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Human Histology > Endocrine System > Flashcards

Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

____ consists of a group of glands which are widely separated and have no physical connection with each other.

A

Endocrine System

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2
Q

____ are a group of glands found in the Endocrine System.

A

Endocrine glands

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3
Q

Endocrine glands are typically ____ in origin.

A

epithelial

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4
Q

Endocrine glands are epithelial in origin, that aggregated as ____ or ____ and surrounded by extensive network of capillaries.

A

cords or clusters

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5
Q

____ release signaling products called Hormones.

A

Secretory cells

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6
Q

Secretory cells release signaling products called ____.

A

Hormones

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7
Q

Endocrine glands are also referred to as _____.

A

Ductless Glands

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8
Q

Why are Endocrine glands referred to as Ductless glands?

A

Because they diffuse directly into the bloodstream

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9
Q

____ are chemical substances that act like messenger molecules in the body.

A

Hormones

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10
Q

____ maintain the constancy of chemical composition of extracellular and intracellular fluid.

A

Hormones

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11
Q

Hormones are directly released from the ____ into the ____ and carried to the site.

A

tissue, bloodstream

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12
Q

____ are directly released from the tissue into the bloodstream and carried to the site.

A

Hormones

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13
Q

Difference between Endocrine and Exocrine Glands

A

Exocrine Glands:
* Contain ducts
* Merocrine, Holocrine, Apocrine Secretion

Endocrine Glands:
* Lack ducts
* Paracrine, Juxtacrine, Autocrine

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14
Q

Three Methods of Secretion of Endocrine Hormones

A
  • Paracrine
  • Juxtacrine
  • Autocrine
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15
Q

Which Method of Secretion

It occurs between the cells in close proximity with each other.

A

Paracrine Secretion

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16
Q

Which Method of Secretion

It is dispersal in interstitial fluid or through short loops of blood vessels.

A

Paracrine Secretion

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17
Q

Which Method of Secretion

Example: Gastrin made by pyloric G cells reaches target cells in the fundic glands.

A

Paracrine Secretion

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18
Q

Which Method of Secretion

The signaling molecule remains on the secreting cell’s surface or adjacent extracellular matrix and affects target cells when the cells make contact.

A

Juxtacrine Secretion

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19
Q

Which Method of Secretion

Example: Embryonic and regenerative tissue interactions

A

Juxtacrine Secretion

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20
Q

Which Method of Secretion

The cells may produce molecules that act on themselves.

A

Autocrine Secretion

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21
Q

Which Method of Secretion

Example: Insulin-like growth factor (IGF) produced by several cell types may act on the same cells that produced it.

A

Autocrine Secretion

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22
Q

____ is also known as the Hypophysis.

A

Pituitary Gland

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23
Q

Pituitary gland is also known as the ____.

A

Hypophysis

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24
Q

The ____ lies below the brain in a small cavity on the sphenoid bone.

A

Pituitary gland

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25
Q

____ is the small cavity located on the sphenoid bone.

A

Sella turcica

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26
Q

Pituitary gland develops from the ____ and ____.

A

dveloping brain and oral cavity

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27
Q

Neural Component of Pituitary Gland

A

Neurohypophyseal Bud

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28
Q

Oral Component of Pituitary Gland

A

Hypophyseal (Rathke) Pouch

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29
Q

During the ________, the neurohypophyseal bud forms from the diencephalon that will become the future posterior pituitary gland, while hypophyseal pouch grows from the roof of the pharynx that will become the future anterior pituitary gland.

A

third week of development

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30
Q

The ____ forms from the diencephalon.

A

Neurohypophyseal bud

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31
Q

The neurohypophyseal bud forms from the ____.

A

diencephalon

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32
Q

____ becomes the future posterior pituitary gland.

A

Neurohypophyseal bud

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33
Q

The ____ forms from the roof of the pharynx.

A

Hypophyseal pouch

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34
Q

The hypophyseal bud forms from the ____.

A

roof of the pharynx

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35
Q

____ becomes the future anterior pituitary gland.

A

Hypophyseal pouch

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36
Q

Two Major Parts of the Pituitary Gland

A
  • Posterior Pituitary (Neurohypophysis)
  • Anterior Pituitary (Adenohypophysis)
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37
Q

____ is also known as the Neurohypophysis.

A

Posterior Pituitary Gland

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38
Q

The posterior pituitary gland is also known as the ____.

A

Neurohypophysis

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39
Q

____ is also known as the Adenohypophysis.

A

Anterior Pituitary Gland

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40
Q

The anterior pituitary gland is also known as the ____.

A

Adenohypophysis

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41
Q

The ____ has a part called the pars nervosa, which develops as a down growth of the developing brain and is attached in the hypothalamus by the infundibulum.

