Circulatory System and Blood Flashcards
Functions of Circulatory System
- Pumps and Directs blood and substances
- Transport
- Excretory
- Protection
Division of Circulatory System
- Cardiovascular System or Blood Vascular System
- Lymph Vascular System
Components of Cardiovascular/Blood Vascular System
- Heart
- Blood Vessels
- Blood
Blood Vessels include _______.
- Arteries
- Capillaries
- Veins
Blood includes _______.
- Red Blood Cells (RBCs)
- White Blood Cells (WBCs)
- Platelets
Basic Structures of Circulatory System
- Tunica Intima
- Tunica Media
- Tunica Adventitia
An inner lining, composed of extremely flattened endothelial cells supported by a basement membrane and delicate collagenous tissue.
Tunica Intima
Tunica intima is composed of ________.
Extremely flattened endothelial cells
An intermediate predominantly muscular layer.
Tunica Media
It contains alternating layers of smooth muscle and collagen (elastic lamellae).
Tunica Media
Tunica media contains ________.
Alternating layers of smooth muscle and collagen
An outer supporting tissue layer containing connective tissue, small vessels, nerves, and vasa vasorum.
Tunica Adventitia
Tunica Adventitia contains _______.
Connective tissue, small blood vessels, nerves, and vasa vasorum
Tissues of the Vascular Walls
- Endothelim
- Smooth Muscle
- Connective Tissue
Endothelium is present in ______.
Tunica Intima
What specific type of tissue is Endothelium?
Simple Squamous Epithelium
Functions of Endothelium
- Antithrombogenic Barrier
- Determine when and where WBCs leave
- Secrete paracrine factors
Antithrombogenic means _______.
Inhibitory to clot formation
It signals vessel dilation, constriction, and growth of adjacent cells.
Paracrine Factors
Paracrine factors are secreted by ______.
Endothelium
It occurs in the walls of all vessels larger than capillaries.
Smooth Muscle
Smooth muscle in the walls of vessels are arranged _______ in layers.
helically
It permits vasoconstriction and vasodilation.
Smooth Muscle
Functions of Smooth Muscle
Permit Vasoconstriction & Vasodilation
It is found in the subendothelial layer.
Collagen
It provides resiliency to the blood vessels.
Elastic Fibers
Smooth muscle is present in ______.
Tunica Media
Connective tissue is present in ______.
Tunica Adventitia
A hollow muscular organ, about a size of a clenched fist.
Heart
Heart Location
Central Mediastinum (Thoracic Cavity)
Four Chambers of the Heart
- Left Atrium
- Left Ventricle
- Right Atrium
- Right Ventricla
Which Kind of Circulation?
The blood brings nutrients and removes waste in tissues throughout the body.
Systemic
Which Kind of Circulation?
The blood is deoxygenated in the lungs (both left and right).
Pulmonary Circulation
Layers of the Heart
- Endocardium (Tunica Intima)
- Myocardium (Tunica Media)
- Epicardium (Tunica Serosa/ Visceral Pericardium)
Which Layer of the Heart?
Endothelium and fibroelastic tissue, smooth muscle fibers, and modified cardiac muscle fibers.
Endocardium (Tunica Intima)
Which Layer of the Heart?
Contractile cardiac muscle fibers arranged spirally around each heart chamber.
Myocardium (Tunica Media)
Which Layer of the Heart?
It is much thicker in the walls of ventricles (left ventricle) than atrial walls.
Myocardium (Tunica Media)
Which Layer of the Heart?
Simple squamous mesothelium supported by a loose connective tissue containing blood vessels and nerves.
Epicardium (Tunica Serosa/Visceral Pericardium)
Which Layer of the Heart?
It corresponds to the visceral layer of pericardium.
Epicardium (Tunica Serosa/Visceral Pericardium)
It is the membrane that surrounds the heart.
Pericardium
It forms the base for all cardiac valves
Cardiac Skeleton
It separates atria from ventricles
Cardiac Skeleton
It provides points of insertion for cardiac muscle in the atria and ventricles.
Cardiac Skeleton
Tissue Composition of Cardiac Skeleton
Dense Irregular Connective Tissue
It helps coordinate the heartbeat by acting as electrical insulation between atria and ventricles.
Cardiac Skeleton
It is specialized to produce waves of depolarization which stimulates rhythmic contractions.
Cardiac Conducting System
Cardiac conducting system is specialized to produce ______ which stimulates rhythmic contractions.
Waves of Depolarization
Composition of Cardiac Conducting System
- Sinoatrial Node
- Atrioventricular Node
- Atrioventricular Bundle (Bundle of His)
- Purkinje Fibers
Sinoatrial node is also known as the _______.
Pacemaker
Cardiac Conducting System
It is made up of some cardiac muscle cells with myofibrils and some intercalated discs.
Sinoatrial Node (Pacemaker)
Cardiac Conducting System
It is located in the floor of the right atrium, near the AV valve.
Atrioventricular Node
Cardiac Conducting System
It connects the atrial and ventricular chambers of the heart.
Atrioventricular Bundle (Bundle of His)
Atrioventricular bundle is also known as ________.
Bundle of His
Cardiac Conducting System
They contain contractile bundles of muscle fibers of each ventricle that trigger waves of contraction.
Purkinje Fibers
Cardiac Conducting System
It contains abundant amount of collagen and sparse bundles of myofibrils.
Purkinje Fibers
It forms closed circuit to and from the heart.
Blood Vessels
Do capillaries have smooth muscle and connective tissue?
No
The walls of the blood vessels contain __________.
Smooth Muscle and Connective Tissue
A network of capillaries is called ________.
