Respiratory System Flashcards
functions of the respiratory system
respiration
conditioning of inspired air
phonation
olfaction
protection from environment and invasion
upper respiratory tract
external nose
nasal cavity
pharynx
why is the nasal fossa folded
increases surface area
what type of epithelium does the upper respiratory tract have
pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelial cells
roles of nasal fossa (cavities)
decreased weight of the skull
improved voice resonance
temperature insulation
conditioning of inspired air
why is the concha in the nasal cavity highly vascularised
why is it structured to create air turbulances
to control the temperature of the air
to allow greater olfactory sense and filtering of air to remove debris
what does it mean to make inspired air conditioned
warm and moist/humid
what cells line the upper respiratory tract
pseudostratified ciliated columnar cells (mostly)
mucociliary escalator
cilia beating to move a carpet of mucous towards the pharynx
what does the mucosa consist of
epithelium and lamina propria
rhinitis
excessive secretion from goblet cells
narrowing of nasal cavities
lamina propria is oedematous (swollen with fluid) and infiltrated with inflammatory cells
primary branching of bronchus
lobular bronchi
3 on the right and 2 on the left
what constitutes the vocal cord
vestibular fold
vocal folds
stridulating (rubbing to make sound)
cartilages in the larynx
sinusitus
inflamed lining of the tissue at the sinuses
swelling leads to blocking of drainage in orifices
why does the trachea have C shaped cartilage
allows the oesophagus to expand when swallowing
obstructive sleep apnoea
obstruction of airway due to over-relaxed muscle tone of the pharyngeal muscle
secondary branching of bronchi
segmental branching
smooth muscle increases
at this point cartilage is plates instead of C shaped to allow expansion
alveoli divisions decreasing in size
alveolar ducts
alveolar sacs
individual alveoli
what type of cells line the alveoli
thin walled simple squamous epithelium (pneumocytes)
pneumocyte type I vs II
type I - thin for gaseous exchange
type II - bigger and round, secrete surfactant
lung with asthma
parasympathetic hyperactivity leading to bronchoconstriction
muscles tighten
airways swell
mucous clogs airways
pneumonia
infection of the lung causes fluid/pus build up in the alveoli
prevents gaseous exchange
pleura
parietal covers the inner thoracic wall surface
visceral covers the surface of the long
pleural space - serous membrane - filled with pleura fluid
pneumothorax
specific examples and their names
collapsed lung, presence of air in the pleural cavity
hydrothorax - pleural effusion, fluid accumulation in the pleural cavity
haemothorax - presence of blood in the pleural cavity
three borders and three surfaces of the lungs
borders: anterior, posterior, inferior
surfaces: costal, mediastinal/medial, diaphragmatic
COPD
emphysema and chronic bronchitis
reoxygenation supply to the lung and clearing of deoxygenated blood
bronchial arteries-vein
what artery supply the breast and anterior chest wall
internal thoracic artery/internal mammary artery
pulmonary embolism
blockage of blood supply to the lung
which ribs are true, false, and floating
true: T1-7
false: T8-12
floating: T11-12
primary respiratory muscles
when are primary vs accessory respiratory muscles used
diaphragm & external intercostal muscles
primary: respiration at rest
accessory: when changing depth and frequency