A

Posterior pituitary gland (Neurohypophysis)

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42
Q

____ develops as a down growth of the developing brain.

A

Pars nervosa

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43
Q

Pars nervosa is attached in the hypothalamus by the ____.

A

infundibulum

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44
Q

The ____ includes the large pars distalis, the pars tuberalis that surrounds the infundibulum, and the thin pars intermedia adjacent to the pars nevosa.

A

Anterior pituitary gland (Adenohypophysis)

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45
Q

The ____ surrounds the infundibulum.

A

Pars tuberalis

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46
Q

The ____ is adjacent to the pars nervosa.

A

Pars intermedia

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47
Q

____ is also known as the Pituitary Portal System.

A

Hypothalamic-Hypophyseal Portal System

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48
Q

Hypothalamic-Hypophyseal Portal System is also known as the ____.

A

Pituitary Portal System

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49
Q

____ is a network of vessels that transport blood from the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary.

A

Hypothalamic-Hypophyseal Transport System

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50
Q

Pituitary Portal System carries ____ to the adenohypophysis where they either stimulate or inhibit hormone release by endocrine cells.

A

neuropeptides

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51
Q

Components of the Hypothalamic-Hypophyseal Transport System

A
  • Primary Capillary Plexus
  • Secondary Capillary Plexus
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52
Q

____ is found in the infundibulum and lower hypothalamus.

A

Primary Capillary Plexus

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53
Q

____ is found in the pars distalis, connected by portal veins and draining to the hypophyseal vein.

A

Secondary Capillary Plexus

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54
Q

Secondary capillary plexus is connected by ____.

A

portal veins

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55
Q

____ is a bundle of axons from two important hypothalamic nuclei.

A

Hypothalamic-Hypophyseal Tract

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56
Q

Two Important Hypothalamic Nuclei

A
  • Supraoptic Nuclei
  • Paraventricular Nuclei
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57
Q

____ contains neurosecretory cells that produce Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) or Vasopressin.

A

Supraoptic Nuclei

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58
Q

____ contains neurosecretory cells that produce Oxytocin.

A

Paraventricular Nuclei

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59
Q

____ is released in response to the increased blood tonicity.

A

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) or Vasopressin

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60
Q

____ increases the permeability of renal collecting ducts to water so that more water is reabsorbed from the filtrate.

A

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) or Vasopressin

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61
Q

____ stimulates contraction of uterine smooth muscle during childbirth and the myoepithelial cells in the mammary gland.

A

Oxytocin

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62
Q

Endocrine Cells of the Anterior Pituitary Gland

A
  • Chromophils
  • Chromophobes
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63
Q

____ are secretory cells in which hormone is stored in cytoplasmic granules.

A

Chromophils

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64
Q

____ have a few or totally lack secretory granules and stain poorly.

A

Chromophobes

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65
Q

Cell groups under Chromophils

A
  • Acidophils
  • Basophils
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66
Q

Cells produced by acidophils

A
  • Somatotroph
  • Lactotroph
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67
Q

____ produces Somatotropin (growth hormone).

A

Somatotroph

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68
Q

Somatotroph produces ____.

A

Somatotropin (Growth Hormone)

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69
Q

____ produces Prolactin.

A

Lactotroph

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70
Q

Lactotroph produces ____.

A

Prolactin (PRL)

71
Q

Cells produced by basophils

A
  • Gonadotroph
  • Thyrotroph
  • Corticotroph
72
Q

____ produces Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH).

A

Gonadotroph

73
Q

____ produces Luteinizing Hormone (LH).

A

Gonadotroph

74
Q

Gonadotroph produces ___.

A
  • Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
  • Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
75
Q

____ produces Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH).

A

Thyrotroph

76
Q

Thyrotroph produces ____.

A

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone

77
Q

____ produces Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH).

A

Corticotroph

78
Q

____ produces Beta-Lipotropin Hormone (LPH).

A

Corticotroph

79
Q

Corticotroph produces ____.

A
  • Adrenocorticotropc Hormone (ACTH)
  • Beta-Lipotropin Hormone (LPH)
80
Q

Corticotroph synthesizes the protein ____.

A

Proopiomelanocortin (POMC)

81
Q

____ has neurosecretory neurons that secretes hypothalamic hormones which controls the secretions of all the hormones produced by the pituitary glands.

A

Hypothalamus

82
Q

____ controls the activity of the pituitary glands.

A

Hypothalamus

83
Q

____ will start the production of other hormones.

A

Releasing hormones

84
Q

____ will stop the production of other hormones.

A

Inhibiting hormones

85
Q

The hypothalamic releasing and inhibiting hormones are carried directly from the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary glands via _______.

