Reproductive system Flashcards
what do reproductive organs produce and store (in general)
gametes
what do gonads do
produce gametes and hormones
what do ducts do
receive and transport gametes
what do accessory glands do
secrete fluids into ducts
what is the pathway of sperm
testis –> epididymis –> vas deferens –> urethra
where do spermatic cords begin
at the entrance to the inguinal canal
what do the spermatic cords descend into
scrotum
what do spermatic cords enclose
ductus deferens, vessels, nerves,
what is protruding in an inguinal hernia
visceral tissue
where is the visceral tissue protruding into in an inguinal hernia
inguinal canal
why are inguinal hernias common in males
the spermatic cord creates a weak point in the abdominal wall
what does the temperature have to be for normal sperm development
1.1 degrees lower than the rest of the body
what muscles in the testes relax when the temperature increases
cremaster and dartos
why do the cremaster and dartos relax when temp increases
to move testes away to keep them cooler
what happens to the cremaster and dartos when the scrotum becomes too cold
they contract to keep testes close and warm
what is the structure of seminiferous tubules
slender and tightly coiled
where are seminiferous tubules found
lobules of the testes
where is sperm produced
seminiferous tubules
what do the testes produce
sperm
where are the testes found
scrotum
what are the 3 accessory glands in the male reproductive system
seminal gland, prostate, bulbourethral gland
what do sperms start out as
spermatogonium
what do spermatogoniums give rise to
primary spermatocyte
what do primary spermatocytes give rise to
secondary spermatocyte
what do secondary spermatocytes give rise to
spermatids
what is the process that spermatids undergo to form sperm
spermiogensis
what does sperm exit the body through
lumen
what are the 2 types of cells found in the seminiferous tubule
nurse and intersitial
what is the function of nurse cells
the space between them is where sperm development takes place
what is the purpose of the blood testis barrier
to keep sperm away from immune cells cause they will kill the sperm since they’re foreign
what is the function of interstitial cells
they produce testosterone
where is the blood testis barrier located between
spermatogonia and primary spermatocytes
what is the result of mitosis
2 identical daughter cells
what is the result of meiosis
4 unique daughter cells
what is there less of in the daughter cells in meiosis
genetic information
does mitosis or meiosis have more steps
meiosis
what is in the parent cell
23 pairs of chromosomes
what is the first phase of mitosis
prophase
what is the result of prophase
2 sister chromatids
what happens during prophase
DNA is duplicated
what is the second phase of mitosis
metaphase
what happens during metaphase
genetic material is positioned along midline
what is the third phase of mitosis
anaphase
what happens during anaphase
sister chromatids are pulled to opposite ends of the cell
what is the last phase of mitosis
telophase
what happens during telophase
cell splits up leaving you with 2 identical daughter cells
what is the first step of meiosis
prophase 1
what happens during prophase 1
DNA is duplicating
what is formed by the homologous chromosomes in prophase 1
tetrad (chromosomes sticking together)
what does the chromosomes crossing over in prophase 1 lead to
homologous recombination
what does homologous recombination lead to
unique genetic material
what is the second phase of meiosis
metaphase 1
what happens during metaphase 1
genetic material is arranged on the midline
what is the third phase of meiosis
anaphase 1
what happens during anaphase 1
sister chromatids remain together
what is the step that happens during meiosis 2
anaphase 2
what happens during anaphase 2
sister chromatids separate
after meiosis 2, what are male gametes
haploid
how long does spermatogenesis take
64 days
what are the daughter cells known as in spermatogensis
primary spermatocyte
what does the primary spermatocyte enter
meiosis 1
what does the primary spermatocyte turn into after meiosis 1
2 secondary spermatocytes
what do each of the secondary spermatocytes give rise to
2 spermatids
what process causes the secondary spermatocytes to turn into spermatids
meiosis 2
what happens to spermatids as they undergo spermiogensis
sperm is formed
how much genetic material is in a sperm
half
what type of cell is a sperm
haploid
how many sperm are created after meiosis 2
4
what internal organs does a spermatid contain
mitochondria, nucleus, golgi, acrosomal vesicle
what is the purpose of the acrosome in a sperm
penetrates the egg
what happens to the cytoplasm during spermiogensis
it is shed
what does the head of the sperm contain
acrosome and nucleus