Capillary Bed
It permits and regulate metabolic exchange between blood and surrounding tissues.
Capillaries
Types of Capillaries
- Continuous
- Fenestrated
- Discontinuous/Sinusoids
The most common type of capillary is ________.
Continuous Capillaries
Which capillary is found in muscle, connective tissue, lungs, exocrine glands, and nervous tissue?
Continuous Capillaries
It has a well-developed occluding junctions, which allow cellular exchange.
Continuous Capillaries
It has a sieve-like structure that allows more extensive molecular exchange across the endothelium.
Fenestrated Capillaries
Which type of capillary is found in organs with rapid interchange of substances (e.g. kidneys, intestine, choroid plexus, and endocrine glands).
Fenestrated Capillaries
It permits maximal exchange of macromolecules as well as allow easier movement of cells.
Discontinued Capillaries/Sinusoids
It has a highly discontinuous basement membranes, which slows blood flow.
Discontinued Capillaries/Sinusoids
Which type of capillary can be seen in the liver, spleen, and bone marrow?
Discontinued Capillaries/Sinusoids
Which type of blood vessel carries deoxygenated blood?
Veins
Which type of blood vessel carries oxygenated blood?
Arteries
It carries the blood back to the heart from the microvasculature of the body.
Veins
Types of Veins
- Small
- Medium
- Large
It collects blood from venules.
Small Veins
It carries blood to larger veins with no backflow.
Medium Veins
It returns blood to the heart.
Large Veins
An important feature of medium and large veins.
Valves
It helps keep the flow of venous blood directed toward the heart.
Valve
It brings oxygen-rich blood from your heart to all of the body’s cells.
Arteries
Types of Arteries
- Large Elastic Arteries
- Muscular Arteries
- Small Arteries
It is also known as conducting arteries.
Large Elastic Arteries
It has fenestrated elastic laminae in the thick tunica media, and contains vasa vasorum.
Large Elastic Arteries
It distributes blood to all organs and maintain steady blood pressue and flow with vasodilation and vasoconstriction.
Muscular Arteries
It has less elastic material than Large Elastic Artery.
Muscular Arteries
It distributes blood to arterioles, adjusting flow with vasodilation and constriction.
Small Arteries
________ has no Vasa Vasorum.
Small Arteries
A specialized connective tissue which consists of cells and fluid extracellular material called Plasma.
Blood
The liquid portion of the blood.
Plasma
The liquid portion of the blood without clotting factors.
Serum
Formed Elements of the Blood
- Leukocytes
- Erythrocytes
- Thrombocytes
Composition of Whole Blood
- 55% Plasma
- 44% Erythrocytes
- <1% Buffy Coat
Serum is collected in the tube ______.
Without coagulant (Red Top)
Packed erythrocytes
Hematocrit
Thin layer between the plasma and erythrocytes.
Buffy Coat
Buffy coat includes _______.
Leukocytes and Thrombocytes
Composition of Plasma
- Albumin
- Alpha- and Beta- Globulins
- Complement Proteins
- Fibrinogen
- Immunoglobulin
Composition of Plasma
The major plasma protein
Albumin
Composition of Plasma
It maintains osmotic pressure.
Albumin
Composition of Plasma
It functions in the transport for different proteins.
Alpha- and Beta- Globulins
Composition of Plasma
It acts as a defensive system important in inflammation and destruction of microorganisms.
Complement Proteins
Composition of Plasma
The largest plasma protein
FIbrinogen
Composition of Plasma
It blocks blood loss from small vessels.
Fibrinogen
Composition of Plasma
These are antibodies or gamma globulins secreted by Plasma cells.
Immunoglobulins
Formed elements are studied histologically in the form of _______.
Prepared smears
Formed elements are routinely stained with _________.
Eosin and Methylene Blue Dyes
It makes up the hematocrit portion of the whole blood.
Erythrocytes (44%)
Anucleated, biconcave discs
RBCs
Lifespan of RBCs
120 days
Oxygen-carrying protein in the blood
Hemoglobin
The only blood cells whose function does not require them to leave the vasculature.
Erythrocytes
It constitues an important part of the defense and immune systems of the body.
Leukocytes
Granulocytes
- Neutrophils
- Eosinophils
- Basophils
Agranulocytes
- Lymphocytes
- Monocytes
Two Major Types of Abundant Cytoplasmic Granules possessed by Granulocytes
- Lysosomes or Azurophilic Granules
- Specific Granules
Most abundant type of leukocyte
Neutrophils
Polymorphic, multilobed nuclei
Neutrophils
Faint pink cytoplasmic granules
Neutrophils
Phagososomal killing and removal of bacteria
Neutrophils
For bacterial infections
Neutrophils
Bilobed nuclei
Eosinophils
Destruction of helminthic parasites and modulating inflammation
Eosinophils
For parasitic infections and modulating inflammations
Eosinophils
The rarest type of circulating leukocyte.
Basophils
Iregular bilobed nuclei
Basophils
Basophilic means _________.
High affinity for basic dyes
For allergies and chronic inflammation
Basophils
Roughly spherical nuclei
Lymphocytes
Has little cytoplasm and few organelles
Lymphocytes
Effector and regulatory cells for adaptive immunity
Lymphocytes
For viral infections
Lymphocytes
Distinctly indented or C-shaped nuclei
Monocytes
Precursors of macrophages
Monocytes
For intracellular infections
Monocytes
Small cell fragments derived from Megakaryocytes in bone marrow.
Thrombocytes
It triggers blood clotting
Thrombocytes
Contents of Thrombocytes
- Actin Filaments
- Alpha- Granules
- Delta- Granules
- Open Canalicular System
