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Human Histology > Urinary System > Flashcards

Urinary System Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of the Urinary System

A

1. Eliminate waste products
* Nitrogenous wastes
* Toxins
* Drugs
2. Regulate homeostasis
* Water balance
* Electrolyte
* Acid-Base
* BP
* RBC Production
* Activation of Vitamin D

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2
Q

Organs of the Urinary System

A
  • Kidneys
  • Urethers
  • Urinary Bladder
  • Urethra
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3
Q

Regions of the Kidney

A
  • Renal Cortex
  • Renal Medulla
  • Renal Pelvis
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4
Q

____ is the outer region of the kidney.

A

Renal Cortex

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5
Q

____ is a region of the kidney that stains dark.

A

Renal cortex

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6
Q

____ is the inner region of the kidney.

A

Renal Medulla

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7
Q

The ____ contains 8-12 renal pyraminds containing a renal lobe.

A

Renal medulla

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8
Q

The renal medulla contains how many renal pyramids?

A

8-12

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9
Q

The renal pyramids of the medulla contain a ____.

A

Renal lobe

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10
Q

The apical end of renal pyramids contain ____ and ____ that eventually become one of the three calyces.

A

renal papilla, minor calyx

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11
Q

The renal papilla and minor calyx is found at the ____ of the renal pyramid.

A

apical end

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12
Q

The renal pyramid is separated by structures called ____.

A

Renal column

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13
Q

The renal column separates the ____.

A

Renal pyramids

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14
Q

____ is where the renal artery and vein are located.

A

Renal hilum

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15
Q

____ is where the ureter exits the kidney.

A

Renal hilum

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16
Q

____ is the inner collecting tube.

A

Renal pelvis

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17
Q

____ is the largest vasculature in the kidneys.

A

Renal artery

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18
Q

The renal artery divides into ____ at the hilum.

A

2 segmental arteries

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19
Q

The ____ divides into 2 segmental arteries at the hilum.

A

Renal artery

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20
Q

The renal artery divides into 2 segmental arteries at the ____.

A

hilum

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21
Q

____ supplies oxygenated blood from the heart to the kidneys.

A

Renal artery

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22
Q

____ branch from segmental arteries.

A

Interlobar arteries

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23
Q

Interlobar arteries branch from ____.

A

Segmental arteries

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24
Q

____ extend between renal pyramids towards corticomedullary junction.

A

Interlobar arteries

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25
Q

____ branch from interlobar arteries.

A

Arcuate arteries

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26
Q

Arcuate arteries branch from ____.

A

Interlobar arteries

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27
Q

____ branch from arcuate arteries.

A

Interlobular arteries

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28
Q

Interlobular arteries branch from ____.

A

Arcuate arteries

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29
Q

____ extend all the way to the renal cortex.

A

Interlobular arteries

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30
Q

____ branch from interlobular arteries.

A

Afferent arterioles

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31
Q

Afferent arterioles branch from ____.

A

Interlobular arteries

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32
Q

____ is a branch that enters the capillary clusters called Glomerulus.

A

Afferent arterioles

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33
Q

The ____ are capillary clusters where blood is filtered to form the initial filtrate.

A

Glomeruli (lus)

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34
Q

The glomerulus is drained by ____.

A

Efferent arterioles

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35
Q

The ____ is drained by efferent arterioles.

A

Glomerulus

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36
Q

____ branch into peritubular arteries and vasa recta.

A

Efferent arterioles

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37
Q

Efferent arterioles branch into ____.

A

Peritubular arteries and Vasa recta

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38
Q

____ carries deoxygenated blood from the kidney to the heart.

A

Renal vein

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39
Q

Blood Flow in the Kidney

A
  1. Renal Artery
  2. Interlobar Artery
  3. Arcuate Artery
  4. Interlobular Artery
  5. Afferent Arteriole
  6. Nephron (Glomerulus)
  7. Efferent Arteriole
  8. Peritubular Capillaries
  9. Vasa Recta
  10. Interlobular Vein
  11. Arcuate Vein
  12. Interlobar Vein
  13. Renal Vein
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40
Q

____ emerges from the Efferent arteriole.

A

Peritubular capillaries and Vasa recta

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41
Q

____ are tiny blood vessels in the cortical region of the kidney.

A

Peritubular Capillaries

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42
Q

____ provides oxygen and nutrients in the renal cortex.

A

Peritubular Capillaries

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43
Q

____ lie close to the distal and proximal convoluted tubules.

A

Peritubular Capillaries

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44
Q

____ reabsorb important substances back into the bloodstream.

A

Peritubular Capillaries

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45
Q

____ are straight venules and arterioles in the medullary region.

A

Vasa Recta

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46
Q

____ provides oxygen and nutrients in the renal medulla.

A

Vasa Recta

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47
Q

____ surround Loop of Henle.

A

Vasa Recta

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48
Q

____ help to maintain concentration gradient in the medulla for water reabsorption and urine concentration.

A

Vasa Recta

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49
Q

____ is the functional unit of the kidney.

A

Nephron

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50
Q

Three Process Involved in Urine Formation

A
  • Filtration
  • Secretion
  • Reabsorption
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51
Q

____ is the process by which water and solutes in the blood leave the vascular space and enter the lumen of the nephron.

A

Filtration

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52
Q

____ is the process by which substances move from the tubular lumen across the epithelium into the interstitium and surrounding capillaries.

