Endocrine System Flashcards
1
Q
____ consists of a group of glands which are widely separated and have no physical connection with each other.
A
Endocrine System
2
Q
____ are a group of glands found in the Endocrine System.
A
Endocrine glands
3
Q
Endocrine glands are typically ____ in origin.
A
epithelial
4
Q
Endocrine glands are epithelial in origin, that aggregated as ____ or ____ and surrounded by extensive network of capillaries.
A
cords or clusters
5
Q
____ release signaling products called Hormones.
A
Secretory cells
6
Q
Secretory cells release signaling products called ____.
A
Hormones
7
Q
Endocrine glands are also referred to as _____.
A
Ductless Glands
8
Q
Why are Endocrine glands referred to as Ductless glands?
A
Because they diffuse directly into the bloodstream
9
Q
____ are chemical substances that act like messenger molecules in the body.
A
Hormones
10
Q
____ maintain the constancy of chemical composition of extracellular and intracellular fluid.
A
Hormones
11
Q
Hormones are directly released from the ____ into the ____ and carried to the site.
A
tissue, bloodstream
12
Q
____ are directly released from the tissue into the bloodstream and carried to the site.
A
Hormones
13
Q
Difference between Endocrine and Exocrine Glands
A
Exocrine Glands:
* Contain ducts
* Merocrine, Holocrine, Apocrine Secretion
Endocrine Glands:
* Lack ducts
* Paracrine, Juxtacrine, Autocrine
14
Q
Three Methods of Secretion of Endocrine Hormones
A
- Paracrine
- Juxtacrine
- Autocrine
15
Q
Which Method of Secretion
It occurs between the cells in close proximity with each other.
A
Paracrine Secretion
16
Q
Which Method of Secretion
It is dispersal in interstitial fluid or through short loops of blood vessels.
A
Paracrine Secretion
17
Q
Which Method of Secretion
Example: Gastrin made by pyloric G cells reaches target cells in the fundic glands.
A
Paracrine Secretion
18
Q
Which Method of Secretion
The signaling molecule remains on the secreting cell’s surface or adjacent extracellular matrix and affects target cells when the cells make contact.
A
Juxtacrine Secretion
19
Q
Which Method of Secretion
Example: Embryonic and regenerative tissue interactions
A
Juxtacrine Secretion
20
Q
Which Method of Secretion
The cells may produce molecules that act on themselves.
A
Autocrine Secretion
21
Q
Which Method of Secretion
Example: Insulin-like growth factor (IGF) produced by several cell types may act on the same cells that produced it.
A
Autocrine Secretion
22
Q
____ is also known as the Hypophysis.
A
Pituitary Gland
23
Q
Pituitary gland is also known as the ____.
A
Hypophysis
24
Q
The ____ lies below the brain in a small cavity on the sphenoid bone.
A
Pituitary gland
25
____ is the small cavity located on the sphenoid bone.
Sella turcica
26
Pituitary gland develops from the ____ and ____.
dveloping brain and oral cavity
27
Neural Component of Pituitary Gland
Neurohypophyseal Bud
28
Oral Component of Pituitary Gland
Hypophyseal (Rathke) Pouch
29
During the ________, the neurohypophyseal bud forms from the diencephalon that will become the future posterior pituitary gland, while hypophyseal pouch grows from the roof of the pharynx that will become the future anterior pituitary gland.
third week of development
30
The ____ forms from the diencephalon.
Neurohypophyseal bud
31
The neurohypophyseal bud forms from the ____.
diencephalon
32
____ becomes the future posterior pituitary gland.
Neurohypophyseal bud
33
The ____ forms from the roof of the pharynx.
Hypophyseal pouch
34
The hypophyseal bud forms from the ____.
roof of the pharynx
35
____ becomes the future anterior pituitary gland.
Hypophyseal pouch
36
Two Major Parts of the Pituitary Gland
* **Posterior Pituitary** (Neurohypophysis)
* **Anterior Pituitary** (Adenohypophysis)
37
____ is also known as the Neurohypophysis.
Posterior Pituitary Gland
38
The posterior pituitary gland is also known as the ____.
Neurohypophysis
39
____ is also known as the Adenohypophysis.
Anterior Pituitary Gland
40
The anterior pituitary gland is also known as the ____.