what does the middle of a sperm contain
mitochondria
how long does spermiogensis take
64 days
what do germ cells do
produces spermatogonia (topanga carries a lot of germs)
what are leydig cells also known as
interstitial
what hormones do nurse cells synthesize
anti-mullerian hormone, inhibin, androgen binding globulin
what are the main functions of nurse cells
maintain blood testis barrier, secrete androgen-binding protein, supports spermiogensis
how do the nurse cells maintain the blood testis barrier
via tight junctions
what do the tight junctions of nurse cells isolate
seminiferous tubules from immune cells
what does the secretion of androgen-binding protein cause
keeps testosterone levels high
how do nurse cells support spermiogensis
provide nutrients for development
what do the nurse cells do to the cytoplasm that is shed during spermiogensis
phagocytize it
what is the first duct that the sperm enters
epididymis
what does the epididymis do for sperm
stores, matures, and recycles
what is the largest part of the epididymis that receives sperm
head
where is the body of the epididymis located
posterior to the testis
where is the tail of the epididymis located
inferior to the testis
what does the tail of the epididymis connect to
ductus deferens
where is the primary storage of the sperm
tail of the epididymis
what are the sperm like when entering the lumen of the seminiferous tubule
immature but immotile
what must the sperm undergo for it to become motile
capacitation
what does the sperm mix with in capacitation to become mobile
secretion of the seminal glands
what has to happen to the sperm in order to become capable of fertilization
it comes into contact with the female reproductive tract
what changes occur to the sperm when it interacts with the female reproductive tract
structural changes
what is the function of fructose in the seminal gland
nutrients for the sperm
what does the prostaglandin stimulate
smooth muscle contractions (im glad my muscles look so smooth)
what is the purpose of fibrinogen in the seminal gland
forms a TEMPORARY clot in the vagina to keep the semen there
what is the pH in the seminal gland
alkaline
what is the purpose of the seminal gland being alkaline
neutralizes acids in the prostate gland and vagina
what happens to the sperm in the seminal gland
it becomes motile
what male accessory gland is fructose located
seminal
what male accessory gland is prostaglandins located
seminal
what male accessory gland is fibrinogen located
seminal
what is the pH in the prostate gland
acidic
what do the enzymes in the prostate gland do
prevent sperm coagulation
what happens once the clot in the vagina is dissolved
sperm can move along reproductive tract
what is BPG in men
prostate gland will hypertrophy
what happens when someone has BPG
urination is difficult
what male accessory gland is alkaline mucus located
bulbourethral gland
what does the alkaline mucus in the bulbourethral gland do
neutralizes urinary acids and lubricates tip of the penis
what hormones in FLATPIG play a part in reproductive function
FLAP
what is GnRH released by
hypothalamus
what do the GnRH hormones act on
anterior pituitary gland
when GnRH acts on the anterior pituitary gland, what 2 hormones are released
luteinizing and follicle-stimulating
what cell does the luteinizing hormone act on in male reproduction
interstitial cells
how does testosterone impact bone and muscle
increases growth
does testosterone affect male primary or secondary sex characteristics
secondary
what does testosterone do for accessory glands
maintains them
how does testosterone affect libidio
maintains it
what does the follicle-stimulating hormone act on
nurse cells
what 3 things happen when folicle-stimulating hormone acts on nurse cells
secrete androgen-binding protein, promotes spermatogenesis, secrete inhibin
what does ABP bind to in nurse cells
androgens
what happens when ABP binds to androgens
stimulates spermatids maturation
how does testosterone aid in spermatid maturation
creates the tail
what kind of effect does inhibin have
negative feedback
what does inhibin inhibit in male reproduction
follicle-stimulating hormone and GnRH
what does testosterone inhibit in male reproduction
GnRH
what is the result of testosterone blocking GnRH
decrease in LH and FSH
what do granulosa cells have a similar function to
nurse cells (nurses are just grand)
what do theca cells have a similar function to
interstitial cells
what type of organ is the ovaries
gonad
what do the ovaries do
produce hormones and release oocytes
what kind of organ are the fallopian tubes
duct
what do the fallopian tubes do
carry ovulated oocytes to the uterus
what does the uterus do
encloses and supports developing embryo
what does the vagina connect
uterus to external environment
