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Human Histology > Circulatory System and Blood > Flashcards

Circulatory System and Blood Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of Circulatory System

A
  1. Pumps and Directs blood and substances
  2. Transport
  3. Excretory
  4. Protection
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2
Q

Division of Circulatory System

A
  1. Cardiovascular System or Blood Vascular System
  2. Lymph Vascular System
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3
Q

Components of Cardiovascular/Blood Vascular System

A
  1. Heart
  2. Blood Vessels
  3. Blood
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4
Q

Blood Vessels include _______.

A
  1. Arteries
  2. Capillaries
  3. Veins
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5
Q

Blood includes _______.

A
  1. Red Blood Cells (RBCs)
  2. White Blood Cells (WBCs)
  3. Platelets
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6
Q

Basic Structures of Circulatory System

A
  1. Tunica Intima
  2. Tunica Media
  3. Tunica Adventitia
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7
Q

An inner lining, composed of extremely flattened endothelial cells supported by a basement membrane and delicate collagenous tissue.

A

Tunica Intima

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8
Q

Tunica intima is composed of ________.

A

Extremely flattened endothelial cells

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9
Q

An intermediate predominantly muscular layer.

A

Tunica Media

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10
Q

It contains alternating layers of smooth muscle and collagen (elastic lamellae).

A

Tunica Media

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11
Q

Tunica media contains ________.

A

Alternating layers of smooth muscle and collagen

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12
Q

An outer supporting tissue layer containing connective tissue, small vessels, nerves, and vasa vasorum.

A

Tunica Adventitia

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13
Q

Tunica Adventitia contains _______.

A

Connective tissue, small blood vessels, nerves, and vasa vasorum

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14
Q

Tissues of the Vascular Walls

A
  1. Endothelim
  2. Smooth Muscle
  3. Connective Tissue
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15
Q

Endothelium is present in ______.

A

Tunica Intima

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16
Q

What specific type of tissue is Endothelium?

A

Simple Squamous Epithelium

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17
Q

Functions of Endothelium

A
  • Antithrombogenic Barrier
  • Determine when and where WBCs leave
  • Secrete paracrine factors
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18
Q

Antithrombogenic means _______.

A

Inhibitory to clot formation

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19
Q

It signals vessel dilation, constriction, and growth of adjacent cells.

A

Paracrine Factors

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20
Q

Paracrine factors are secreted by ______.

A

Endothelium

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21
Q

It occurs in the walls of all vessels larger than capillaries.

A

Smooth Muscle

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22
Q

Smooth muscle in the walls of vessels are arranged _______ in layers.

A

helically

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23
Q

It permits vasoconstriction and vasodilation.

A

Smooth Muscle

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24
Q

Functions of Smooth Muscle

A

Permit Vasoconstriction & Vasodilation

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25
Q

It is found in the subendothelial layer.

A

Collagen

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26
Q

It provides resiliency to the blood vessels.

A

Elastic Fibers

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27
Q

Smooth muscle is present in ______.

A

Tunica Media

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28
Q

Connective tissue is present in ______.

A

Tunica Adventitia

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29
Q

A hollow muscular organ, about a size of a clenched fist.

A

Heart

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30
Q

Heart Location

A

Central Mediastinum (Thoracic Cavity)

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31
Q

Four Chambers of the Heart

A
  • Left Atrium
  • Left Ventricle
  • Right Atrium
  • Right Ventricla
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32
Q

Which Kind of Circulation?

The blood brings nutrients and removes waste in tissues throughout the body.

A

Systemic

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33
Q

Which Kind of Circulation?

The blood is deoxygenated in the lungs (both left and right).

A

Pulmonary Circulation

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34
Q

Layers of the Heart

A
  • Endocardium (Tunica Intima)
  • Myocardium (Tunica Media)
  • Epicardium (Tunica Serosa/ Visceral Pericardium)
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35
Q

Which Layer of the Heart?

Endothelium and fibroelastic tissue, smooth muscle fibers, and modified cardiac muscle fibers.

A

Endocardium (Tunica Intima)

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36
Q

Which Layer of the Heart?

Contractile cardiac muscle fibers arranged spirally around each heart chamber.

A

Myocardium (Tunica Media)

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37
Q

Which Layer of the Heart?

It is much thicker in the walls of ventricles (left ventricle) than atrial walls.

A

Myocardium (Tunica Media)

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38
Q

Which Layer of the Heart?

Simple squamous mesothelium supported by a loose connective tissue containing blood vessels and nerves.

A

Epicardium (Tunica Serosa/Visceral Pericardium)

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39
Q

Which Layer of the Heart?

It corresponds to the visceral layer of pericardium.

A

Epicardium (Tunica Serosa/Visceral Pericardium)

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40
Q

It is the membrane that surrounds the heart.

