Circulatory System and Blood Flashcards
1
Q
Functions of Circulatory System
A
- Pumps and Directs blood and substances
- Transport
- Excretory
- Protection
2
Q
Division of Circulatory System
A
- Cardiovascular System or Blood Vascular System
- Lymph Vascular System
3
Q
Components of Cardiovascular/Blood Vascular System
A
- Heart
- Blood Vessels
- Blood
4
Q
Blood Vessels include _______.
A
- Arteries
- Capillaries
- Veins
5
Q
Blood includes _______.
A
- Red Blood Cells (RBCs)
- White Blood Cells (WBCs)
- Platelets
6
Q
Basic Structures of Circulatory System
A
- Tunica Intima
- Tunica Media
- Tunica Adventitia
7
Q
An inner lining, composed of extremely flattened endothelial cells supported by a basement membrane and delicate collagenous tissue.
A
Tunica Intima
8
Q
Tunica intima is composed of ________.
A
Extremely flattened endothelial cells
9
Q
An intermediate predominantly muscular layer.
A
Tunica Media
10
Q
It contains alternating layers of smooth muscle and collagen (elastic lamellae).
A
Tunica Media
11
Q
Tunica media contains ________.
A
Alternating layers of smooth muscle and collagen
12
Q
An outer supporting tissue layer containing connective tissue, small vessels, nerves, and vasa vasorum.
A
Tunica Adventitia
13
Q
Tunica Adventitia contains _______.
A
Connective tissue, small blood vessels, nerves, and vasa vasorum
14
Q
Tissues of the Vascular Walls
A
- Endothelim
- Smooth Muscle
- Connective Tissue
15
Q
Endothelium is present in ______.
A
Tunica Intima
16
Q
What specific type of tissue is Endothelium?
A
Simple Squamous Epithelium
17
Q
Functions of Endothelium
A
- Antithrombogenic Barrier
- Determine when and where WBCs leave
- Secrete paracrine factors
18
Q
Antithrombogenic means _______.
A
Inhibitory to clot formation
19
Q
It signals vessel dilation, constriction, and growth of adjacent cells.
A
Paracrine Factors
20
Q
Paracrine factors are secreted by ______.
A
Endothelium
21
Q
It occurs in the walls of all vessels larger than capillaries.
A
Smooth Muscle
22
Q
Smooth muscle in the walls of vessels are arranged _______ in layers.
A
helically
23
Q
It permits vasoconstriction and vasodilation.
A
Smooth Muscle
24
Q
Functions of Smooth Muscle
A
Permit Vasoconstriction & Vasodilation
25
It is found in the subendothelial layer.
Collagen
26
It provides resiliency to the blood vessels.
Elastic Fibers
27
Smooth muscle is present in ______.
Tunica Media
28
Connective tissue is present in ______.
Tunica Adventitia
29
A hollow muscular organ, about a size of a clenched fist.
Heart
30
Heart Location
Central Mediastinum (Thoracic Cavity)
31
Four Chambers of the Heart
* Left Atrium
* Left Ventricle
* Right Atrium
* Right Ventricla
32
# **Which Kind of Circulation?**
The blood brings nutrients and removes waste in tissues throughout the body.
Systemic
33
# **Which Kind of Circulation?**
The blood is deoxygenated in the lungs (both left and right).
Pulmonary Circulation
34
Layers of the Heart
* **Endocardium** (Tunica Intima)
* **Myocardium** (Tunica Media)
* **Epicardium** (Tunica Serosa/ Visceral Pericardium)
35
# **Which Layer of the Heart?**
Endothelium and fibroelastic tissue, smooth muscle fibers, and modified cardiac muscle fibers.
Endocardium (Tunica Intima)
36
# **Which Layer of the Heart?**
Contractile cardiac muscle fibers arranged spirally around each heart chamber.
Myocardium (Tunica Media)
37
# **Which Layer of the Heart?**
It is much thicker in the walls of ventricles (left ventricle) than atrial walls.
Myocardium (Tunica Media)
38
# **Which Layer of the Heart?**
Simple squamous mesothelium supported by a loose connective tissue containing blood vessels and nerves.