Adenohypophysis
41
The ____ has a part called the pars nervosa, which develops as a down growth of the developing brain and is attached in the hypothalamus by the infundibulum.
**Posterior pituitary gland** (Neurohypophysis)
42
____ develops as a down growth of the developing brain.
Pars nervosa
43
Pars nervosa is attached in the hypothalamus by the ____.
infundibulum
44
The ____ includes the large pars distalis, the pars tuberalis that surrounds the infundibulum, and the thin pars intermedia adjacent to the pars nevosa.
**Anterior pituitary gland** (Adenohypophysis)
45
The ____ surrounds the infundibulum.
Pars tuberalis
46
The ____ is adjacent to the pars nervosa.
Pars intermedia
47
____ is also known as the Pituitary Portal System.
Hypothalamic-Hypophyseal Portal System
48
Hypothalamic-Hypophyseal Portal System is also known as the ____.
Pituitary Portal System
49
____ is a network of vessels that transport blood from the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary.
Hypothalamic-Hypophyseal Transport System
50
Pituitary Portal System carries ____ to the adenohypophysis where they either stimulate or inhibit hormone release by endocrine cells.
neuropeptides
51
Components of the Hypothalamic-Hypophyseal Transport System
* Primary Capillary Plexus
* Secondary Capillary Plexus
52
____ is found in the infundibulum and lower hypothalamus.
Primary Capillary Plexus
53
____ is found in the pars distalis, connected by portal veins and draining to the hypophyseal vein.
Secondary Capillary Plexus
54
Secondary capillary plexus is connected by ____.
portal veins
55
____ is a bundle of axons from two important hypothalamic nuclei.
Hypothalamic-Hypophyseal Tract
56
Two Important Hypothalamic Nuclei
* Supraoptic Nuclei
* Paraventricular Nuclei
57
____ contains neurosecretory cells that produce Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) or Vasopressin.
Supraoptic Nuclei
58
____ contains neurosecretory cells that produce Oxytocin.
Paraventricular Nuclei
59
____ is released in response to the increased blood tonicity.
Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) or Vasopressin
60
____ increases the permeability of renal collecting ducts to water so that more water is reabsorbed from the filtrate.
Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) or Vasopressin
61
____ stimulates contraction of uterine smooth muscle during childbirth and the myoepithelial cells in the mammary gland.
Oxytocin
62
Endocrine Cells of the Anterior Pituitary Gland
* Chromophils
* Chromophobes
63
____ are secretory cells in which hormone is stored in cytoplasmic granules.
Chromophils
64
____ have a few or totally lack secretory granules and stain poorly.
Chromophobes
65
Cell groups under Chromophils
* Acidophils
* Basophils
66
Cells produced by acidophils
* Somatotroph
* Lactotroph
67
____ produces Somatotropin (growth hormone).
Somatotroph
68
Somatotroph produces ____.
Somatotropin (Growth Hormone)
69
____ produces Prolactin.
Lactotroph
70
Lactotroph produces ____.
Prolactin (PRL)
71
Cells produced by basophils
* Gonadotroph
* Thyrotroph
* Corticotroph
72
____ produces Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH).
Gonadotroph
73
____ produces Luteinizing Hormone (LH).
Gonadotroph
74
Gonadotroph produces ___.
* Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
* Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
75
____ produces Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH).
Thyrotroph
76
Thyrotroph produces ____.
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone
77
____ produces Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH).
Corticotroph
78
____ produces Beta-Lipotropin Hormone (LPH).
Corticotroph
79
Corticotroph produces ____.
* Adrenocorticotropc Hormone (ACTH)
* Beta-Lipotropin Hormone (LPH)
80
Corticotroph synthesizes the protein ____.
Proopiomelanocortin (POMC)
81
____ has neurosecretory neurons that secretes hypothalamic hormones which controls the secretions of all the hormones produced by the pituitary glands.
Hypothalamus
82
____ controls the activity of the pituitary glands.
Hypothalamus
83
____ will start the production of other hormones.
Releasing hormones
84
____ will stop the production of other hormones.
Inhibiting hormones
85
The hypothalamic releasing and inhibiting hormones are carried directly from the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary glands via _______.
