Gastrointestinal system 2

Question 1

pancreas

Answer 1

lumpy lobular organ
duct delivers pancreatic secretions to duodenum
islet releases insulin and glucagon

Question 2

pancreatic acini

Answer 2

simple cuboidal epithelium
primary lipase production and release of pancreatic juice into the duct

Question 3

what happens when chyme reaches the duodenum

Answer 3

secretin and CCK are released triggering pancreatic secretion

Question 4

pancreatic juice

Answer 4

amylase
lipase
nucleases
inactivated proteolytic enzyme for activation in small intestine
(trypsinogen, chymotrypsinogen, procarboxpeptidase, proelastase)

Question 5

liver

Answer 5

4 lobes, regenerative if blood supply not affected
falciform ligament
porta hepatis - blood vessel to to live - hepatic artery and hepatic portal vein to inferior vena cava

Question 6

histology of the liver

Answer 6

sinusoids lining - endothelial cells, stellate macrophages (Kupffer cells)
adjacent veins
liver lobules - 6 portal triads
bile canaliculi (duct)

Question 7

liver functions

Answer 7

metabolic function
haematological function - largest blood reservoir, plasma proteins, removes old blood cells
bile production

Question 8

what regulates bile secretion

Answer 8

CCK

Question 9

what is bile made of

Answer 9

cholesterol, lipids, bilirubin, water, ions

Question 10

role of the gall bladder

Answer 10

concentration of bile for when needed for high lipid content

Question 11

gallbladder stones

Answer 11

(gallstones)
cholecystitis
when bile is too concentrated
high fat diet

Question 12

small intestine

Answer 12

90% of absorption
mesentery proper (blood and lymphatic vessels, nerves)
circular folds

Question 13

purpose of fold in small intestine

Answer 13

increased surface area for absorption not expansion

Question 14

histology of small intestine

Answer 14

villi lined simple columnar epithelium with microvilli
brush border
lamina propria capillaries
lacteals

Question 15

duodenum

Answer 15

Connection from stomach, curves into C shape
Less circular folds
Mixing bowl for chyme, pancreatic juice and bile
Main function is receiving chyme and neutralising acid

Question 16

duodenum secretions

Answer 16

Gastrin, CCK, secretin
Mucous (pH) and urogastrone (inhibits gastric acid)

Question 17

duodenal submucosa glands

Answer 17

Brunner’s patches
mucous and urogastrone

Question 18

jejunum

Answer 18

bulk of chemical digestion and absorption
circular folds prominent at middle part before decreasing

Question 19

ileum

Answer 19

ends with ileocecal valve, sphincter controlling entry to coecum
distal part lacks circular folds
contains payers patches

Question 20

payers patches of ileum

Answer 20

lymphoid nodules that gatekeep bacteria of large intestine
close to large intestine entrance
rich in macrophages

Question 21

functions of large intestine

Answer 21

water absorption
excretion
vitamin absorption (K, B5, biotin) from microbiome

Question 22

coecum

Answer 22

pouch where entry is controlled by ileocecal valve
appendix and vermiform appendix

Question 23

what mesentery supplies the appendix and vermiform appendix

Answer 23

meso-appendix mesentery

Question 24

colon

Answer 24

ascending, transverse, descending, sigmoid
haustra allow expansion and elongation
attached to omental appendices (pouches of fat)

Question 25

what create haustra of large intestine

Answer 25

taeniae coli
smooth muscle

Question 26

ascending colon

Answer 26

from coecum
bends right at hepatic flexure

Question 27

transverse colon

Answer 27

bends left at splenic flexure

Question 28

descending colon

Answer 28

reaches iliac fossa
firmly attaches to abdominal wall

Question 29

sigmoid colon

Answer 29

S shaped
empties into rectum

Question 30

blood supplies of the colon

Answer 30

superior and inferior mesentery arteries and veins

Question 31

histology of colon

Answer 31

large lymphoid nodules at lamina propria
muscular layer - taeniae coli
lacks villi
goblet cells (mucous)

Question 32

rectum
epithelium

Answer 32

faeces storage
anal canal contains longitudinal folds
transitions from columnar epithelium to stratified squamous epithelium
anus is keratinised

Question 33

anal sphincters

Answer 33

internal: involuntary
external: voluntary

Question 34

what can occur due to the lamina propria of the rectum being highly vascularised with veins

Answer 34

haemorrhoids