Urinary System Flashcards
Functions of the Urinary System
1. Eliminate waste products
* Nitrogenous wastes
* Toxins
* Drugs
2. Regulate homeostasis
* Water balance
* Electrolyte
* Acid-Base
* BP
* RBC Production
* Activation of Vitamin D
Organs of the Urinary System
- Kidneys
- Urethers
- Urinary Bladder
- Urethra
Regions of the Kidney
- Renal Cortex
- Renal Medulla
- Renal Pelvis
____ is the outer region of the kidney.
Renal Cortex
____ is a region of the kidney that stains dark.
Renal cortex
____ is the inner region of the kidney.
Renal Medulla
The ____ contains 8-12 renal pyraminds containing a renal lobe.
Renal medulla
The renal medulla contains how many renal pyramids?
8-12
The renal pyramids of the medulla contain a ____.
Renal lobe
The apical end of renal pyramids contain ____ and ____ that eventually become one of the three calyces.
renal papilla, minor calyx
The renal papilla and minor calyx is found at the ____ of the renal pyramid.
apical end
The renal pyramid is separated by structures called ____.
Renal column
The renal column separates the ____.
Renal pyramids
____ is where the renal artery and vein are located.
Renal hilum
____ is where the ureter exits the kidney.
Renal hilum
____ is the inner collecting tube.
Renal pelvis
____ is the largest vasculature in the kidneys.
Renal artery
The renal artery divides into ____ at the hilum.
2 segmental arteries
The ____ divides into 2 segmental arteries at the hilum.
Renal artery
The renal artery divides into 2 segmental arteries at the ____.
hilum
____ supplies oxygenated blood from the heart to the kidneys.
Renal artery
____ branch from segmental arteries.
Interlobar arteries
Interlobar arteries branch from ____.
Segmental arteries
____ extend between renal pyramids towards corticomedullary junction.
Interlobar arteries
____ branch from interlobar arteries.
Arcuate arteries
Arcuate arteries branch from ____.
Interlobar arteries
____ branch from arcuate arteries.
Interlobular arteries
Interlobular arteries branch from ____.
Arcuate arteries
____ extend all the way to the renal cortex.
Interlobular arteries
____ branch from interlobular arteries.
Afferent arterioles
Afferent arterioles branch from ____.
Interlobular arteries
____ is a branch that enters the capillary clusters called Glomerulus.
Afferent arterioles
The ____ are capillary clusters where blood is filtered to form the initial filtrate.
Glomeruli (lus)
The glomerulus is drained by ____.
Efferent arterioles
The ____ is drained by efferent arterioles.
Glomerulus
____ branch into peritubular arteries and vasa recta.
Efferent arterioles
Efferent arterioles branch into ____.
Peritubular arteries and Vasa recta
____ carries deoxygenated blood from the kidney to the heart.
Renal vein
Blood Flow in the Kidney
- Renal Artery
- Interlobar Artery
- Arcuate Artery
- Interlobular Artery
- Afferent Arteriole
- Nephron (Glomerulus)
- Efferent Arteriole
- Peritubular Capillaries
- Vasa Recta
- Interlobular Vein
- Arcuate Vein
- Interlobar Vein
- Renal Vein
____ emerges from the Efferent arteriole.
Peritubular capillaries and Vasa recta
____ are tiny blood vessels in the cortical region of the kidney.
Peritubular Capillaries
____ provides oxygen and nutrients in the renal cortex.
Peritubular Capillaries
____ lie close to the distal and proximal convoluted tubules.
Peritubular Capillaries
____ reabsorb important substances back into the bloodstream.
Peritubular Capillaries
____ are straight venules and arterioles in the medullary region.
Vasa Recta
____ provides oxygen and nutrients in the renal medulla.
Vasa Recta
____ surround Loop of Henle.
Vasa Recta
____ help to maintain concentration gradient in the medulla for water reabsorption and urine concentration.
Vasa Recta
____ is the functional unit of the kidney.
Nephron
Three Process Involved in Urine Formation
- Filtration
- Secretion
- Reabsorption
____ is the process by which water and solutes in the blood leave the vascular space and enter the lumen of the nephron.
Filtration
____ is the process by which substances move from the tubular lumen across the epithelium into the interstitium and surrounding capillaries.
Reabsorption
____ is the process by which substances move from epithelial cells of the tubules into the lumens, usually after uptake from the surrounding interstitium and capillaries.
Secretion
Urine Formation Steps (summary)
1. Glomerulus - filtration
2. Glomerular Basement Membrane/Filtration Membrane - blocks blood cells and large proteins
3. Nephron Tubule - reabsorption of nutrients and water
4. Nephron Tube - secreted ions + filtrate makes up urine
5. Collecting Ducts - where urine exits nephron tube
The ____ filters water and other substances from the bloodstream.
Glomerulus
As blood flows through the glomerulus, blood pressure pushes water and solutes into the glomerular capsule through a specialized layer of cells called the ____.
Glomerular Basement Membrane/Filtration Membrane
The ____ allows water and small solutes enter, but blocks blood cells and large proteins.
Glomerular Basement Membrane/Filtration Membrane
The fluid that has passed through the glomerular basement membrane is now called as ____.
filtrate
The filtrate will further flow into the ____ where reabsorption of vital nutrients and water back into the bloodstream occurs.
Renal tubule or Nephron tubule
The remaining filtrate will continue to pass through the ____.
Nephron tube
The secreted ions and remaining filtrate forms the ____.
Urine
The urine flows out of the nephron tubule into a ____.
Collecting duct
Each kidney contains ____ nephrons.
