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Human Anatomy > Immune System > Flashcards

Immune System Flashcards

1
Q

primary lymphoid organs

A

thymus
bone marrow

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2
Q

secondary lymphoid organs

A

lymph nodes
spleen
various lymphoid mucosal tissues
tonsils

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3
Q

superficial lymph nodes

A

cervical
axillary
inguinal

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4
Q

deep lymph nodes

A

tracheal
aortic

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5
Q

innate defences

A

physical barriers
phagocytes
immune surveillance
interferons
complement
inflammation
fever

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6
Q

immune cell development in red bone marrow

A

hemocytoblasts: immune stem cells
series of differentiation and migration
formation of mature NK cells and B cells
formation of T cell stem cells

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7
Q

immune cell development in the thymus

A

stem cells from bone marrow differentiate in response to thymic hormones
forms T cells

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8
Q

which immune cells are granulocytes vs agranulocytes

A

granulocytes: neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils

agranulocytes: lymphocytes, monocytes

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9
Q

neutrophils
nucleus
granules
proportion of immune cells
lifespan
role

A

nucleus: 3-5 lobes
granules: faint/light pink
proportion of immune cells: 50-70%
lifespan: 1-4 days
role: kill and phagocytose bacteria

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10
Q

eosinophils
nucleus
granules
proportion of immune cells
lifespan
role

A

nucleus: bilobed
granules: red/dark pink
proportion of immune cells: 1-4%
lifespan: several months
role: kill parasites and modulate local inflammation

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11
Q

basophils
nucleus
granules
proportion of immune cells
lifespan
role

A

nucleus: bilobed or S-shaped
granules: dark blue/purple
proportion of immune cells: 1%
lifespan: several months
role: modulate inflammation, histamine during allergy

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12
Q

lymphocytes
nucleus
granules
proportion of immune cells
lifespan
role

A

nucleus: large and spherical
granules: none
proportion of immune cells: 20-40%
lifespan: hours to many years
role: adaptive immunity

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13
Q

monocytes
nucleus
granules
proportion of immune cells
lifespan
role

A

nucleus: C (kidney) shaped
granules: none
proportion of immune cells: 2-8%
lifespan: hours to years
role: precursors of macrophages and mononuclear phagocytic cells

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14
Q

roles of IL1-6

A

IL-1: Fever
IL-2: T-cell stimulator
IL-3: Marrow stimulator
IL-4: IgE stimulator
IL-5: Class switching to IgA
IL-6: Stimulates acute phase protein
Proinflammatory
Potentially drives COVID-19
symptoms

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15
Q

why does the type of infection causing pneumonia change the colour of lung histology

A

due to different immune cells present
can be used to identify the source of pneumonia by biopsy histology

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16
Q

why do fungi remain in the lung

A

cells are large and hard to remove

17
Q

pitting oedema
causes
treatment

A

palpation leaves imprint, often in extremities
caused by heart failure (causing fluid build up in legs) and impaired kidney function (causing fluid retention)
NOT related to lymphatics
treated with frusemide - diuretic

18
Q

lymphoedema
causes
primary vs secondary
treatment

A

non-pitting oedema due to blocking of lymph channels
chronic accumulation of fluid in soft tissues
primary: inherited mutation alters lymphatic development
secondary: result of obstruction or damage
treatment: skincare, exercise, elevation, compression, decongestive therapy, surgery

19
Q

MHC class I
cells
structure
role

A

cells: all nucleated cells
structure: alpha subunit and B2 microglobulin
role: present self antigens to NK cells

tumour and virus-infected cells lack MHC I
recognised by CD8 cells

20
Q

MHC class II
cells
structure
role

A

cells: macrophages, dendritic cells and B cells
structure: two alpha subunits
role: recognised by CD4 cells leading

leads to clones, CD8 and B cell activation

21
Q

stroma of the thymus

A

epithelial cells in crypts - maturation site of T cells
provide physical and chemical environment for T-cell maturation

22
Q

involution of the thymus

A

atrophy with age leading to reduction of immunity
starts after puberty

23
Q

regions of the thymus and their roles

A

cortex: where lymphocytes originate
medulla: where selective clonal deletion occurs
outer capsule

24
Q

Di George syndrome

A

thymic aplasia (incomplete or absent development)
causes susceptibility to viruses and fungi

25
Q

HIV

A

primary infection with acute HIV syndrome and wide dissemination of virus
seeding of lymphoid organs
long period of clinical latency with decreasing CD4 count
constitutional symptoms and opportunistic diseases eventually lead to AIDS
causes encephalitis and global atrophy of the brain

26
Q

lymph nodes role
what cell types are each region

A

filter lymph and help activate immune cells
site of T and B cell clonal expansion and maturation

lymphocytes in cortex
macrophages in medulla

27
Q

B cell generation in lymph nodes

A

subcapsular space
generated from follicles

28
Q

Spleen capsule

A

fibrous
has trabeculae that extend inward

29
Q

white pulp of spleen
role

A

composed of lymphocytes around central arteries
small branches of splenic artery

where blood borne antigens are presented to immune cells

30
Q

red pulp of spleen

A

where worn out RBCs and bloodborne pathogens are destroyed by macrophages

consists of splenic cords and splenic sinusoids

31
Q

functions of the spleen

A

production of immune response
removal of particulate matter and aged blood cells
recycling iron to bone marrow
haematopoiesis in the foetus

32
Q

key structural differences between spleen and lymph nodes

A

periarteriolar sheath
lymph nodes have no capsule or trabeculae

33
Q

contents of the red pulp of the spleen and their function

A

stave cells: remove effete RBCs
cords of Billroth: rich in macrophages and lymphocytes

34
Q

splenomegaly causes
massive splenomegaly causes

A

congestion, haematological infection, neoplasm, autoimmune

malaria myelofibrosis, chronic myeloid leukaemia

35
Q

what is MALT

A

mucous associated lymphoid tissues
set of lymphoid tissues distributed in the mucous membranes
provide a variety of immune cells that have memory for trapped pathogens
germinal centres with no capsule

36
Q

tonsils

A

palatine, lingual, pharyngeal
not capsulated epithelium with invaginations known as crypts

37
Q

examples of MALTS

A

tonsils
Adenoids
Peyer’s patches
lymphoid aggregates of intestines

38
Q

bone marrow cords

A

framework of vascular sinusoids lined by endothelial cells and intervening spaces

39
Q

cells in bone marrow

A

megakaryocytes: next to sinusoids so that platelets can be release

erythroblastic islands: direct RBCs into sinusoids

granulocytes: site away from sinusoids, motile cells then migrate

Human Anatomy (12 decks)

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