potential

A

Na+ rushes into cytosol

101
Q

what is the membrane potential during the peak of an action potential

A

+30mV

102
Q

what is happening in an action potential as the membrane reaches +30mV (peak)

A

Na+ channels close, K+ channels open

103
Q

what is happening during depolarization in an action potential

A

K+ moves out of cell

104
Q

what happens at the very end of an action potential

A

K+ channels close, Na+ channels become inactive

105
Q

what causes temporary hyperpolarization in an action potential

A

K+ is still moving out cell while the channels are closing

106
Q

how do action potential across an axon when it is unmyelinated

A

continuously

107
Q

what happens in the initial segment of an unmyelinated axon

A

depolarization

108
Q

what happens in the 2nd segment of an unmyelinated axon

A

sodium ions spread –> depolarized to threshold

109
Q

what happens to segment 1, when segment 2 becomes depolarized

A

repolarizes

110
Q

what brings segment 3 to threshold

A

graded potential brings axolemma to threshold

111
Q

how does an action potential move down a myelinated axon

A

it jumps from node to node

112
Q

do action potentials move faster down unmyelinated or myelinated axons

A

myelinated

113
Q

what occurs at the initial segment of a myelinated axon

A

Na+ ions go in

114
Q

how does node 2 get to threshold in a myelinated axon

A

local current causes the graded potential to bring the axolemma to node 2

115
Q

what is the very first step of an action potential in a cholinergic synapse

A

action potential depolarizes axon terminal

116
Q

what does depolarization in an action potential in a cholinergic synapse cause to happen

A

Ca2+ channels open and Ca2+ enters cytosol

117
Q

what happens once Ca2+ enters the cytosol in an action potential in a cholinergic synapse

A

ACh is released from vesicles by exocytosis

118
Q

what happens once ACh is released from presynaptic cleft in an action potential in a cholinergic synapse

A

binds to receptors on post synaptic neuron

119
Q

what happens once ACh binds to post synaptic neuron receptors in an action potential in a cholinergic synapse

A

Na+ channels open –> depolarization

120
Q

what is ACh broken down into after it binded to post synaptic neuron in an action potential in a cholinergic synapse

A

acetate and choline

121
Q

what happens to choline once ACh is broken down in an action potential in a cholinergic synapse

A

it’s reabsorbed into axon terminal and is resynthesized to make ACh

122
Q

what activates the SNARE complex

A

synaptotagmin

123
Q

how do astrocytes regulate neurotransmitters

A

they metabolize them and release precursor back to neurons

124
Q

what are postsynaptic potentials

A

graded potentials in response to a neurotransmitter

125
Q

what is EPSP

A

graded potential caused by arrival of neurotransmitters

126
Q

what is IPSP

A

graded hyperpolarization

127
Q

what is released during inhibition of axoaxonic synapse

A

GABA

128
Q

what does the release of GABA cause during inhibition of axoaxonic synapse

A

inactivation of Ca2+ channels

129
Q
A
130
Q

what are post synaptic potentials

A

graded potentials that respond to neurotransmitters

131
Q

what is EPSP

A

graded depolarization caused by arrival of neurotransmitter

132
Q

what is IPSP

A

graded hyperpolarization

133
Q

what is released at the axoaxonic synapse during inhibition of presynaptic regulation

A

GABA

134
Q

what does GABA being released for the axoaxonic synapse result in during inhibition of presynaptic regulation

A

inactivation of calcium channels

135
Q

what is the result of less calcium in the presynaptic axon during inhibition of presynaptic regulation

A

less neurotransmitters

136
Q

what is released at the axoaxonic synapse during facilitation of presynaptic regulation

A

serotonin

137
Q

what does serotonin being released for the axoaxonic synapse result in during facilitation of presynaptic regulation

A

activation of calcium channels

138
Q

what is the result of more calcium in the presynaptic axon during facilitation of presynaptic regulation

A

more neurotransmitters

139
Q

what do each pair of spinal nerves monitor

A

regions of the body surface called dermatomes

140
Q

what is the purpose of meninges

A

provide stability and shock absorption

141
Q

what does the epidural space separate

A

dura matter from vertebral canal

142
Q

what does the subarachnoid space contain

A

cerebrospinal fluid

143
Q

what kind of tissue can be found in the epidural space

A

adipose tissue

144
Q

what part of the spinal cord carries sensory input

A

posterior root

145
Q

what part of the spinal cord carries motor output

A

anterior root

146
Q

what is the function of grey matter

A

integrates info and initiates commands

147
Q

what is the function of white matter

A

carries info from place to place

148
Q

do reflexes produce the same motor response every time

A

yes

149
Q

what is the reflex arc

A

sensory info goes through posterior root, and motor info goes out through anterior root