A

Pericardium

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41
Q

It forms the base for all cardiac valves

A

Cardiac Skeleton

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42
Q

It separates atria from ventricles

A

Cardiac Skeleton

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43
Q

It provides points of insertion for cardiac muscle in the atria and ventricles.

A

Cardiac Skeleton

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44
Q

Tissue Composition of Cardiac Skeleton

A

Dense Irregular Connective Tissue

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45
Q

It helps coordinate the heartbeat by acting as electrical insulation between atria and ventricles.

A

Cardiac Skeleton

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46
Q

It is specialized to produce waves of depolarization which stimulates rhythmic contractions.

A

Cardiac Conducting System

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47
Q

Cardiac conducting system is specialized to produce ______ which stimulates rhythmic contractions.

A

Waves of Depolarization

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48
Q

Composition of Cardiac Conducting System

A
  • Sinoatrial Node
  • Atrioventricular Node
  • Atrioventricular Bundle (Bundle of His)
  • Purkinje Fibers
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49
Q

Sinoatrial node is also known as the _______.

A

Pacemaker

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50
Q

Cardiac Conducting System

It is made up of some cardiac muscle cells with myofibrils and some intercalated discs.

A

Sinoatrial Node (Pacemaker)

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51
Q

Cardiac Conducting System

It is located in the floor of the right atrium, near the AV valve.

A

Atrioventricular Node

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52
Q

Cardiac Conducting System

It connects the atrial and ventricular chambers of the heart.

A

Atrioventricular Bundle (Bundle of His)

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53
Q

Atrioventricular bundle is also known as ________.

A

Bundle of His

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54
Q

Cardiac Conducting System

They contain contractile bundles of muscle fibers of each ventricle that trigger waves of contraction.

A

Purkinje Fibers

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55
Q

Cardiac Conducting System

It contains abundant amount of collagen and sparse bundles of myofibrils.

A

Purkinje Fibers

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56
Q
A
57
Q

It forms closed circuit to and from the heart.

A

Blood Vessels

58
Q

Do capillaries have smooth muscle and connective tissue?

A

No

59
Q

The walls of the blood vessels contain __________.

A

Smooth Muscle and Connective Tissue

60
Q

A network of capillaries is called ________.

A

Capillary Bed

61
Q

It permits and regulate metabolic exchange between blood and surrounding tissues.

A

Capillaries

62
Q

Types of Capillaries

A
  • Continuous
  • Fenestrated
  • Discontinuous/Sinusoids
63
Q

The most common type of capillary is ________.

A

Continuous Capillaries

64
Q

Which capillary is found in muscle, connective tissue, lungs, exocrine glands, and nervous tissue?

A

Continuous Capillaries

65
Q

It has a well-developed occluding junctions, which allow cellular exchange.

A

Continuous Capillaries

66
Q

It has a sieve-like structure that allows more extensive molecular exchange across the endothelium.

A

Fenestrated Capillaries

67
Q

Which type of capillary is found in organs with rapid interchange of substances (e.g. kidneys, intestine, choroid plexus, and endocrine glands).

A

Fenestrated Capillaries

68
Q

It permits maximal exchange of macromolecules as well as allow easier movement of cells.

A

Discontinued Capillaries/Sinusoids

69
Q

It has a highly discontinuous basement membranes, which slows blood flow.

A

Discontinued Capillaries/Sinusoids

70
Q

Which type of capillary can be seen in the liver, spleen, and bone marrow?

A

Discontinued Capillaries/Sinusoids

71
Q

Which type of blood vessel carries deoxygenated blood?

A

Veins

72
Q

Which type of blood vessel carries oxygenated blood?

A

Arteries

73
Q

It carries the blood back to the heart from the microvasculature of the body.

A

Veins

74
Q

Types of Veins

A
  • Small
  • Medium
  • Large
75
Q

It collects blood from venules.

A

Small Veins

76
Q

It carries blood to larger veins with no backflow.

A

Medium Veins

77
Q

It returns blood to the heart.

A

Large Veins

78
Q

An important feature of medium and large veins.

A

Valves

79
Q

It helps keep the flow of venous blood directed toward the heart.

A

Valve

80
Q

It brings oxygen-rich blood from your heart to all of the body’s cells.

A

Arteries

81
Q

Types of Arteries

A
  • Large Elastic Arteries
  • Muscular Arteries
  • Small Arteries
82
Q

It is also known as conducting arteries.

A

Large Elastic Arteries

83
Q

It has fenestrated elastic laminae in the thick tunica media, and contains vasa vasorum.

A

Large Elastic Arteries

84
Q

It distributes blood to all organs and maintain steady blood pressue and flow with vasodilation and vasoconstriction.