Hypothalamic-Hypophyseal Portal System
86
Releasing Hormones
* Prolactin-Releasing Hormone (PRH)
* Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone (TRH)
* Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH)
* Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone (CRH)
* Growth Hormone-Releasing Hormone (GHRH)
87
____ prompts the anterior pituitary to produce prolactin.
Prolactin-Releasing Hormone (PRH)
88
____ triggers the release of thyroid stimulating hormone.
Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone (TRH)
89
____ stimulates the anterior pituitary to release FSH and LH.
Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH)
90
____ sends a message to the anterior pituitary gland to produce ACTH.
Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone (CRH)
91
____ prompts the anterior pituitary to release growth hormone.
Growth Hormone-Releasing Hormone (GHRH)
92
Inhibiting Hormones
* Growth Hormone-Inhibiting Hormone (GHIH) or Somatostatin
* Prolactin-Inhibiting Hormone (PIH) or Dopamine
93
____ is also known as Somatostatin.
Growth Hormone-Inhibiting Hormone (GHIH)
94
Growth Hormone-Inhibiting Hormone (GHIH) is also known as _____.
Somatostatin
95
____ is also known as Dopamine.
Prolactin-Inhibiting Hormone (PIH)
96
Prolactin-Inhibiting Hormone (PIH) is also known as ____.
Dopamine
97
____ is the structure that connects the neurohypophysis to the hypothalamus.
Hypothalamic-Hypophyseal Tract
98
____ is the structure that connects the adenohypophysis to the hypothalamus.
Hypothalamic-Hypophyseal Transport System
99
____ is located anterior and inferior to the larynx.
Thyroid Gland
100
Thyroid gland consists of ____ lobes united by an isthmus.
2
101
The lobes of thyroid gland is connected by the ____.
Isthmus
102
The thyroid gland originates in early embryonic life from the foregut ____ near the base of the developing tongue.
endoderm
103
____ consists of many spherical follicles which are composed of simple epithelium.
Thyroid Gland
104
The thyroid gland consists of many spherical follicles which are composed of ____.
simple epithelium
105
Two Cell Types of Thyroid Gland
* Follicular Cells
* Parafollicular Cells (C Cells)
106
Hormone/s produced by Follicular Cells
* Triiodothyronine (T3)
* Thyroxine (T4)
107
Triiodothyronine (T3) is produced by ____.
Follicular cells
108
Thyroxine is produced by ____.
Follicular cells
109
____ helps to control the basal metabolic rate in cells throughout the body.
* Triiodothyronine (T3)
* Thyroxine (T4)
110
Hormone/s produced by Parafollicular Cells
Calcitonin
111
Calcitonin is produced by ____.
Parafollicular cells (C cells)
112
____ is triggered by elevated blood Ca2+ levels, and it inhibits osteoclast activity.
Calcitonin
113
____ are four small ovoid masses located on the back of the thyroid gland.
Parathyroid Gland
114
Parathyroid hormone is derived from the ____.
embryonic pharyngeal pouches
115
Endocrine cells of the parathyroid glands are called ____.
Principal (Chief) Cells
116
Parathyroid glands secrete ____.
Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
117
____ is an important regulator of blood calcium levels.
Parathyroid hormone
118
____ indirectly stimulates osteoclasts to elevate levels of calcium in the blood.
Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
119
____ inhibits osteoclast activity, lowering blood calcium levels.
Calcitonin
120
____ are paired organs lying near the superior poles of the kidneys, embedded in the pararenal adipose tissue and fascia.
Adrenal Glands
121
Two Concentric Regions of the Adrenal Gland
* Adrenal cortex
* Adrenal medulla
122
The ____ is the yellowish concentric zone of adrenal glands.
adrenal cortex
123
The ____ is the reddish-brown central concentric zone of adrenal glands.
adrenal medulla
124
The adrenal cortex of each adrenal gland consists of ____ concentric zones.
3
125
What kind of hormones are produced by the cells in adrenal glands?
Steroid hormones
126
Zones of Adrenal Cortex
* Zona Glomerulosa
* Zona Fasciculata
* Zona Reticularis
127
____ is the superficial zone of adrenal cortex.
Zona Glomerulosa
128
# **Which Zone of Adrenal Cortex?**
* 15% of cortex
* Round cluster of cells
Zona Glomerulosa
129
____ produces Mineralocorticoids (Aldosterone).
Zona Glomerulosa
130
Zona Glomerulosa produces ____.