A

Hypothalamic-Hypophyseal Portal System

86
Q

Releasing Hormones

A
  • Prolactin-Releasing Hormone (PRH)
  • Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone (TRH)
  • Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH)
  • Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone (CRH)
  • Growth Hormone-Releasing Hormone (GHRH)
87
Q

____ prompts the anterior pituitary to produce prolactin.

A

Prolactin-Releasing Hormone (PRH)

88
Q

____ triggers the release of thyroid stimulating hormone.

A

Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone (TRH)

89
Q

____ stimulates the anterior pituitary to release FSH and LH.

A

Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH)

90
Q

____ sends a message to the anterior pituitary gland to produce ACTH.

A

Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone (CRH)

91
Q

____ prompts the anterior pituitary to release growth hormone.

A

Growth Hormone-Releasing Hormone (GHRH)

92
Q

Inhibiting Hormones

A
  • Growth Hormone-Inhibiting Hormone (GHIH) or Somatostatin
  • Prolactin-Inhibiting Hormone (PIH) or Dopamine
93
Q

____ is also known as Somatostatin.

A

Growth Hormone-Inhibiting Hormone (GHIH)

94
Q

Growth Hormone-Inhibiting Hormone (GHIH) is also known as _____.

A

Somatostatin

95
Q

____ is also known as Dopamine.

A

Prolactin-Inhibiting Hormone (PIH)

96
Q

Prolactin-Inhibiting Hormone (PIH) is also known as ____.

A

Dopamine

97
Q

____ is the structure that connects the neurohypophysis to the hypothalamus.

A

Hypothalamic-Hypophyseal Tract

98
Q

____ is the structure that connects the adenohypophysis to the hypothalamus.

A

Hypothalamic-Hypophyseal Transport System

99
Q

____ is located anterior and inferior to the larynx.

A

Thyroid Gland

100
Q

Thyroid gland consists of ____ lobes united by an isthmus.

A

2

101
Q

The lobes of thyroid gland is connected by the ____.

A

Isthmus

102
Q

The thyroid gland originates in early embryonic life from the foregut ____ near the base of the developing tongue.

A

endoderm

103
Q

____ consists of many spherical follicles which are composed of simple epithelium.

A

Thyroid Gland

104
Q

The thyroid gland consists of many spherical follicles which are composed of ____.

A

simple epithelium

105
Q

Two Cell Types of Thyroid Gland

A
  • Follicular Cells
  • Parafollicular Cells (C Cells)
106
Q

Hormone/s produced by Follicular Cells

A
  • Triiodothyronine (T3)
  • Thyroxine (T4)
107
Q

Triiodothyronine (T3) is produced by ____.

A

Follicular cells

108
Q

Thyroxine is produced by ____.

A

Follicular cells

109
Q

____ helps to control the basal metabolic rate in cells throughout the body.

A
  • Triiodothyronine (T3)
  • Thyroxine (T4)
110
Q

Hormone/s produced by Parafollicular Cells

A

Calcitonin

111
Q

Calcitonin is produced by ____.

A

Parafollicular cells (C cells)

112
Q

____ is triggered by elevated blood Ca2+ levels, and it inhibits osteoclast activity.

A

Calcitonin

113
Q

____ are four small ovoid masses located on the back of the thyroid gland.

A

Parathyroid Gland

114
Q

Parathyroid hormone is derived from the ____.

A

embryonic pharyngeal pouches

115
Q

Endocrine cells of the parathyroid glands are called ____.

A

Principal (Chief) Cells

116
Q

Parathyroid glands secrete ____.

A

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

117
Q

____ is an important regulator of blood calcium levels.

A

Parathyroid hormone

118
Q

____ indirectly stimulates osteoclasts to elevate levels of calcium in the blood.

A

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

119
Q

____ inhibits osteoclast activity, lowering blood calcium levels.

A

Calcitonin

120
Q

____ are paired organs lying near the superior poles of the kidneys, embedded in the pararenal adipose tissue and fascia.

A

Adrenal Glands

121
Q

Two Concentric Regions of the Adrenal Gland

A
  • Adrenal cortex
  • Adrenal medulla
122
Q

The ____ is the yellowish concentric zone of adrenal glands.

A

adrenal cortex

123
Q

The ____ is the reddish-brown central concentric zone of adrenal glands.

A

adrenal medulla

124
Q

The adrenal cortex of each adrenal gland consists of ____ concentric zones.

A

3

125
Q

What kind of hormones are produced by the cells in adrenal glands?

A

Steroid hormones

126
Q

Zones of Adrenal Cortex

A
  • Zona Glomerulosa
  • Zona Fasciculata
  • Zona Reticularis
127
Q

____ is the superficial zone of adrenal cortex.

A

Zona Glomerulosa

128
Q

Which Zone of Adrenal Cortex?

