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Human Anatomy > Urinary System > Flashcards

Urinary System Flashcards

1
Q

kidney functions

A

produce urine
eliminate nitrogenous waste
maintains electrolytes and water balance
release renin and erythropoietin

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2
Q

location of the kidneys

A

posterior abdominal wall
behind peritoneum
each side of vertebral column at T12 - L3
epigastric, hypochondriac, lumbar, umbilical regions

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3
Q

why is the right kidney slightly lower than the left

A

the liver is above the right kidney

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4
Q

external features of kidneys

A

two poles, surfaces and borders
hilum - renal vein, artery, pelvis

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5
Q

coverings of kidneys

A

from within outwards

fibrous capsule (true capsule)
perirenal (perinephric) fat
renal fascia (false capsule)
pararenal (paranephric) fat

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6
Q

role of perirenal and pararenal fat

A

perirenal fat supports the kidney positionally
pararenal fat cushions and prevents the kidney hitting T11-12

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7
Q

relations of the right kidney

A

liver, duodenum, colon, jejunum
only T12

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8
Q

relations of left of kidney

A

stomach, pancreas, jejunum, colon, spleen
T11 and T12

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9
Q

macroscopic structure of outer cortex

A

located below renal capsule and extends between the renal pyramids as renal columns which divide lobes

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10
Q

macroscopic structure of inner medulla

A

5 - 11 dark renal pyramids with inner apex and outer base
form projections which invaginate the minor calyces

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11
Q

renal sinus

A

cavity of considerable size within the kidney
opens at the medial border of the kidney as hilus
contains renal pelvis, calyces, vessels, nerves and fat

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12
Q

microscopic structure

A

nephron is functional unit: glomerulus and tubule system

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13
Q

functions of nephrons

A

filtration, selective reabsorption, secretion

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14
Q

cortical vs juxta-medullary nephrons

A

cortical nephron: sodium resorption
more superficial with loops of Henle confined to cortex

juxta-medullary nephrons: water resorption
nephrons start more near the cortex-medulla junction with longer loops that extend into medulla

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15
Q

renal corpuscle

A

mainly located in cortical arches
consists of capillaries and Bowman’s capsule
vascular pole

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16
Q

proximal convoluted tubule

A

low columnar to cuboidal epithelium
luminal surface has microvilli brush border
main function: active reabsorption
glucose, amino acids, Na, Cl, HCO3, water

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17
Q

loop of Henle

A

thin descending limb and thick ascending limb
function: reabsorbs water, Na, Cl

18
Q

distal convoluted tubule

A

begins from the vascular pole of the nephron
lined by cuboidal epithelium but no brush border
function: reabsorbs Na, Cl, water

19
Q

major blood supply of kidneys

A

arterial supply: renal artery branching from abdominal aorta

venous drainage: renal vein into IVC

20
Q

renal circulation

A

renal arteries divides into anterior and posterior on either side of renal pelvis
branches into segmental then lobar arteries
become interlobar arteries between medullary pyramids then arcuate arteries
then interlobular arteries which form glomeruli
drain via same but opposite

21
Q

juxtaglomerular apparatus
what is it made of

A

involved in regulation of blood pressure

made up of:
JG cells
macula densa
Lacis / Polkissen cells

22
Q

JG cells

A

modified smooth muscle cells
in tunica media of afferent arteriole at DCT
sensitive to blood pressure
responsible for RAAS

23
Q

macula densa

A

specialised regions in the wall of the DCT that contacts JG cells
columnar cells instead of cuboidal cells in the DCT
sensitive to conc of Na in DCT fluid

24
Q

Lacis / Polkissen cells

A

extraglomerular mesangial cells
at the vascular pole in close relationship with macula densa

25
Q

what causes activation of RAAS
RAAS pathway

A

decreased BP or Na

Renin converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin I
ACE converts Ag I to Ag II
Ag II causes vasoconstriction and release of aldosterone which increase NaCl absorption

26
Q

why is 8 mL of dye is inserted for urography

A

any more would distort the anatomy and less would be inaccurate

27
Q

congenital polycystic kidney disease

A

occurs because the DCT and CD have different embryonic origins
if they do not fuse correctly, urine does not drain properly and cysts form

28
Q

horseshoe kidney

A

fusion of the inferior poles of the kidneys
causes increased risk of stones and UTIs and impaired functions

29
Q

renal transplants

A

needed when there is chronic failure
surgery via the right iliac fossa for ease due to vessels

30
Q

ureter

A

narrow, thick walled, expansile, muscular tube
25 cm
3.5 mm
abdominal and pelvic are above and below the pelvic bone

31
Q

site of anatomical constrictions of the ureter

A

Pelviureteric junction
pelvic brim where it crosses the common iliac artery
utero-vesical junction (entry to bladder)

32
Q

blood supply of the ureter

A

arterial supply form the arteries related to it
divide superiorly and inferiorly
abdominal ureter supplied by arteries medial to it
pelvic ureter supplied from arteries lateral to it

33
Q

urinary bladder

A

situated in the anterior of the lesser pelvis immediately behind pubic symphysis

34
Q

external features of urinary bladder

A

apex at anterior and base at posterior
two ureters enter at either side of the base
superior surface and inferior neck
in males prostate sits at the neck

35
Q

relations of the urinary bladder

A

anterior is pubic bone (symphysis)
posterior in males is rectum, vas deferens and seminal vesicle
posterior in females is vagina and uterus

36
Q

interior of the urinary bladder

A

rugae when empty but disappear as it stretches
trigone of the bladder on the interior posterior surface which has no rugae because submucosa and muscular layer are fused
two inputs from ureters
one output to urethra

37
Q

urethra

A

longer in males than females
females get UTIs more often but harder to treat in males

membranous part is more internal and spongy part is in the penis

38
Q

sphincters of the urethra

A

internal sphincter is at the base of the bladder and involuntary
external sphincter is at the base of the penis or before orifice and voluntary

internal relaxes during urination but closes during ejaculation

39
Q

histology of the kidney

A

outer renal capsule
round structures: Bowman’s capsule
fuzzy lumen: PCT
clear lumen: DCT
long structures: CDs and some LoH
inner medulla is more condensed

40
Q

histology of ureter

A

upper ureter has two layers of muscle: outer circular and inner longitudinal
lower has three: outer longitudinal, middle circular, inner longitudinal

41
Q

histology of the bladder

A

dome shaped cells
below is muscle which is not distinctly arranged

Human Anatomy (12 decks)

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