what organ is the uterus, cervix, and vagina considered
trick question - nothing
what type of organ is the clitoris considered
external genitalia
what are the 3 types of cells in the fallopian tubes
ciliated columnar, mucin secreting, peg cells
what do peg cells secrete
the fluid that completes sperm capacitation (peggy completes sperm capping)
what moves the oocytes to the uterus
ciliary movement and peristaltic contractions
what type of environment do the fallopian tubes provide
nutrient rich
what is the muscular organ in the female reproductive system
uterus
when is an embryo
1-8 weeks
when is a fetus
week 9 - delivery
what are the main functions of the uterus
protect, nourish, and remove waste
where is the cervix located
inferior the uterus
what is the inner most layer of the uterine wall
endometrium
what does it mean that the endometrium is glandular
can release a number of secretions
what does it mean that the endometrium is vascular
has a lot of blood vessels
what causes the endometrium to change occasionally
estrogen during your period
what is the middle layer of the uterine wall
myometrium
what is the thickness of the endometrium like
thin
what is the thickness of the myometrium like
thick
what type of muscle is in the myometrium
smooth muscle
what is the reason for the different muscle fiber arrangements in the myometrium
pressure can be applied to the fetus from all directions
what do contractions of the myometrium cause
moves fetus, blood, and sperm
what is the outermost layer of the uterine wall called
perimetrium
what is the perimetrium continuous with
peritoneal lining
what does the vagina span to and from
cervix to vestibule
what is the vagina a passage way for
menstrual fluids
what part of the birth canal does the vagina form
inferior portion
what is the accessory gland in the female reproductive tract
greater vestibular gland
what gland in the male reproductive tract are greater vestibular glands similar to
bulbourethral
what do the greater vestibular glands do
secrete mucus to lubricate the vagina
what kind of tissue does the clit contain
erectile tissue
what is the labia minora
hairless folds around the vestibule
what kind of tissue is the labia majora made of
adipose tissue
what do the mammary glands produce
milk
what do the mammary glands consist of
lobes
what do the lobes in boobs contain
lobules
what are the lobules in the boobs separated by
dense connective tissue
what do the lobules give rise to in the boob
mammary duct
what do the mammary ducts converge to form
lactiferous duct
what is the expansion of the lactiferous duct called
lactiferous sinus
where does oocyte growth and maturation occur
ovarian follicles
where are primary oocytes located
primordial ovarian follicles
what are primary oocytes surrounded by
squamous follicle cells (to squeeze through follopian tubes)
what do the primordial ovarian follicles give rise to
primary ovarian follicle
what is the primary ovarian follicle surrounded by
simple cuboidal epithelium
what does the primary ovarian follicle give rise to
secondary ovarian follicle
what is the secondary ovarian follicle surrounded by
stratified cuboidal epithelium
what does the secondary ovarian follicle give rise to
tertiary ovarian follicle
what is the tertiary ovarian follicle filled with
follicular fluid
what happens when the tertiary ovarian follicle ruptures
secondary oocyte is released
what happens to the follicle after it ruptures
turns into corpus luteum
what happens to the corpus luteum if pregnancy doesn’t occur
turns into corpus albicans
what does 1 primary oocyte give rise to
2 secondary oocytes
what is the result of prophase 1
4 copies of genetic material
what happens to the genetic material in prophase 1 in oogenesis
half of it is lost and half makes up a primary oocyte
how many primary oocytes enter meiosis 2
1
what happens to the genetic material in meiosis 2 in oogenesis
half of it is lost, half makes up a secondary oocyte
what is the result of oogenesis
1 secondary oocyte
when do mitotic divisions of oogonia occur
before birth
what do the primary oocytes at prophase 1 cause to occur
meiosis being halted
how many copies of genetic material are at prophase 1
4
what hormone causes prophase 1 to resume
FSH
what is the first thing the luteal phase trigger
completion of meiosis 1
when in oogenesis does ovulation take place
when secondary oocyte enters metaphase 2
when does meiosis 2 complete in oogenesis
when egg is fertilization
when are there a lot of oocytes in the body
before birth
what is the first hormone that released during female reproduction regulation
GnRH
how does GnRH affect FSH in female reproduction regulation
produces and secretes it
how does GnRH affect LH in female reproduction regulation
only produces it - doesn’t secrete