  • 15% of cortex
  • Round cluster of cells
A

Zona Glomerulosa

129
Q

____ produces Mineralocorticoids (Aldosterone).

A

Zona Glomerulosa

130
Q

Zona Glomerulosa produces ____.

A

Mineralocorticoids (Aldosterone)

131
Q

____ regulates electrolyte levels.

A

Aldosterone (Mineralocorticoids)

132
Q

____ is the middle zone of adrenal cortex.

A

Zona Fasciculata

133
Q

Which Zone of Adrenal Cortex?

  • 65% - 85% of cortex
  • Elongated strands of cells
A

Zona Fasciculata

134
Q

____ produces Glucocorticoids (Cortisol).

A

Zona Fasciculata

135
Q

____ regulates several aspects of carbohydrate metabolism.

A

Cortisol (Glucocorticoids)

136
Q

____ is the innermost zone of adrenal cortex.

A

Zona Reticularis

137
Q

Which Zone of Adrenal Cortex?

  • 10% of cortex
  • Smaller irregular cords of cells
A

Zona Reticularis

138
Q

____ produces Dehydroepiandosterone (Androgens).

A

Zona Reticularis

139
Q

____ is converted to testosterone or estrogen.

A

Androgens (Dehydroepiandosterone)

140
Q

The ____ is composed of large, pale-staining polyhedral cells arranged in cords or clumps and supported by a reticular fiber network.

A

adrenal medulla

141
Q

____ contains neural-crest derived chromaffin cells.

A

Adrenal medulla

142
Q

____ synthesizes catecholamine (epinephrine or norepinephrine).

A

Chromaffin cells

143
Q

____ regulates stress response.

A
  • Epinephrine
  • Norepinephrine
144
Q

____ stimulate glycogen breakdown, elevating blood glucose levels. Together these effects augment the capability for defensive reactions or escape of stressors, the fight- or-flight response.

A
  • Epinephrine
  • Norepinephrine
145
Q

____ is also known as Epiphysis Cerebri.

A

Pineal Gland

146
Q

Pineal Gland is also known as ____.

A

Epiphysis Cerebri

147
Q

____ regulates the daily rhythms of bodily activities.

A

Pineal gland

148
Q

Pineal gland develops from embryonic ____.

A

neuroectoderm

149
Q

Pineal gland contains modified neurons called ____.

A

Pinealocytes

150
Q

____ secretes the amine Melatonin.

A

Pinealocytes

151
Q

____ released from pinealocytes are promoted by darkness and inhibited by daylight.

A

Melatonin

152
Q

____ helps in maintaining circadian rhytmn.

A

Melatonin

153
Q

Pineal landmarks are the concentrations called ____.

A

Corpora Arenacea (brain sand)

154
Q

____ are also known as Islets of Langerhans.

A

Pancreatic Islets

155
Q

Pancreatic Islets are also known as ____.

A

Islets of Langerhans

156
Q

____ are compact spherical or ovoid masses of endocrine cells embedded within the acinar exocrine tissue of the pancreas.

A

Pancreatic Islets

157
Q

Pancreatic islets are located mostly in the glands ____.

A

narrow tail region

158
Q

Pancreatic islets constitute ____ of the organ’s total volume.

A

1-2%

159
Q

Cells of islets are ____ in shape.

A

polygonal or rounded

160
Q

Pancreatic islets produce ____ of α-cells.

A

20%

161
Q

____ produce Glucagon.

A

α-cells or A cells

162
Q

A cells or α-cells produce ____.

A

Glucagon

163
Q

____ acts on several tissues to make energy stored in glycogen and fat available through glycogenolysis and lipolysis; increases blood glucose content.

A

Glucagon

164
Q

Pancreatic islets produce ____ of β-cells.

A

70%

165
Q

____ produce Insulin.

A

β-cells or B cells

166
Q

B cells or β-cells produce ____.

A

Insulin

167
Q

____ acts on several tissues to cause entry of glucose into cells and it promotes decrease of blood glucose content.

A

Insulin

168
Q

Pancreatic islets produce ____ of δ-cells.

A

5% - 10%

169
Q

____ produce Somatostatin.

A

δ-cells or D cells

170
Q

D cells or δ-cells produce ____.

A

Somatostatin

171
Q

____ inhibits release of other islet cell hormones through local paracrine action, and inhibits release of GH and TSH in anterior pituitary and HCl secretion by gastric parietal cells.

A

Somatostatin

172
Q

Pancreatic islets produce ____ of PP cells.

A

rarely

173
Q

____ produce Pancreatic Polypeptide.

A

PP cells

174
Q

____ stimulates activity of gastric chief cells; inhibits bile secretion, pancreatic enzyme and bicarbonate secretion, and intestinal motility.

A

Pancreatic Polypeptide

Human Histology (12 decks)

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