Reproductive system Flashcards
what do reproductive organs produce and store (in general)
gametes
what do gonads do
produce gametes and hormones
what do ducts do
receive and transport gametes
what do accessory glands do
secrete fluids into ducts
what is the pathway of sperm
testis –> epididymis –> vas deferens –> urethra
where do spermatic cords begin
at the entrance to the inguinal canal
what do the spermatic cords descend into
scrotum
what do spermatic cords enclose
ductus deferens, vessels, nerves,
what is protruding in an inguinal hernia
visceral tissue
where is the visceral tissue protruding into in an inguinal hernia
inguinal canal
why are inguinal hernias common in males
the spermatic cord creates a weak point in the abdominal wall
what does the temperature have to be for normal sperm development
1.1 degrees lower than the rest of the body
what muscles in the testes relax when the temperature increases
cremaster and dartos
why do the cremaster and dartos relax when temp increases
to move testes away to keep them cooler
what happens to the cremaster and dartos when the scrotum becomes too cold
they contract to keep testes close and warm
what is the structure of seminiferous tubules
slender and tightly coiled
where are seminiferous tubules found
lobules of the testes
where is sperm produced
seminiferous tubules
what do the testes produce
sperm
where are the testes found
scrotum
what are the 3 accessory glands in the male reproductive system
seminal gland, prostate, bulbourethral gland
what do sperms start out as
spermatogonium
what do spermatogoniums give rise to
primary spermatocyte
what do primary spermatocytes give rise to
secondary spermatocyte
what do secondary spermatocytes give rise to
spermatids
what is the process that spermatids undergo to form sperm
spermiogensis
what does sperm exit the body through
lumen
what are the 2 types of cells found in the seminiferous tubule
nurse and intersitial
what is the function of nurse cells
the space between them is where sperm development takes place
what is the purpose of the blood testis barrier
to keep sperm away from immune cells cause they will kill the sperm since they’re foreign
what is the function of interstitial cells
they produce testosterone
where is the blood testis barrier located between
spermatogonia and primary spermatocytes
what is the result of mitosis
2 identical daughter cells
what is the result of meiosis
4 unique daughter cells
what is there less of in the daughter cells in meiosis
genetic information
does mitosis or meiosis have more steps
meiosis
what is in the parent cell
23 pairs of chromosomes
what is the first phase of mitosis
prophase
what is the result of prophase
2 sister chromatids
what happens during prophase
DNA is duplicated
what is the second phase of mitosis
metaphase
what happens during metaphase
genetic material is positioned along midline
what is the third phase of mitosis
anaphase
what happens during anaphase
sister chromatids are pulled to opposite ends of the cell
what is the last phase of mitosis
telophase
what happens during telophase
cell splits up leaving you with 2 identical daughter cells
what is the first step of meiosis
prophase 1
what happens during prophase 1
DNA is duplicating
what is formed by the homologous chromosomes in prophase 1
tetrad (chromosomes sticking together)
what does the chromosomes crossing over in prophase 1 lead to
homologous recombination
what does homologous recombination lead to
unique genetic material
what is the second phase of meiosis
metaphase 1
what happens during metaphase 1
genetic material is arranged on the midline
what is the third phase of meiosis
anaphase 1
what happens during anaphase 1
sister chromatids remain together
what is the step that happens during meiosis 2
anaphase 2
what happens during anaphase 2
sister chromatids separate
after meiosis 2, what are male gametes
haploid
how long does spermatogenesis take
64 days
what are the daughter cells known as in spermatogensis
primary spermatocyte
what does the primary spermatocyte enter
meiosis 1
what does the primary spermatocyte turn into after meiosis 1
2 secondary spermatocytes
what do each of the secondary spermatocytes give rise to
2 spermatids
what process causes the secondary spermatocytes to turn into spermatids
meiosis 2
what happens to spermatids as they undergo spermiogensis
sperm is formed
how much genetic material is in a sperm
half
what type of cell is a sperm
haploid
how many sperm are created after meiosis 2
4
what internal organs does a spermatid contain
mitochondria, nucleus, golgi, acrosomal vesicle
what is the purpose of the acrosome in a sperm
penetrates the egg
what happens to the cytoplasm during spermiogensis
it is shed
what does the head of the sperm contain
acrosome and nucleus
what does the middle of a sperm contain
mitochondria
how long does spermiogensis take
64 days
what do germ cells do
produces spermatogonia (topanga carries a lot of germs)
what are leydig cells also known as
interstitial
what hormones do nurse cells synthesize
anti-mullerian hormone, inhibin, androgen binding globulin
what are the main functions of nurse cells
maintain blood testis barrier, secrete androgen-binding protein, supports spermiogensis
how do the nurse cells maintain the blood testis barrier
via tight junctions
what do the tight junctions of nurse cells isolate
seminiferous tubules from immune cells
what does the secretion of androgen-binding protein cause
keeps testosterone levels high
how do nurse cells support spermiogensis
provide nutrients for development