Epicardium (Tunica Serosa/Visceral Pericardium)
39
# **Which Layer of the Heart?**
It corresponds to the visceral layer of pericardium.
Epicardium (Tunica Serosa/Visceral Pericardium)
40
It is the membrane that surrounds the heart.
Pericardium
41
It forms the base for all cardiac valves
Cardiac Skeleton
42
It separates atria from ventricles
Cardiac Skeleton
43
It provides points of insertion for cardiac muscle in the atria and ventricles.
Cardiac Skeleton
44
Tissue Composition of Cardiac Skeleton
Dense Irregular Connective Tissue
45
It helps coordinate the heartbeat by acting as electrical insulation between atria and ventricles.
Cardiac Skeleton
46
It is specialized to produce waves of depolarization which stimulates rhythmic contractions.
Cardiac Conducting System
47
Cardiac conducting system is specialized to produce ______ which stimulates rhythmic contractions.
Waves of Depolarization
48
Composition of Cardiac Conducting System
* Sinoatrial Node
* Atrioventricular Node
* Atrioventricular Bundle (Bundle of His)
* Purkinje Fibers
49
Sinoatrial node is also known as the _______.
Pacemaker
50
# **Cardiac Conducting System**
It is made up of some cardiac muscle cells with myofibrils and some intercalated discs.
Sinoatrial Node (Pacemaker)
51
# **Cardiac Conducting System**
It is located in the floor of the right atrium, near the AV valve.
Atrioventricular Node
52
# **Cardiac Conducting System**
It connects the atrial and ventricular chambers of the heart.
Atrioventricular Bundle (Bundle of His)
53
Atrioventricular bundle is also known as ________.
Bundle of His
54
# **Cardiac Conducting System**
They contain contractile bundles of muscle fibers of each ventricle that trigger waves of contraction.
Purkinje Fibers
55
# **Cardiac Conducting System**
It contains abundant amount of collagen and sparse bundles of myofibrils.
Purkinje Fibers
56
57
It forms closed circuit to and from the heart.
Blood Vessels
58
Do capillaries have smooth muscle and connective tissue?
No
59
The walls of the blood vessels contain __________.
Smooth Muscle and Connective Tissue
60
A network of capillaries is called ________.
Capillary Bed
61
It permits and regulate metabolic exchange between blood and surrounding tissues.
Capillaries
62
Types of Capillaries
* Continuous
* Fenestrated
* Discontinuous/Sinusoids
63
The most common type of capillary is ________.
Continuous Capillaries
64
Which capillary is found in muscle, connective tissue, lungs, exocrine glands, and nervous tissue?
Continuous Capillaries
65
It has a well-developed occluding junctions, which allow cellular exchange.
Continuous Capillaries
66
It has a sieve-like structure that allows more extensive molecular exchange across the endothelium.
Fenestrated Capillaries
67
Which type of capillary is found in organs with rapid interchange of substances (e.g. kidneys, intestine, choroid plexus, and endocrine glands).
Fenestrated Capillaries
68
It permits maximal exchange of macromolecules as well as allow easier movement of cells.
Discontinued Capillaries/Sinusoids
69
It has a highly discontinuous basement membranes, which slows blood flow.
Discontinued Capillaries/Sinusoids
70
Which type of capillary can be seen in the liver, spleen, and bone marrow?
Discontinued Capillaries/Sinusoids
71
Which type of blood vessel carries deoxygenated blood?
Veins
72
Which type of blood vessel carries oxygenated blood?
Arteries
73
It carries the blood back to the heart from the microvasculature of the body.
Veins
74
Types of Veins
* Small
* Medium
* Large
75
It collects blood from venules.
Small Veins
76
It carries blood to larger veins with no backflow.
Medium Veins
77
It returns blood to the heart.
Large Veins
78
An important feature of medium and large veins.
Valves
79
It helps keep the flow of venous blood directed toward the heart.
Valve
80
It brings oxygen-rich blood from your heart to all of the body's cells.
Arteries
81
Types of Arteries
* Large Elastic Arteries
* Muscular Arteries
* Small Arteries
82
It is also known as conducting arteries.
Large Elastic Arteries
83
It has fenestrated elastic laminae in the thick tunica media, and contains vasa vasorum.