A

Reabsorption

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53
Q

____ is the process by which substances move from epithelial cells of the tubules into the lumens, usually after uptake from the surrounding interstitium and capillaries.

A

Secretion

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54
Q

Urine Formation Steps (summary)

A

1. Glomerulus - filtration
2. Glomerular Basement Membrane/Filtration Membrane - blocks blood cells and large proteins
3. Nephron Tubule - reabsorption of nutrients and water
4. Nephron Tube - secreted ions + filtrate makes up urine
5. Collecting Ducts - where urine exits nephron tube

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55
Q

The ____ filters water and other substances from the bloodstream.

A

Glomerulus

56
Q

As blood flows through the glomerulus, blood pressure pushes water and solutes into the glomerular capsule through a specialized layer of cells called the ____.

A

Glomerular Basement Membrane/Filtration Membrane

57
Q

The ____ allows water and small solutes enter, but blocks blood cells and large proteins.

A

Glomerular Basement Membrane/Filtration Membrane

58
Q

The fluid that has passed through the glomerular basement membrane is now called as ____.

A

filtrate

59
Q

The filtrate will further flow into the ____ where reabsorption of vital nutrients and water back into the bloodstream occurs.

A

Renal tubule or Nephron tubule

60
Q

The remaining filtrate will continue to pass through the ____.

A

Nephron tube

61
Q

The secreted ions and remaining filtrate forms the ____.

A

Urine

62
Q

The urine flows out of the nephron tubule into a ____.

A

Collecting duct

63
Q

Each kidney contains ____ nephrons.

A

1-4 million

64
Q

Major Divisions of the Nephron

A

1. Renal Corpuscle
* Glomerulus
* Glomerular Capsule
* Podocytes
2. Nephron/Renal Tubule
* Proximal Convoluted Tubule
* Loop of Henle
* Distal Convoluted Tubule
3. Connecting Tubule and Collecting System

65
Q

____ is the dilated part enclosing a tuft of capillary loops.

A

Renal corpuscle

66
Q

____ is the site of blood filtration.

A

Renal corpuscle (Glomerulus)

67
Q

Three Parts of the Glomerulus

A
  • Fenestrated Capillary Endothelium
  • Glomerular Basement Membrane
  • Slit Pores/FIltration Slits
68
Q

The ____ is responsible for regulating high flux filtration of fluid and small solutes.

A

Fenestrated Capillary Endothelium

69
Q

____ contains Type IV Collagen.

A

Glomerular Basement Membrane

70
Q

The glomerular basement membrane contains ____.

A

Type IV Collagen

71
Q

The glomerular basement membrane is produced by ____.

A

Podocytes

72
Q

Podocytes produce ____.

A

Glomerular Basement Membrane

73
Q

The ____ regulates the passage of many small proteins and water.

A

Slit Pores or Filtration Slits

74
Q

The glomerular capsule is composed of ____.

A

Simple Squamous Epithelium

75
Q

The glomerular capsule is also known as the ____.

A

Bowman’s Capsule

76
Q

The ____ is a visceral layer of renal corpuscle.

A

Podocytes

77
Q

Podocytes consists of unusual ____ cells.

A

Stellate Epithelial Cells

78
Q

____ compose the apparatus for renal filtration.

A

Podocytes

79
Q

____ is located at the renal cortex.

A

Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT)

80
Q

PCT is located at the ____.

A

renal cortex

81
Q

Tissue Composition of Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT)

A

Simple Cuboidal Epithelium

82
Q

The cell apex of ____ contains microvilli.

A

Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT)

83
Q

The ____ of PCT contains microvilli.

A

cell apex

84
Q

____ increases the surface are for reabsorption.

A

Microvilli

85
Q

The cells of ____ have central nuclei and are very acidophilic.

A

Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT)

86
Q

Why are the cells of PCT very acidophilic?

