Musculoskeletal system

Question 1

what are vertical and horizontal canals in bone matrix called

Answer 1

longitudinal: Haversian
horizontal: Volkmann’s canal

Question 2

what is the functional unit of bone
what is in the centre of it

Answer 2

osteon
Haversian canal

Question 3

what cells become osteocytes

Answer 3

osteoblasts

Question 4

how can you tell the difference between osteoblasts and osteoclasts under a microscope

Answer 4

osteoclasts are multi-nucleated

Question 5

what is between the epiphysis bone and the joint cavity
what is it made of

Answer 5

articular cartilage
hyaline

Question 6

what is the joint cavity filled with
where is it secreted from

Answer 6

synovial fluid
synovial membrane which lines the inside of the joint cavity

Question 7

joint capsule

Answer 7

outer fibrous protective layer that lines a joint

Question 8

joint types

Answer 8

ball and socket, three axes of movement (shoulder and hip)

hinge joint, one axis of movement (elbow and knee)

Question 9

tendon

Answer 9

fibrous connective tissue connecting muscle to bone

Question 10

layers of skeletal muscle packaging

Answer 10

Epimysium - outermost, protective
Perimysium - another connective layer
Fascicles - bundle of fibres
Endomysium - smallest connective layer
Muscle fibres - cells
Myofibrils - intracellular contractile fibres

Question 11

sarcomere

Answer 11

contractile unit of myofibers
Z disc
thin filament I band
thick filament A band
middle H zone
central M line

Question 12

origin and insertion of muscle

Answer 12

origin: proximal attachment point, doesn’t move during contraction

insertion: distal attachment point
moves when the muscle contracts

Question 13

pectoralis major

Answer 13

thick fan shaped anterior on the chest
flexion and adduction of the arm at the shoulder joint
(chest press)

Question 14

biceps brachii

Answer 14

“two headed of the arm”
anterior in the upper arm
flexion of arm at the elbow joint
(preacher curls)

Question 15

triceps (brachii)

Answer 15

“three headed (of the arm)”
posterior in the upper arm
extension of arm at the elbow joint
(triceps pushdowns)

Question 16

deltoid

Answer 16

triangular muscle covering anterior, lateral, and posterior sides of shoulder
flexion and extension of the arm at the shoulder joint
abduction of the arm at the shoulder joint
(shoulder raises)

Question 17

trapezius

Answer 17

large pair of triangular muscles extending over the back of the neck and upper back
stabilizing posture and posterior adduction of shoulders
(cable rows)

Question 18

latissimus dorsi

Answer 18

mid and lower back
extension and adduction of the arm at the shoulder
(lat pull down)

Question 19

rectus abdominus

Answer 19

anterior abdomen region
bending of the whole body anteriorly and stabilisation
(crunches)

Question 20

quadriceps femoris

Answer 20

“four headed of the femur”
strongest muscles
anteriorly in the upper leg
flexion of the leg at the hip joint
extension of the leg at the knee joint
(leg extension)

Question 21

hamstring

Answer 21

group of three muscles
posterior on the thigh
extension of the thigh at the hip joint
flexion of leg at the knee joint
(leg curl)

Question 22

three muscles of the hamstring

Answer 22

semimembranosus: flat and broad, most medial
semitendinosus: largely tendon
biceps
biceps femoris: two heads connect, most lateral

Question 23

gastrocnemius

Answer 23

most of the bulk of the calf
posterior of the lower leg
stability and flexion at the knee joint
(calf raise)

Question 24

soleus

Answer 24

part of calf muscle group
posterior of the lower leg
deeper than gastrocnemius
essential for standing and walking

Question 25

gluteus maximus

Answer 25

present posterior in the hip extension of the thigh at the hip joint (deadlift)