1-4 million
Major Divisions of the Nephron
1. Renal Corpuscle
* Glomerulus
* Glomerular Capsule
* Podocytes
2. Nephron/Renal Tubule
* Proximal Convoluted Tubule
* Loop of Henle
* Distal Convoluted Tubule
3. Connecting Tubule and Collecting System
____ is the dilated part enclosing a tuft of capillary loops.
Renal corpuscle
____ is the site of blood filtration.
Renal corpuscle (Glomerulus)
Three Parts of the Glomerulus
- Fenestrated Capillary Endothelium
- Glomerular Basement Membrane
- Slit Pores/FIltration Slits
The ____ is responsible for regulating high flux filtration of fluid and small solutes.
Fenestrated Capillary Endothelium
____ contains Type IV Collagen.
Glomerular Basement Membrane
The glomerular basement membrane contains ____.
Type IV Collagen
The glomerular basement membrane is produced by ____.
Podocytes
Podocytes produce ____.
Glomerular Basement Membrane
The ____ regulates the passage of many small proteins and water.
Slit Pores or Filtration Slits
The glomerular capsule is composed of ____.
Simple Squamous Epithelium
The glomerular capsule is also known as the ____.
Bowman’s Capsule
The ____ is a visceral layer of renal corpuscle.
Podocytes
Podocytes consists of unusual ____ cells.
Stellate Epithelial Cells
____ compose the apparatus for renal filtration.
Podocytes
____ is located at the renal cortex.
Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT)
PCT is located at the ____.
renal cortex
Tissue Composition of Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT)
Simple Cuboidal Epithelium
The cell apex of ____ contains microvilli.
Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT)
The ____ of PCT contains microvilli.
cell apex
____ increases the surface are for reabsorption.
Microvilli
The cells of ____ have central nuclei and are very acidophilic.
Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT)
Why are the cells of PCT very acidophilic?
Because it has abundant mitochondria
____ has abundant mitochondria.
Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT)
____ has basolateral folds.
Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT)
Molecules reabsorbed in the Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT)
Glucose, Amino Acids, Electrolytes, Water
Regions of Loop of Henle
- Thin ascending and descending limb
- Thick ascending limb
- Macula densa
Tissue Composition of Thin Ascending and Thin Descending Limb
Simple Squamous Epithelium
The ____ further thickens to macula densa.
Thick Ascending Limb
Tissue Composition of Thick Ascending Limb
Simple Cuboidal Epithelium
Tissue Composition of Macula Densa
Specialized Smooth Muscle Cells
____ have juxtaglomerular cells.
Macula Densa
Macula densa contains ____ cells.
juxtaglomerular
____ secretes renin.
Macula Densa
Macula densa secretes ____.
renin
____ is where electrolyte levels are adjusted further.
Distal Convoluted Tubule (DCT)
Tissue Composition of Distal Convoluted Tubule (DCT)
Simple Cuboidal Epithelium
____ is smaller and have no brush border and more empty lumens.
Distal Convoluted Tubule (DCT)
____ are flatter, and more nuclei are typically seen.
Distal Convoluted Tubule (DCT)
The cells of ____ have fewer mitochondria, making them less acidophilic.
Distal Convoluted Tubule (DCT)
The ____ join to form the cortical collecting ducts.
Connecting tubules
The ____ is the last part of each nephron.
Connecting tubule
____ carries the filtrate into a collecting system.
Connecting tubule
The ____ delivers filtrate of plasma into minor calyces.
Collecting system (collecting tubules and ducts)
The filtrate in the collecting system is called as ____.
Urine
Tissue Composition of Collecting System
Simple Cuboidal Epithelium
Two Cells Present in the Collecting System
- Principal Cell
- Intercalated Cell
The ____ is pale staining and contains few mitochondria.
Principal cell
The ____ contains cell membranes rich in aquaporins.
Principal cell
The principal cell contains cell membranes rich in ____.
aquaporins
____ functions in passive water reabsorption.
Aquaporins
____ contains more abundant mitochondria and projecting apical folds.
Intercalated cell
Some of ____ also occurs in the DCTs.
Intercalated cell
What is the function of Intercalated Cell in DCTs?
It helps in maintaining acid-base balance by secreting hydrogen ions and bicarbonate
____ helps in maintaining acid-base balance.
Intercalated cell
Intercalated cell secretes hydrogen ions from ____.
Type A or α-intercalated cells
Intercalated cell secretes bicarbonate from ____.
Type B or β-intercalated cells
____ are tubes that transport urine from the kidneys to the bladder.
Ureter
Tissue Composition of Ureter
Transitional Epithelium or Urothelium
Tissue Composition of Renal Calyces
Transitional Epithelium or Urothelium
Tissue Composition of Renal Pelvis
Transitional Epithelium or Urothelium
Tissue Composition of Urinary Bladder
Transitional Epithelium or Urothelium
The ____ is where urine is temporarily stored.
Urinary Bladder
The ____ contains folded mucosa which unfold as it fills.
Urinary bladder
The urinary bladder contains ____ which unfold as the bladder fills.
folded mucosa
The urothelium of urinary bladder gets ____ as it fills.
thinner
The ____ drains the bladder in both genders.
Urethra
Tissue Composition of Urethra
Transitional Epithelium or Urothelium
The middle part of the urethra is surrounded by the ____.
External Striated Muscle Sphincter
Tissue Composition of Male Urethra
- Transitional Epithelium or Urothelium
- Stratified and Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium
- Stratified Squamous Epithelium
Three Regions of the Male Urethra
- Prostatic
- Membranous
- Spongy
The ____ passes through the urogenital diaphragm.
Membranous urethra
Tissue Composition of Female Urethra
- Transitional Epithelium or Urothelium
- Non-keratinized Stratified Squamous Epithelium