what gland/organ does the production and secretion of FSH act on in female reproduction regulation
ovaries
what does FSH acting on the ovaries cause in female reproduction regulation
follicle development, secretion of inhibin, and production of estrogen
how does estrogen affect bones and muscles
causes them to grow
does estrogen affect primary or secondary sex characteristics
secondary
how does estrogen affect the endometrium
increases growth and secretion
what part of the brain does estrogen affect
CNS
what is the second phase of female reproduction regulation
follicular phase
what does estrogen cause the secretion of in female reproduction regulation
progesterone
what happens to LH when estrogen levels are low in female reproduction regulation
LH is inhibited
what happens to FSH during the follicular phase in female reproduction regulation
levels decline due to inhibition by inhibin
what does estrogen stimulate secretion of after day 10
LH
what phase occurs when LH is secreted in female reproduction regulation
luteal phase
what does progesterone inhibit in female reproduction regulation
GnRH
what is the first thing that happens when there is a surge in LH during the luteal phase
primary oocytes –> secondary oocyte
what happens once secondary oocyte is formed during luteal phase
follicle ruptures
what does the follicle rupturing result in during the luteal phase
ovulation
what happens after ovulation if there isn’t a pregnancy in the luteal phase
corpus luteum is formed
what does the formation of the corpus luteum produce
progesterone (luteum - luteal) (progesterone is formed to prepare body for pregnancy which is what the corpus luteum does)
what hormones increase during menopause
GnRH, FSH, and LH
what hormones decrease during menopause
estrogen and progesterone
what happens to granulosa cells in women during menopause
there is decline
what hormones do granulosa cells produce
estrogen and inhibin
what is menopause characterized by
cease of ovulation and menstrual cycle
what is there no more of at the age of 50
primordial ovarian follicles
what does a decrease in estrogen lead to during menopause
reduced size of uterus and boobs, thinning of uterus and vagina wall, reduced bone density
what do the androgens produced by theca cells convert to
estrogen (theca - estra)
what can estrogen block
FSH/LH and GnRH secretion
what do hormonal preparations contain
synthetic estrogen and progesterone
what are examples of combined hormonal preparations
pill, patch, ring
what type of contraceptives are the pill, patch, and ring
short acting
what happens for 3 week in short acting contraceptives
body is exposed to estrogen and progesterone
what happens for the 1 week following in short acting contraceptives
hormone free interval
what do hormones impair and inhibit in the 3 weeks of short acting contraceptives
folliculogensis and ovulation
what can exposure to these hormones induce in contraceptives
endometrial development
what can removal of exposure to these hormones cause in contraceptives
menses (period)
what are 2 types of progestin-only contraceptives
pill and injection
what does exposure to progestin impact
reproductive tract and folliculogensis
what 3 things can happen when exposed to progestin
thickens cervical mucus, impair endometrial development, and prevent ovulation
what is the purpose of thick cervical mucus
block sperm
what type of contraceptives are the implant and IUD
long acting
how long can long acting contraceptives provide protection
12 years
what do hormonal IUDs release
progestin
what are 3 functions of progestin
thickens mucus, thins uterine lining, prevents ovulation
what does a copper IUD provide
mechanical barrier
how does a copper IUD prevent pregnancy
blocks sperm and prevents implantation
what do hormonal implants release
progestin
what is the most effective form of birth control
IUDs
how do morning after pills work
blocks LH surge and ovulation
what kind of STD is trichomoniasis
parasite (TRICked me to go to a fake webSITE)
what kind of STD is syphilis
bacterial
what kind of STD is genital HPV
virus/infection
what kind of STD is gonorrhea
bacterial
what kind of STD is chlamydia
bacterial
what kind of STD is HIV
virus
where are STDs most common
college kids
why are STDs common among the elderly
use of viagra and lack of condom use
how does estrogen affect LH the first 10 days
it inhibits it
what does progesterone do in female reproductive regulation
maintains pregnancy
why is LH levels flat while GnRH and FSH are increasing
estrogen isn’t high enough to cause the release of LH
when does LH begin to be released in female reproductive regulation
when estrogen levels peak
what causes the proliferative phase of the endometrium
estrogen increasing
how does the LH surge impact the follicle stage of the oocyte
causes ovulation