150
Q

what is the sensory info sent once it enters the spinal cord (in the reflex arc)

A

CNS part of the brain

151
Q

what causes the response in the reflex arc

A

effector

152
Q

what type of reflex is stretch

A

monosynaptic

153
Q

what is monosynaptic reflex

A

sensory neuron synapses directly with motor neuron

154
Q

what type of reflex is tension

A

polysynaptic

155
Q

what does a polysynaptic reflex use that a monosynaptic doesn’t

A

interneuron

156
Q

what sends a signal to the sensory neuron in a stretch reflex

A

distortion of receptor

157
Q

where does the motor neuron send the signal to in a stretch reflex

A

motor unit

158
Q

what happens when the motor unit receives a signal

A

muscle contraction

159
Q

what kind of reflex is a spinal reflex

A

withdrawal

160
Q

is a withdrawal reflex mono or polysynaptic

A

polysynaptic

161
Q

what do the flexors and extensors do during a withdrawal reflex

A

flexors contract, extensors relax

162
Q

what does the response of a withdrawal reflex depend on

A

intensity and location of stimuli

163
Q

where is the body of a 1st order neuron located

A

posterior root ganglion

164
Q

where is the cell body of the 2nd order neuron located

A

spinal cord

165
Q

where does the 2nd order neuron span to

A

brain stem

166
Q

what does the 2nd order neuron cross to

A

one side of the CNS to the opposite side

167
Q

where does the 2nd order neuron connect to the 3rd order neuron

A

thalamus

168
Q

where is the cell body of the 3rd order neuron located

A

thalamus

169
Q

what does the 3rd order neuron connect to

A

primary somatosensory cortex

170
Q

what is the spinothalamic pathway referred as

A

crude

171
Q

what is the posterior column medial lemniscus pathway referred as

A

fine

172
Q

what does the 2nd order neuron cross in the crude pathway

A

spinal cord

173
Q

what does the 2nd order neuron descend into in the crude pathway

A

thalamus (hence the name spinothalamic)

174
Q

what does the crude pathway detect

A

light pressure and pain

175
Q

what does the 2nd order neuron cross in the fine pathway

A

brainstem

176
Q

what does the 2nd order neuron descend into in the fine pathway

A

medial lemniscus

177
Q

what does the fine pathway detect

A

fine touch, deep pressure (crosses deep in the brain)

178
Q

what is brown-sequard syndrome (BSS)

A

lesions in the spinal cord

179
Q

what does BSS result in

A

weakness on one side of the body and loss of sensation on the other side

180
Q

what is the sensory homunculus a map of

A

primary somatosensory cortex

181
Q

what is the sensory homunculus proportional to

A

density of neurons

182
Q

what does the motor homunculus indicate

A

fine motor control available for specific regions of the body

183
Q

what is the size of the hands, face, tongue in the motor homunculus

A

large

184
Q

what is the size of the trunk in the motor homunculus

A

small

185
Q

what kind of control is the autonomic nervous system

A

involuntary

186
Q

what are the 2 divisions of the autonomic nervous system

A

sympathetic (SNS) and parasympathetic (PSNS)

187
Q

what is longer, the PSNS or SNS

A

PSNS

188
Q

what is the distance between the cell body and tissue in the SNS

A

far

189
Q

what hormones are released during SNS activation

A

epinephrine and norepinephrine

190
Q

what does epi or norepi bind to in the blood

A

GPCR (G- protein coupled receptors)

191
Q

where is the cell body relative to target tissue in PSNS

A

adjacent

192
Q

what hormone is released during PSNS activation

A

ACh

193
Q

what kind of channels are ACh released onto

A

ligand-gated

194
Q

what do autonomic neurons do

A

maintain background levels/regulatory effect

195
Q

how is heart rate maintained via autonomic tone

A

ACh and norepinephrine are released continuously

196
Q

what is G-alpha-s

A

subunit

197
Q

what is G-alpha-i

A

subunit

198
Q

what do G-alpha-a and i bind to

A

adenylyl cyclase

199
Q

what effect is Ga-s

A

stimulatory

200
Q

what effect is Ga-i

A

inhibitory

201
Q

what does Ga-s do

A

excites adenylyl cyclase to form cAMP from ATP

202
Q

what does Ga-i do

A

inhibits adenylyl cyclase and reduces cAMP levels

203
Q

what does G-alpha-Q cause to happen

A

alpha subunit binds to PLC and causes PIP2 to split into IP3 and DAG

204
Q

what happens once IP3 is formed from Gaq

A

binds to calcium and moves it into cytoplasm

205
Q

what happens once calcium moves into cytoplasm

A

smooth muscle contracts

BMS 300 (14 decks)

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