Large Elastic Arteries
84
It distributes blood to all organs and maintain steady blood pressue and flow with vasodilation and vasoconstriction.
Muscular Arteries
85
It has less elastic material than Large Elastic Artery.
Muscular Arteries
86
It distributes blood to arterioles, adjusting flow with vasodilation and constriction.
Small Arteries
87
________ has no Vasa Vasorum.
Small Arteries
88
A specialized connective tissue which consists of cells and fluid extracellular material called Plasma.
Blood
89
The liquid portion of the blood.
Plasma
90
The liquid portion of the blood without clotting factors.
Serum
91
Formed Elements of the Blood
* Leukocytes
* Erythrocytes
* Thrombocytes
92
Composition of Whole Blood
* 55% Plasma
* 44% Erythrocytes
* <1% Buffy Coat
93
Serum is collected in the tube ______.
Without coagulant (Red Top)
94
Packed erythrocytes
Hematocrit
95
Thin layer between the plasma and erythrocytes.
Buffy Coat
96
Buffy coat includes _______.
Leukocytes and Thrombocytes
97
Composition of Plasma
* Albumin
* Alpha- and Beta- Globulins
* Complement Proteins
* Fibrinogen
* Immunoglobulin
98
# **Composition of Plasma**
The major plasma protein
Albumin
99
# **Composition of Plasma**
It maintains osmotic pressure.
Albumin
100
# **Composition of Plasma**
It functions in the transport for different proteins.
Alpha- and Beta- Globulins
101
# **Composition of Plasma**
It acts as a defensive system important in inflammation and destruction of microorganisms.
Complement Proteins
102
# **Composition of Plasma**
The largest plasma protein
FIbrinogen
103
# **Composition of Plasma**
It blocks blood loss from small vessels.
Fibrinogen
105
# **Composition of Plasma**
These are antibodies or gamma globulins secreted by Plasma cells.
Immunoglobulins
106
Formed elements are studied histologically in the form of _______.
Prepared smears
107
Formed elements are routinely stained with _________.
Eosin and Methylene Blue Dyes
108
It makes up the hematocrit portion of the whole blood.
Erythrocytes (44%)
109
Anucleated, biconcave discs
RBCs
110
Lifespan of RBCs
120 days
111
Oxygen-carrying protein in the blood
Hemoglobin
112
The only blood cells whose function does not require them to leave the vasculature.
Erythrocytes
113
It constitues an important part of the defense and immune systems of the body.
Leukocytes
114
115
Granulocytes
* Neutrophils
* Eosinophils
* Basophils
116
Agranulocytes
* Lymphocytes
* Monocytes
117
Two Major Types of Abundant Cytoplasmic Granules possessed by Granulocytes
1. Lysosomes or Azurophilic Granules
2. Specific Granules
118
Most abundant type of leukocyte
Neutrophils
119
Polymorphic, multilobed nuclei
Neutrophils
120
Faint pink cytoplasmic granules
Neutrophils
121
Phagososomal killing and removal of bacteria
Neutrophils
122
For bacterial infections
Neutrophils
123
Bilobed nuclei
Eosinophils
124
Destruction of helminthic parasites and modulating inflammation
Eosinophils
125
For parasitic infections and modulating inflammations
Eosinophils
126
The rarest type of circulating leukocyte.
Basophils
127
Iregular bilobed nuclei
Basophils
128
Basophilic means _________.
High affinity for basic dyes
129
For allergies and chronic inflammation
Basophils
130
Roughly spherical nuclei
Lymphocytes
131
Has little cytoplasm and few organelles
Lymphocytes
132
Effector and regulatory cells for adaptive immunity
Lymphocytes
133
For viral infections
Lymphocytes
134
Distinctly indented or C-shaped nuclei
Monocytes
135
Precursors of macrophages
Monocytes
136
For intracellular infections
Monocytes
137
Small cell fragments derived from Megakaryocytes in bone marrow.
Thrombocytes
138
It triggers blood clotting
Thrombocytes
139
Contents of Thrombocytes
* Actin Filaments
* Alpha- Granules
* Delta- Granules
* Open Canalicular System