how does progesterone impact GnRH, FSH, and LH levels
causes all of them to decrease
what happens to the corpus luteum if there is no pregnancy
degrades into corpus albicans
what happens to the endometrium as progesterone levels start decreasing
secretory phase is ended
what happens to endometrial lining when menstrual phase happens
it starts desinigrating
what are the 3 things that determine is a fetus is male or female
genetic, gonadal, phenotypic
what are the genetic differences between male and female
males - XY, female - XX
what are the gonadal differences between male and female
males - testes, females - ovaries
what are phenotypic differences in sex determination
reproductive tracts, accessory glands, external genitalia
what are the first 22 pairs of chromosomes called
autosomes
what is the last pair of chromosomes called
sex chromosomes
what is the biggest difference between an X and a Y chromosome
size
is an X or a Y chromosome bigger
X
what happens when an embryo doesn’t have an X chromosome
it dies
what gene is necessary for testis development
SRY gene (sry you have testes)
is the SRY gene found in X or Y chromosomes
Y (srY)
what happens when someone has 2 Y chromosomes
taller and delayed language development
what is gonadal development dependent on
only genes
do hormones affect gonadal development
NO
what are gonads before the 6th week of fetus development
bipotential
what are biopotential gonads
they can become either ovaries or testes
what does SRY gene bind to
Sox9 protein
what does Sox 9 inhibit
Rspo 1, B-catenin, Wnt 4
what happens when Rspo 1, B-catenin, Wnt 4 are inhibited
testes develop
what happens when Rspo 1, B-catenin, Wnt 4 are present in xx chromosomes
Sox 9 is inhibited
what happens when Sox 9 is inhibited
ovary development
what does an embryo possess before sexual development
male and female reproductive tract progenitors
what is the female reproductive tract progenitors
mullerian duct
what is the male reproductive tract progenitors
wolffian duct (alpha wolf male)
what does the mullerian duct differentiate into
oviduct, uterus, cervix
what does the wolffian duct differentiate into
epididymis, vas deferens, and seminal vesicle
what is required to maintain the mullerian ducts
neither testes or ovaries
what maintains the wolffian ducts
testosterone (wolf must be fed or it will die)
what causes the regression of mullerian ducts
anti-mullerian hormone
what determines phenotype sex
hormones
what hormone secreted by the ovaries are in charge of phenotypic sex development
estrogen
what are the organs that estrogen develops
breasts, uterus, vagina, and ovaries
what hormone secreted by the testes are in charge of phenotypic sex development
testosterone and anti-mullerian hormone
what is some testosterone converted into
DHT
what converts testosterone to DHT
5-a-reductase
why is DHT better than testosterone
it accomplishes the same things but to a greater extent
what is estradiol
most potent form of estrogen
what causes testosterone to convert to estradiol
aromatase
what is the default of external genitalia before it is differentiated
feminization
what does the genital tubercule turn into during feminization
clit
what does the genital swelling turn into during feminization
labia majora
what is required for masculinization to occur
DHT
what does the genital tubercule turn into during masculinization
penis
what does the genital swelling turn into during masculinization
ball sack
what is the chromosomal sex in turner syndrome
only a single X chromosome
gonadal sex in turner syndrome
small ovaries
internal phenotypic sex in turner syndrome
mullerian duct
external phenotypic sex in turner syndrome
feminization
chromosomal sex of Klinefelter syndrome
XXY - extra X chromosome
gonadal sex in klinefelter syndrome
testes
internal phenotypic sex in klinefelter syndrome
wolffian duct
external phenotypic sex in Klinefelter syndrome
masculinization
chromosomal sex in androgen insensitivity syndrome
XY
gonadal sex in androgen insensitivity syndrome
testes
internal phenotypic sex in androgen insensitivity syndrome
neither wolffian or Müllerian duct
external phenotypic sex in androgen insensitivity syndrome
feminization
chromosomal sex in congenital adrenal hyperplasia
XX
what causes congenital adrenal hyperplasia
excess testosterone from adrenal gland
gonadal sex in congenital adrenal hyperplasia
ovaries
internal phenotypic sex in congenital adrenal hyperplasia
both wolffian and Müllerian mullerian duct
external phenotypic sex in congenital adrenal hyperplasia
feminization with partial masculinization
what is fertilization
fusion of male and female gametes
what does the fusion of male and female gametes cause to be formed
zygote
what covers the oocyte
zona pellucida
what are the cells that cover the zona pellcuida
corona radiate