Mineralocorticoids (Aldosterone)
131
____ regulates electrolyte levels.
Aldosterone (Mineralocorticoids)
132
____ is the middle zone of adrenal cortex.
Zona Fasciculata
133
# **Which Zone of Adrenal Cortex?**
* 65% - 85% of cortex
* Elongated strands of cells
Zona Fasciculata
134
____ produces Glucocorticoids (Cortisol).
Zona Fasciculata
135
____ regulates several aspects of carbohydrate metabolism.
Cortisol (Glucocorticoids)
136
____ is the innermost zone of adrenal cortex.
Zona Reticularis
137
# **Which Zone of Adrenal Cortex?**
* 10% of cortex
* Smaller irregular cords of cells
Zona Reticularis
138
____ produces Dehydroepiandosterone (Androgens).
Zona Reticularis
139
____ is converted to testosterone or estrogen.
Androgens (Dehydroepiandosterone)
140
The ____ is composed of large, pale-staining polyhedral cells arranged in cords or clumps and supported by a reticular fiber network.
adrenal medulla
141
____ contains neural-crest derived chromaffin cells.
Adrenal medulla
142
____ synthesizes catecholamine (epinephrine or norepinephrine).
Chromaffin cells
143
____ regulates stress response.
* Epinephrine
* Norepinephrine
144
____ stimulate glycogen breakdown, elevating blood glucose levels. Together these effects augment the capability for defensive reactions or escape of stressors, the fight- or-flight response.
* Epinephrine
* Norepinephrine
145
____ is also known as Epiphysis Cerebri.
Pineal Gland
146
Pineal Gland is also known as ____.
Epiphysis Cerebri
147
____ regulates the daily rhythms of bodily activities.
Pineal gland
148
Pineal gland develops from embryonic ____.
neuroectoderm
149
Pineal gland contains modified neurons called ____.
Pinealocytes
150
____ secretes the amine Melatonin.
Pinealocytes
151
____ released from pinealocytes are promoted by darkness and inhibited by daylight.
Melatonin
152
____ helps in maintaining circadian rhytmn.
Melatonin
153
Pineal landmarks are the concentrations called ____.
Corpora Arenacea (brain sand)
154
____ are also known as Islets of Langerhans.
Pancreatic Islets
155
Pancreatic Islets are also known as ____.
Islets of Langerhans
156
____ are compact spherical or ovoid masses of endocrine cells embedded within the acinar exocrine tissue of the pancreas.
Pancreatic Islets
157
Pancreatic islets are located mostly in the glands ____.
narrow tail region
158
Pancreatic islets constitute ____ of the organ's total volume.
1-2%
159
Cells of islets are ____ in shape.
polygonal or rounded
160
Pancreatic islets produce ____ of α-cells.
20%
161
____ produce Glucagon.
α-cells or A cells
162
A cells or α-cells produce ____.
Glucagon
163
____ acts on several tissues to make energy stored in glycogen and fat available through glycogenolysis and lipolysis; increases blood glucose content.
Glucagon
164
Pancreatic islets produce ____ of β-cells.
70%
165
____ produce Insulin.
β-cells or B cells
166
B cells or β-cells produce ____.
Insulin
167
____ acts on several tissues to cause entry of glucose into cells and it promotes decrease of blood glucose content.
Insulin
168
Pancreatic islets produce ____ of δ-cells.
5% - 10%
169
____ produce Somatostatin.
δ-cells or D cells
170
D cells or δ-cells produce ____.
Somatostatin
171
____ inhibits release of other islet cell hormones through local paracrine action, and inhibits release of GH and TSH in anterior pituitary and HCl secretion by gastric parietal cells.
Somatostatin
172
Pancreatic islets produce ____ of PP cells.
rarely
173
____ produce Pancreatic Polypeptide.
PP cells
174
____ stimulates activity of gastric chief cells; inhibits bile secretion, pancreatic enzyme and bicarbonate secretion, and intestinal motility.
Pancreatic Polypeptide
