Integumentary system Flashcards
what type of tissue is the epidermis composed of
stratified squamous
what are the 5 layers of the epidermis
corner, lucidum, granulosum, spinosum, basale (come lets go sun bathe)
what are keratinocytes held together by
desmosomes
what is the main cell of the epidermis
keritoncytes
what do mitotic stem cells in the basale do
differentiate keratinocytes and send them up
what are the 4 cells in the stratum basale
mitotic stem cells, melanocytes, and dendric and tactile cells
what are tactile and dendric cells responsible for
touch
what layer of the epidermis is responsible for fingerprints
stratum basale
what layer of the epidermis are “prickle cells”
stratum spinosum (when someone touches your spine, you feel prickly)
what’s with the keratinocytes in the spinosum layer
irregular shaped
what are the most abundant cells in the stratum spinosum
melanin and langerhan cells
what is a characteristic of the cells in granulosum
flattened
what layer of the epidermis does keratinization occur
stratum granulosum
what happens during keratinization
cells flatten, organelles are disintegrated, and outside hardens
what is the reason for keratinization in granulosum
too far from dermis = no nutrients
4 functions of keratohyaline granules in granulosum
cell dehydration, cross-linking filaments (tight junction), keratinization, produces eiliden
what is the clear layer of the epidermis
stratum lucidum
what’s with the keratinocytes in the lucidum
2-3 of flat, dead keratinocytes
what is the clear appearance in lucidum due to
eledin
where is stratum lucidum found
thick skin
what is the horny layer
stratum corneum (horny - corny)
what are horny scales
dead keratinocytes
what makes the stratum corneum water resistant
glycoproteins
how long do dead cells stay in stratum corneum
2 weeks
what is the most abundant cell in the epidermis
keratinocytes
what are Merkel cells
touch receptors
what do merkel cells interact with
free nerve endings
where are langerhan cells found
epidermis
where are melanocytes found
between cells in basale
what are the vesicles that melanin lies in
melanosomes
how does melanin travel from cell to cell
long tubes from melanocytes
what is pigment donation
melanin entering the cell
what does pigment do in the cell
shields the nucleus
what do dead keratinocytes secrete
defensins (immune cells)
what causes jaundice
high levels of bilirubin
what are the 2 layers of the dermis
papillary and recticular
what layer of the dermis is more superficial
papillary (p in alphabet comes first)
what layer of the dermis is more deep
reticular
what is the tissue of the papillary layer
areolar CT
what does the areolar CT in the papillary layer contain
collagen and elastic fibers
what are the 3 components of the papillary layer
capillary loops, meissner corpuscles, and free nerve endings
what is the tissue of the recticular layer
dense irregular CT
what is the purpose of collagen
stretch
what is the purpose of elastin
strength
what are fingerprints
epidermal ridges that project into papillae
what is the purpose of fingerprints
surface area and friction
what is cleavage in the skin
parallel bundles/tension lines
what are goose bumps
erector pili
what are components of the dermis
hair follicle, sebaceous gland, sweat gland, blood vessel, erector pili
what are the cells responsible for sustained pressure
merkel (erkle could sustain a laugh)
what are the cells responsible for light pressure
tactile corpuscle (tacs are pushed lightly)
what cells are responsible for deep pressure
lamellated corpuscle (laminating something requires deep heat)
what cell is responsible for detecting hair being touched
root hair plexus
what cell detects stretch, deformation, and warmth
Ruffini corpuscle
what is tissue is the hypodermis made of
adipose and areolar tissue
what is the purpose of the hypodermis
anchor skin to underlying tissue
what are the 3 barriers of the integument for protection
chemical, physical, biological
how does the chemical barrier work for the integument
pH from bacteria, and melanin from UV
how does the physical barrier work for the integument
keratin and glycolipids block water
how does the biological barrier work for the integument
immune cells and defensins
what happens when the body is cold
dermal vessels dilate, blood circulation avoids surface
what happens when the body is hot
sweat gland activate, blood circulates to surface
what is the epidermis precursor to vitamin D synthesis
7 dehydrocholosterol
what does 7 dehydrocholesterol cause to be synthesized
vitamin D3
what does food intake cause to be synthesized
vitamin D3
where is vitamin D2 sent
to the liver
what does vitamin D3 cause to be synthesized
calcidiol
where is calcidiol sent to
the kidneys
what does calcidiol cause to be synthesized
vitamin D active form
what are the 2 ways the integument repairs
regeneration and fibrosis
what is fibrosis
replace damaged tissue with scare tissue
what regenerates the worst
skeletal
what regenerates the best
bone
how does cardiac muscle regenerate
fibrosis
what is the 1st step of wound healing
hemostasis
what happens in hemostasis
clotting of the blood, neutrophils prevent infection
what is the 2nd step of wound healing
inflammation
what happens in inflammation
WBCs prevent infection
what is the 3rd step of wound healing
proliferation
what happens in proliferation
rebuilding of tissue
what is the 4th step of wound healing
remodeling
what are denature proteins
tissue damaging proteins
what is aging most caused by
sun damage
what causes thin skin during aging
stratum basale activity decreases
what happens to dendritic cells in aging
decrease
what happens to vitamin D in aging
less
what causes someone to become paler during aging
less melanocytes
what happens to glandular activity in aging
decreases
what does a decrease in glandular activity cause
dry skin
what causes wrinkles
less elastic fibers
what causes acne
androgens stimulating sebaceous secretions
what is the function of sebum
carries oil/dead cells to surface
what is desquamation
skin shedding
how does glycemic index affect acne
if it’s high, it increases acne
how does omega 3 affect acne
decreases cytokines
what does a decrease in cytokines cause
triggers inflammation
what are warts
abnormal growth of cytokines with papillomavirus
what is epidermolysis bullosa (EB)
skin blistering
how does skin blistering occur
epidermis separates from basal lamina
what is the base that cells anchor to
basal lamina
what are the 3 types of EB
EB simplex, junctional EB, dystrophic EB
what causes EB simplex
tonofilaments (tony’s just a simple guy)
what causes junctional EB
hemidesmosomes (meet me at the junction heidi)
what causes dystrophic EB
anchoring junctions (its catostrophic to lose the anchor)
what is the most common kind of skin cancer
basal cell carcinoma
what is the type of cancer you can’t see
basal cell carcinoma
where is squamous cell carcinoma found
spinosum and granulosum
what kind of cancer has a nucleus
squamous cell carcinoma
what kind of cancer is rough and bumpy
squamous cell carcinoma
where is melanoma found
basale melanocytes
what is the acronym for melanoma characterization
ABCDE
what does A stand for in the acronym for melanoma characterization
asymmetry
what does B stand for in the acronym for melanoma characterization
border
what does C stand for in the acronym for melanoma characterization
color
what does D stand for in the acronym for melanoma characterization
diameter
what does E stand for in the acronym for melanoma characterization
evolving appearance
