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Human Anatomy > Endocrine System > Flashcards

Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

exocrine definition

A

releases its secretions onto an epithelial surface through a duct

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2
Q

endocrine definition

A

secretes hormones into blood vessels or surrounding tissue fluid

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3
Q

hormone types

A

amino acid derivatives
steroid
peptide

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4
Q

where is the pituitary gland

A

lies in Sella turcica
connected to hypothalamus by infundibulum

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5
Q

other names for anterior and posterior pituitary

A

adeno and neuro hypophysis

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6
Q

what is the pars distalis
cell types

A

part of ant pit
chromophobes and chromophils

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7
Q

subdivisions of chromophils

A

acidophils and basophils

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8
Q

subdivisions of acidophils
subdivisions of basophils

and their secretions

A

acidophils
somatotrophs: GH
Lactotrophs: prolactin

basophils
thyrotropes: TSH
gonadotrophs: LH, FSH
corticotropes: ACTH

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9
Q

what is the pars nervosa
cell types

A

part of the pos pit

mainly glial cells called pituicyte
axons of neurons in the hypothalamus

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10
Q

what are Herring bodies
where are they

A

storage sites of neurosecretory materials
pars nervosa neurons

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11
Q

pars intermedia

A

structure between pars distalis and pars nervosa
consists of mainly colloid filled cysts

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12
Q

where do the cell bodies of neurons whose axons are in the infundibulum originate
what hormones do they create

A

supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus

oxytocin and ADH

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13
Q

what hormones are secreted from the hypothalamus

A

thyroid releasing hormone
gonadotropin releasing hormone

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14
Q

what hormones are secreted from the ant pit and pos pit

A

ant pit:
GH
ACTH
TSH
FSH, LH
PRL

pos pit:
oxytocin
ADH

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15
Q

overproduction and deficiency of growth hormone

A

pituitary gigantism and dwarfism

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16
Q

function of PRL

A

promotes milk secretion

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17
Q

function of TSH

A

stimulates thyroid hormone synthesis and release

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18
Q

function of ACTH

A

stimulates the secretion of steroid hormones by adrenal cortex of adrenal gland

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19
Q

roles of FSH and LH

A

FSH promotes ovarian follicle development and estrogen secretion/spermatogenesis

LH induces ovulation/androgen secretion

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20
Q

what does the pos pit consist of

A

unmyelinated axons from hypothalamic neurons
pituicytes

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21
Q

deficiency of ADH

A

diabetes insipidus

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22
Q

role of oxytocin

A

stimulates contraction of smooth muscle of uterine wall during labour
stimulates mammary glands to release milk

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23
Q

histology of thyroid gland

A

many follicles consisting of cuboidal cells containing colloid
parafollicular cells between them

24
Q

role of para follicular cells

A

secrete calcitonin (PTH) to regulate calcium

25
Q

thyroid hormone role
precursor

A

increase BMR, calorigenic
made from follicular cell thyroglobulin

26
Q

thyroxine-binding globulin

other important carriers

A

liver synthesised glycoprotein to carry poorly soluble TH

transthyretin
albumin

27
Q

role of calcitonin

A

decrease blood calcium levels
bone: inhibits osteoclasts
kidneys: inhibit reabsorption of calcium and phosphorus

28
Q

iodine deficiency goitre

A

caused by diet
hinders synthesis of TH - hypothyroidism
leads to excess TSH production and thyroid stimulation
treated with iodine therapy

29
Q

cretinism

A

due to congenital hypothyroidism
characterised by arrested physical and mental development

30
Q

myxoedema (Gulls disease)

A

adult hypothyroidism
expressionless face, swelling, alopecia, loss of nails and hardening of skin
increased amount of protein and mucopolysaccharides - bind and hold water
non-pitting oedema around extremities and face
thickening of tongue and laryngopharynx mucosa

31
Q

Grave’s disease

A

autoimmune disease leading to hyperthyroidism
TSH receptor is stimulated by thyroid stimulating immunoglobulin