what has to happen to the sperm before it can fertilize the oocyte
undergoes capacitation
where does the oocyte have to be in order to be fertilized
fallopian tubes
what happens to proteins in the acrosomal region to make the sperm head able to penetrate
they’re removed or destabilized
what do the protein in the sperm head allow binding to
zona pellucida
what happens to the sperm head as it moves towards ejaculation
more proteins are added
what happens to the proteins on the sperm head once capacitated
they’re rearranged
where does capacitation happen
female productive tract
why is it important that the protein on the sperm head get rearranged
so that the sperm can fertilize the egg
what does the sperm have to burrow through to fertilize egg
corona radiata
what does the sperm come into contact with once it gets past the corona radiata
zona pellucida
what does the binding of proteins of the sperm and outside of egg result in
hydrolytic enzymes are released
what is called when the hydrolytic enzymes are released
acrosomal reaction
what happens after acrosomal reaction
longer tunnel is formed in zona pellucida to further burrow sperm
what happens once the sperm is fully through the zona pellucida
plasma membranes fuse
what occurs to the sperm when the plasma membranes are fusing
nucleus is released into egg
what does it mean for the nucleus of the sperm to be released into the egg
genetic material is moved into egg
how does the sperm nucleus in the egg effect it
helps it finish meiosis 2
what forms the pronucleus
membrane formed around the sperm once nucleus is released
how is the zygote formed
two pronuclei join
what do the cortical granules do when the fertilization takes place
release contents
what happens when the cortical granules release their contents
zona pellucida hardens
what is the significance of zona pellucida hardening
keeps other sperm from coming in (polyspermy)
how long is the germinal stage
0-2 weeks
how long is the embryonic stage
3-8 weeks
what happens to the blastocyst during the embryonic stage
takes on human characteristics
how long is fetal stage
9 weeks - birth
what does the advanced morula undergo
hatching
what happens to the advanced morula during hatching
zona pellucida is lost
what is the advanced morula after hatching
blastocyst
what is the space inside the blastocyst
blastocoele
what is the outer layer of the blastocyst
trophoblast
what does gestation refer to
the time from fertilization to birth
what does pregnancy refer to
the time after implantation
what part of the blastocyst turns into the fetus
trophoblast
what is the first thing that is formed after embryo implantation
amniotic sac
what is the major function of the amniotic sac
cushions the baby
what regulates the temperature in the uterus during pregnancy
amniotic fluid
what are the other 2 things that develop after the amniotic sac is made
umbilical cord and placenta
what is the main function of the umbilical cord
connects fetus to placenta
what is the temporary organ in the uterus during pregnancy
placenta
when is the fetus most susceptible to damage from drugs, alcohol, illnesses, etc
1st trimester
what kind of organ is the placenta
transient
what is a transient organ
it grows, then leaves
how does the placenta act like the liver
detoxifies
how does the placenta act like the kidneys
water balance
what does the placenta make
red blood cells
are the maternal and fetal blood in contact
never
what surrounds the fetal capillaries in the placenta
chorionic villus
what is the space that is outside of the chorionic villus
intervillous space
what do maternal blood vessels drain into in the placenta
intervillous space
what carries deoxygenated blood from the fetus to the placenta
umbilical arteries
what carries oxygenated blood back to the fetus
umbilical vein
why is placental endocrine function important
it determines physiological functions in the mother
what hormone is the main indicator of pregnancy
hCG
what hormones make the mom feel nausea during pregnancy
hCG
what keeps the corpus luteum from degrading during pregnancy
hCG
what does the hormone hPL do during pregnancy
dulls insulin
what is the result of dulled insulin during pregnancy
increased glucose levels for fetus
what does relaxin help with during pregnancy
delivery of the baby
what promotes endometrial growth during pregnancy
estrogens
what maintains endometrial growth during pregnancy
progesterone
when during pregnancy does the fetus have all its organs
2nd trimester
when does fetal kicks and movement begin
2nd trimester
why does the skull remain soft in the third trimester
to make passing through the birth canal easier
what is the fetus covered in after birth
vernix
spermiogensis vs spermatogenesis
spermato - sperm production, spermio - final stage of spermatogenesis