what do the nurse cells do to the cytoplasm that is shed during spermiogensis
phagocytize it
what is the first duct that the sperm enters
epididymis
what does the epididymis do for sperm
stores, matures, and recycles
what is the largest part of the epididymis that receives sperm
head
where is the body of the epididymis located
posterior to the testis
where is the tail of the epididymis located
inferior to the testis
what does the tail of the epididymis connect to
ductus deferens
where is the primary storage of the sperm
tail of the epididymis
what are the sperm like when entering the lumen of the seminiferous tubule
immature but immotile
what must the sperm undergo for it to become motile
capacitation
what does the sperm mix with in capacitation to become mobile
secretion of the seminal glands
what has to happen to the sperm in order to become capable of fertilization
it comes into contact with the female reproductive tract
what changes occur to the sperm when it interacts with the female reproductive tract
structural changes
what is the function of fructose in the seminal gland
nutrients for the sperm
what does the prostaglandin stimulate
smooth muscle contractions (im glad my muscles look so smooth)
what is the purpose of fibrinogen in the seminal gland
forms a TEMPORARY clot in the vagina to keep the semen there
what is the pH in the seminal gland
alkaline
what is the purpose of the seminal gland being alkaline
neutralizes acids in the prostate gland and vagina
what happens to the sperm in the seminal gland
it becomes motile
what male accessory gland is fructose located
seminal
what male accessory gland is prostaglandins located
seminal
what male accessory gland is fibrinogen located
seminal
what is the pH in the prostate gland
acidic
what do the enzymes in the prostate gland do
prevent sperm coagulation
what happens once the clot in the vagina is dissolved
sperm can move along reproductive tract
what is BPG in men
prostate gland will hypertrophy
what happens when someone has BPG
urination is difficult
what male accessory gland is alkaline mucus located
bulbourethral gland
what does the alkaline mucus in the bulbourethral gland do
neutralizes urinary acids and lubricates tip of the penis
what hormones in FLATPIG play a part in reproductive function
FLAP
what is GnRH released by
hypothalamus
what do the GnRH hormones act on
anterior pituitary gland
when GnRH acts on the anterior pituitary gland, what 2 hormones are released
luteinizing and follicle-stimulating
what cell does the luteinizing hormone act on in male reproduction
interstitial cells
how does testosterone impact bone and muscle
increases growth
does testosterone affect male primary or secondary sex characteristics
secondary
what does testosterone do for accessory glands
maintains them
how does testosterone affect libidio
maintains it
what does the follicle-stimulating hormone act on
nurse cells
what 3 things happen when folicle-stimulating hormone acts on nurse cells
secrete androgen-binding protein, promotes spermatogenesis, secrete inhibin
what does ABP bind to in nurse cells
androgens
what happens when ABP binds to androgens
stimulates spermatids maturation
how does testosterone aid in spermatid maturation
creates the tail
what kind of effect does inhibin have
negative feedback
what does inhibin inhibit in male reproduction
follicle-stimulating hormone and GnRH
what does testosterone inhibit in male reproduction
GnRH
what is the result of testosterone blocking GnRH
decrease in LH and FSH
what do granulosa cells have a similar function to
nurse cells (nurses are just grand)
what do theca cells have a similar function to
interstitial cells
what type of organ is the ovaries
gonad
what do the ovaries do
produce hormones and release oocytes
what kind of organ are the fallopian tubes
duct
what do the fallopian tubes do
carry ovulated oocytes to the uterus
what does the uterus do
encloses and supports developing embryo
what does the vagina connect
uterus to external environment
what organ is the uterus, cervix, and vagina considered
trick question - nothing
what type of organ is the clitoris considered
external genitalia
what are the 3 types of cells in the fallopian tubes
ciliated columnar, mucin secreting, peg cells
what do peg cells secrete
the fluid that completes sperm capacitation (peggy completes sperm capping)
what moves the oocytes to the uterus
ciliary movement and peristaltic contractions
what type of environment do the fallopian tubes provide
nutrient rich
what is the muscular organ in the female reproductive system
uterus
when is an embryo
1-8 weeks
when is a fetus
week 9 - delivery
what are the main functions of the uterus
protect, nourish, and remove waste
where is the cervix located
inferior the uterus
what is the inner most layer of the uterine wall
endometrium
what does it mean that the endometrium is glandular
can release a number of secretions
what does it mean that the endometrium is vascular
has a lot of blood vessels
what causes the endometrium to change occasionally
estrogen during your period
what is the middle layer of the uterine wall
myometrium
what is the thickness of the endometrium like
thin
what is the thickness of the myometrium like
thick
what type of muscle is in the myometrium
smooth muscle
what is the reason for the different muscle fiber arrangements in the myometrium
pressure can be applied to the fetus from all directions
what do contractions of the myometrium cause
moves fetus, blood, and sperm
what is the outermost layer of the uterine wall called
perimetrium
what is the perimetrium continuous with
peritoneal lining