32
Q

hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis negative feedback

A

TH inhibits TSH release from ant pit
also inhibits TRH release from hypothalamus to a lesser extent

33
Q

location of parathyroid glands

A

embedded in posterior surface of thyroid gland
separated by fibrous capsule

34
Q

parathyroid gland cells and their roles

A

chief cells: secrete PTH
oxyphil cells: no known function, accumulate after puberty with age, derived from chief cells

35
Q

parathyroid hormone

A

produced in response to low calcium levels
stimulates production of vit D and calcium reabsorption in the kidney
activates osteoclasts
facilitates calcium absorption from small intestine

36
Q

parathyroid gland histology

A

darker and denser than thyroid
chief cells are mostly nucleus and more purple
oxyphil cells have larger cytoplasm and are more pink

37
Q

parathyroid disorders

A

hyperparathyroidism: serum calcium levels are increased, produces deposits in kidneys and arteries

hypoparathyroidism: serum calcium levels are decreased, causes spastic contractions of skeletal muscles, tetany

38
Q

location of adrenal gland

A

superior poles of each kidney

39
Q

histology of the adrenal gland

A

surrounded by capsule
medulla is darker and more purple than cortex

40
Q

layers of the adrenal cortex

A

zona glomerulosa
zona fasciculata
zona reticularis

41
Q

role of the zona glomerulosa

A

secretes mineralocorticoids (aldosterone)
maintains electrolyte and water balance

42
Q

role of zona fasciculata

A

secretes glucocorticoids
accelerates glucose synthesis and glycogen formation

43
Q

role of zona reticularis

A

secretes androgens

44
Q

cortisol

A

(hydrocortisone)
widely used in ointments to treat inflammatory conditions of the skin
excessive and long term use can supress immune system

45
Q

adrenal cortex disorders

A

Conn syndrome
Cushing syndrome
Addison disease

46
Q

Conn syndrome

A

caused by excessive production of aldosterone
due to hyperplasia or tumours
results in low renin levels
poor vision, headaches, muscular weakness and spasms, fatigue, potassium deficiency, high BP and excessive urination
greater activity in DCT of Na/K ATPase

47
Q

Cushing syndrome

A

caused by excessive production of glucocorticoids
can be caused by aldosterone
characterised by red moon face, truncal obesity, purple striae, and diabetes mellitus

48
Q

Addison disease

A

autoimmune destruction of adrenal cortex
abdominal pain, weakness, weight loss, darkening of skin

49
Q

adrenal medulla

A

chromaffin cells: modified sympathetic post ganglion cells, lack dendrites and axons
secrete adrenaline and noradrenaline derived from tyrosine

central vein, abundance of arranged smooth muscle

50
Q

pheochromocytoma

A

rare tumour of adrenal medulla
composed of chromaffin cells
referred to as paraganglioma when these cells develop a tumour outside the adrenal gland

51
Q

pancreas location

A

lies between the duodenum, spleen and stomach

52
Q

pancreas histology

A

pale areas are islets of endocrine cells

53
Q

secretions of pancreatic islet cells
alpha cells
beta cells
delta cells
F cells

A

alpha cells: glucagon
beta cells: insulin
delta cells: somatostatin
F cells: pancreatic polypeptide

54
Q

endocrine disorders

A

excess GH: gigantism
insufficient GH: dwarfism

excess TH: Grave’s disease
insufficient TH: Goiter, myxoedema, cretinism

excess mineralocorticoids: Conn syndrome
excess glucocorticoids: Cushing syndrome
insufficient mineralocorticoids: Addison’s disease
insufficient glucocorticoids: Addison’s disease

insufficient insulin: T1D
insufficient ADH: diabetes insipidus

55
Q

glucocorticoids

A

cortisol (weakest but longest half life)
dexamethasone
prednisone
betamethasone

Human Anatomy (12 decks)

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