A

Because it has abundant mitochondria

87
Q

____ has abundant mitochondria.

A

Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT)

88
Q

____ has basolateral folds.

A

Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT)

89
Q

Molecules reabsorbed in the Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT)

A

Glucose, Amino Acids, Electrolytes, Water

90
Q

Regions of Loop of Henle

A
  • Thin ascending and descending limb
  • Thick ascending limb
  • Macula densa
91
Q

Tissue Composition of Thin Ascending and Thin Descending Limb

A

Simple Squamous Epithelium

92
Q

The ____ further thickens to macula densa.

A

Thick Ascending Limb

93
Q

Tissue Composition of Thick Ascending Limb

A

Simple Cuboidal Epithelium

94
Q

Tissue Composition of Macula Densa

A

Specialized Smooth Muscle Cells

95
Q

____ have juxtaglomerular cells.

A

Macula Densa

96
Q

Macula densa contains ____ cells.

A

juxtaglomerular

97
Q

____ secretes renin.

A

Macula Densa

98
Q

Macula densa secretes ____.

A

renin

99
Q

____ is where electrolyte levels are adjusted further.

A

Distal Convoluted Tubule (DCT)

100
Q

Tissue Composition of Distal Convoluted Tubule (DCT)

A

Simple Cuboidal Epithelium

101
Q

____ is smaller and have no brush border and more empty lumens.

A

Distal Convoluted Tubule (DCT)

102
Q

____ are flatter, and more nuclei are typically seen.

A

Distal Convoluted Tubule (DCT)

103
Q

The cells of ____ have fewer mitochondria, making them less acidophilic.

A

Distal Convoluted Tubule (DCT)

104
Q

The ____ join to form the cortical collecting ducts.

A

Connecting tubules

105
Q

The ____ is the last part of each nephron.

A

Connecting tubule

106
Q

____ carries the filtrate into a collecting system.

A

Connecting tubule

107
Q

The ____ delivers filtrate of plasma into minor calyces.

A

Collecting system (collecting tubules and ducts)

108
Q

The filtrate in the collecting system is called as ____.

A

Urine

109
Q

Tissue Composition of Collecting System

A

Simple Cuboidal Epithelium

110
Q

Two Cells Present in the Collecting System

A
  • Principal Cell
  • Intercalated Cell
111
Q

The ____ is pale staining and contains few mitochondria.

A

Principal cell

112
Q

The ____ contains cell membranes rich in aquaporins.

A

Principal cell

113
Q

The principal cell contains cell membranes rich in ____.

A

aquaporins

114
Q

____ functions in passive water reabsorption.

A

Aquaporins

115
Q

____ contains more abundant mitochondria and projecting apical folds.

A

Intercalated cell

116
Q

Some of ____ also occurs in the DCTs.

A

Intercalated cell

117
Q

What is the function of Intercalated Cell in DCTs?

A

It helps in maintaining acid-base balance by secreting hydrogen ions and bicarbonate

118
Q

____ helps in maintaining acid-base balance.

A

Intercalated cell

119
Q

Intercalated cell secretes hydrogen ions from ____.

A

Type A or α-intercalated cells

120
Q

Intercalated cell secretes bicarbonate from ____.

A

Type B or β-intercalated cells

121
Q

____ are tubes that transport urine from the kidneys to the bladder.

A

Ureter

122
Q

Tissue Composition of Ureter

A

Transitional Epithelium or Urothelium

123
Q

Tissue Composition of Renal Calyces

A

Transitional Epithelium or Urothelium

124
Q

Tissue Composition of Renal Pelvis

A

Transitional Epithelium or Urothelium

126
Q

Tissue Composition of Urinary Bladder

A

Transitional Epithelium or Urothelium

127
Q

The ____ is where urine is temporarily stored.

A

Urinary Bladder

128
Q

The ____ contains folded mucosa which unfold as it fills.

A

Urinary bladder

129
Q

The urinary bladder contains ____ which unfold as the bladder fills.

A

folded mucosa

130
Q

The urothelium of urinary bladder gets ____ as it fills.

A

thinner

131
Q

The ____ drains the bladder in both genders.

A

Urethra

132
Q

Tissue Composition of Urethra

A

Transitional Epithelium or Urothelium

133
Q

The middle part of the urethra is surrounded by the ____.

A

External Striated Muscle Sphincter

134
Q

Tissue Composition of Male Urethra

A
  • Transitional Epithelium or Urothelium
  • Stratified and Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium
  • Stratified Squamous Epithelium
135
Q

Three Regions of the Male Urethra

A
  • Prostatic
  • Membranous
  • Spongy
136
Q

The ____ passes through the urogenital diaphragm.

A

Membranous urethra

137
Q

Tissue Composition of Female Urethra

A
  • Transitional Epithelium or Urothelium
  • Non-keratinized Stratified Squamous Epithelium

Human Histology (12 decks)

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