A

Muscular Arteries

85
Q

It has less elastic material than Large Elastic Artery.

A

Muscular Arteries

86
Q

It distributes blood to arterioles, adjusting flow with vasodilation and constriction.

A

Small Arteries

87
Q

________ has no Vasa Vasorum.

A

Small Arteries

88
Q

A specialized connective tissue which consists of cells and fluid extracellular material called Plasma.

A

Blood

89
Q

The liquid portion of the blood.

A

Plasma

90
Q

The liquid portion of the blood without clotting factors.

A

Serum

91
Q

Formed Elements of the Blood

A
  • Leukocytes
  • Erythrocytes
  • Thrombocytes
92
Q

Composition of Whole Blood

A
  • 55% Plasma
  • 44% Erythrocytes
  • <1% Buffy Coat
93
Q

Serum is collected in the tube ______.

A

Without coagulant (Red Top)

94
Q

Packed erythrocytes

A

Hematocrit

95
Q

Thin layer between the plasma and erythrocytes.

A

Buffy Coat

96
Q

Buffy coat includes _______.

A

Leukocytes and Thrombocytes

97
Q

Composition of Plasma

A
  • Albumin
  • Alpha- and Beta- Globulins
  • Complement Proteins
  • Fibrinogen
  • Immunoglobulin
98
Q

Composition of Plasma

The major plasma protein

A

Albumin

99
Q

Composition of Plasma

It maintains osmotic pressure.

A

Albumin

100
Q

Composition of Plasma

It functions in the transport for different proteins.

A

Alpha- and Beta- Globulins

101
Q

Composition of Plasma

It acts as a defensive system important in inflammation and destruction of microorganisms.

A

Complement Proteins

102
Q

Composition of Plasma

The largest plasma protein

A

FIbrinogen

103
Q

Composition of Plasma

It blocks blood loss from small vessels.

A

Fibrinogen

105
Q

Composition of Plasma

These are antibodies or gamma globulins secreted by Plasma cells.

A

Immunoglobulins

106
Q

Formed elements are studied histologically in the form of _______.

A

Prepared smears

107
Q

Formed elements are routinely stained with _________.

A

Eosin and Methylene Blue Dyes

108
Q

It makes up the hematocrit portion of the whole blood.

A

Erythrocytes (44%)

109
Q

Anucleated, biconcave discs

A

RBCs

110
Q

Lifespan of RBCs

A

120 days

111
Q

Oxygen-carrying protein in the blood

A

Hemoglobin

112
Q

The only blood cells whose function does not require them to leave the vasculature.

A

Erythrocytes

113
Q

It constitues an important part of the defense and immune systems of the body.

A

Leukocytes

114
Q
A
115
Q

Granulocytes

A
  • Neutrophils
  • Eosinophils
  • Basophils
116
Q

Agranulocytes

A
  • Lymphocytes
  • Monocytes
117
Q

Two Major Types of Abundant Cytoplasmic Granules possessed by Granulocytes

A
  1. Lysosomes or Azurophilic Granules
  2. Specific Granules
118
Q

Most abundant type of leukocyte

A

Neutrophils

119
Q

Polymorphic, multilobed nuclei

A

Neutrophils

120
Q

Faint pink cytoplasmic granules

A

Neutrophils

121
Q

Phagososomal killing and removal of bacteria

A

Neutrophils

122
Q

For bacterial infections

A

Neutrophils

123
Q

Bilobed nuclei

A

Eosinophils

124
Q

Destruction of helminthic parasites and modulating inflammation

A

Eosinophils

125
Q

For parasitic infections and modulating inflammations

A

Eosinophils

126
Q

The rarest type of circulating leukocyte.

A

Basophils

127
Q

Iregular bilobed nuclei

A

Basophils

128
Q

Basophilic means _________.

A

High affinity for basic dyes

129
Q

For allergies and chronic inflammation

A

Basophils

130
Q

Roughly spherical nuclei

A

Lymphocytes

131
Q

Has little cytoplasm and few organelles

A

Lymphocytes

132
Q

Effector and regulatory cells for adaptive immunity

A

Lymphocytes

133
Q

For viral infections

A

Lymphocytes

134
Q

Distinctly indented or C-shaped nuclei

A

Monocytes

135
Q

Precursors of macrophages

A

Monocytes

136
Q

For intracellular infections

A

Monocytes

137
Q

Small cell fragments derived from Megakaryocytes in bone marrow.

A

Thrombocytes

138
Q

It triggers blood clotting

A

Thrombocytes

139
Q

Contents of Thrombocytes

A
  • Actin Filaments
  • Alpha- Granules
  • Delta- Granules
  • Open Canalicular System

Human Histology (12 decks)

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