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Human Anatomy > Nervous System > Flashcards

Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

brain location, protection, and divisions

A

cranial cavity
skull and meninges
forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain

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2
Q

forebrain
hindbrain
brainstem

A

forebrain: cerebrum, diencephalon
hindbrain: medulla oblongata, pons, cerebellum
brainstem: midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata

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3
Q

how many pairs of cranial and spinal nerves

A

cranial: 12
spinal: 31

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4
Q

classifications of neurons by morphology

A

multipolar
bipolar
pseudounipolar

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5
Q

classifications of neurons by information flow

A

projection neurons: efferent and afferent
interneurons: local connections

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6
Q

classifications of neurons by effect

A

excitatory
inhibitory

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7
Q

why do materials have to be transported back and forth between the soma and terminus

A

axon lacks ribosomes, RER and Golgi

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8
Q

axon myelination in the CNS vs PNS

A

CNS: single oligodendrocyte creates many internodes on multiple axons
PNS: single Schwann cell creates one internode on an axon

internodes in both separated by Nodes of Ranvier

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9
Q

dendritic spines input and role

A

mostly glutamatergic
fundamental computational units of memory

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10
Q

effect of neurotransmitter binding at excitatory synapses
effect of neurotransmitter binding at inhibitory synapses

A

excitatory: opening of Na+ channels and depolarisation

inhibitory: opening of K+ or Cl- channels and hyperpolarisation

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11
Q

types of neuroglia and their functions
overview

A

oligodendrocytes: myelin sheath formation
astrocytes: BBB, structural support, secretion of growth factors, water transport
microglia: brain macrophages, secretion of proinflammatory cytokines, chemokines, APCs

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12
Q

fibrous vs protoplasmic astrocytes

A

fibrous: located primarily in white matter, long spindly processes with few branches
protoplasmic: located in grey matter, thick lightly branched processes, closely apposed to neuron somas

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13
Q

functions of astrocytes

A

regulate intercellular environment by potassium channels and entry of substances
structural support to neurons and synapses
metabolise neurotransmitters
mediate exchange of nutrients and metabolites between blood and neurons, glycogen and gluconeogenesis
forms a glial scar after CNS injury
tripartite synapse: wrap around synapse and eliminate excess glutamate

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14
Q

what happens if potassium is not cleared from intercellular environment

what happens neurotransmitters are not cleared after release

A

potassium: epileptic seizures

neurotransmitters: go into the extra synaptic spaces and activate neighbouring synapses

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15
Q

oligodendrocytes functions

A

in white matter: predominant glial cell, produce the myelin sheath
in grey matter: closely associated with neuron somas functioning as satellite cells

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16
Q

microglia functions

A

small phagocytic cells that enlarge and become mobile after injury
immunocompetent cells - APCs
secrete proinflammatory mediators

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17
Q

peripheral nerve structure

A

bundles (fascicles) of nerve fibres (axons) that are surrounded by myelin sheaths or Schwann cells

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18
Q

connective tissue elements in peripheral nerves

A

epineurium: connective tissue surrounding the entire nerve
perineurium: a layer of dense connective tissue around each fascicle of nerve
endoneurium: a thin reticular layer that surrounds each individual nerve fibre and contains Schwann cells

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19
Q

ganglia

A

encapsulated collections of neuron cell bodies located outside the CNS
contain satellite cells and connective tissue elements along with neurons

20
Q

satellite cells

A

amphicytes
form a capsule of cells around neuron cell bodies located in the peripheral ganglia

21
Q

cerebrum anatomy

A

largest part of the brain consisting of two cerebral hemispheres separated by the longitudinal fissure

22
Q

cerebral cortex description

A

layer of grey matter on the surface of the hemispheres
gyri and sulci (raised and folds)

23
Q

frontal lobe location

A

anterior to central sulcus and superior to lateral fissure

24
Q

parietal lobe location

A

posterior to central sulcus and superior to lateral fissure

25
Q

temporal lobe location

A

inferior to lateral fissure

26
Q

occipital lobe location

A

posterior to parietal and temporal lobes (separated by parieto-occipital sulcus)

27
Q

hippocampus anatomy

A

rolled in part of cerebral cortex
essential for the formation of new memories
particularly vulnerable to damage during global ischemia
affected early in Alzheimer’s

28
Q

diencephalon anatomy

A

dorsal: thalamus
hypothalamus (separated by hypothalamic sulcus)

29
Q

thalamus location

A

large mass of grey matter (nuclei) on either side of the third ventricle

30
Q

hypothalamus location

A

forms the lower part of the lateral wall and floor of the third ventricle

31
Q

midbrain location

A

connects forebrain to hindbrain

32
Q

pons location

A

located inferior to midbrain
superior to medulla oblongata

33
Q

medulla oblongata location

A

most inferior part of the brain

34
Q

cerebellum location

A

located posterior to the pons and the medulla oblongata
consists of a midline portion (vermis) and two hemispheres
connected to brainstem

35
Q

spinal cord

A

continuous with the brain at the foramen magnum of the skull
tapers off into the conus medullaris
consists of spinal nerves, grey matter and fibre tracts

36
Q

role of hypothalamus

A

control and integrative centre for ANS
also receives input from other parts of the brain
influences the secretion of hormones from pit gland and discharges impulses down brainstem and spinal cord

37
Q

types of tissue stimulated by ANS

A

cardiac muscle
smooth muscle
glands

38
Q

vagus nerve

A

cranial nerve X
most of its fibres are parasympathetic
innervates all abdominal viscera up to colic flexure
also involved in swallowing breathing and larynx

39
Q

full bladder nervous system response

A

parasympathetic reflex causes contraction for micturition
motor cortex of frontal lobe can supress bladder at S2 - 4 (voluntary and inhibitory)
deficiency at spinal cord or premotor cortex can result in loss of control

40
Q

parasympathetic supply effect on external genitalia

A

increased blood flow into the cavernous spaces of penis and clitoris
erection / engorgement

41
Q

two pairs of arteries that supply the brain

A

carotid arteries
vertebral arteries

42
Q

vertebrobasilar arterial system

A

vertebral artery originates from subclavian artery
enters the skull the foramen magnum
branches supply the spinal cord, medulla and cerebellum
two vertebral arteries join to form midline basilar artery
branches supply pons, cerebellum and inner ear
ends by dividing into the two posterior cerebral arteries
branches supply midbrain, medial occipital lobe, base of temporal and occipital lobes

43
Q

carotid arterial system

A

internal carotid artery originates from the common carotid artery in the neck
enter the skull through the carotid canals and is within the cavernous sinus
ends by diving into anterior and middle cerebral arteries
anterior cerebral artery passes into medial longitudinal fissure and back into parieto-occipital sulcus
supplies most of the medial surface except occipital lobe
middle cerebral artery passes laterally between temporal and frontal lobes
emerges at lateral fissure and supplies most of the lateral surface of the hemisphere

44
Q

circle of Willis

A

anastomosis between left and right arteries supplying the brain
may help supply the opposite side in cases of slow occlusion on one side

45
Q

superficial cerebral veins and venous sinuses

A

blood drains into sinuses which empty into internal jugular vein
superficial and superior brain drains into superior sagittal sinus
inferior brain drains into transverse sinus and superficial middle cerebral vein

46
Q

deep cerebral veins

A

blood from the centre of the brain drains into deep cerebral veins
drains into the straight venous sinus

47
Q

internal jugular vein

A

superficial and deep brain drain into venous sinuses and then into IJV
superior agittal and straight sinuses flow into transverse sinus
then sigmoid sinus which drains into IJV in the neck
drains to heart

Human Anatomy (12 decks)

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