Respiratory System Flashcards
The ____ provides for exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide to and from the blood.
Respiratory System
Anatomical Regions of the Respiratory System
- Upper Respiratory Tract
- Lower Respiratory Tract
Functional Divisions of the Respiratory System
- Ventilating Mechanism
- Conducting Portions
- Respiratory Portions
The ____ creates pressure differences that move air in and out of the lungs.
Ventilating Mechanism
Structures Involved in Ventilating Mechanism
- Diaphragm
- Intercostal muscles
- Abdominal muscles
- Elastic connective tissue
The ____ are the different groups of muscles that run between the ribs.
Intercostal Muscles
The ____ carries the air to and from the site of exchange.
Conducting Portion
____ conditions air (filtering, moistening, and warming).
Conducting portions
Structures Involved in Conducting Portions
- Nasal cavity
- Nasopharynx
- Larynx
- Trachea
- Bronchi
- Bronchioles
- Terminal bronchioles
The ____ functions for gaseous exchange.
Respiratory Portions
Structures Involved in Respiratory Portions
- Respiratory bronchioles
- Alveolar ducts
- Alveoli
The ____ is the functional unit of the respiratory system.
Alveoli
Wall Structure of the Respiratory System
- Mucosa
- Submucosa
- Muscle Layer / Cartilage
- Adventitia
The mucosa of the respiratory system is lined by ____.
Respiratory Epithelium
Respiratory Epithelium is made up of ____.
Ciliated Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium
The mucosa contains ____.
- Respiratory Epithelium
- Lamina Propria (rich in blood vessels, mucous and serous glands)
The ____ is rich in blood vessels, mucous and serous glands.
Lamina Propria
The submucosa of the respiratory system is made up of ____.
Smooth Muscle
The ____ is a wall structure of the respiratory system that prevents collapse.
Muscle layer or Cartilage
The ____ is a wall structure of the respiratory system made up of connective tissue.
Adventitia
The adventitia is made up of ____.
Connective tissue
Epithelial Cell Types Present in Respiratory System
- Ciliated Columnar Cells
- Mucus Goblet Cells
- Brush Cells
- Basal Cells
- Small Granular Cells
____ are the predominant cell type of the respiratory system.
Ciliated Columnar Cells
The ____ contain basal nuclei and apical domains filled with granules of mucin glycoproteins.
Mucus Goblet Cells
Mucus goblet cells contain ____.
basal nuclei and apical domains filled with mucin glycoprotein granules
Mucus goblet cells contain basal nuclei and apical domains filled with granules of ____.
mucin glycoprotein
____ secrete mucus with IgA.
Goblet Cells
Goblet cells secrete ____.
mucus with IgA
____ secrete mucin, and functions as a lubricant for protection.
Mucus Goblet Cells
____ lack cilia, but contains abundant microvilli with free nerve endings for sensory reception.
Brush Cells
Brush cells lack ____.
cilia
Brush cells contains ____.
abundant microvilli with free nerve endings
____ are mitotically active stem and progenitor cells that give rise to other epithelial cell types.
Basal Cells
____ contains many of the small cytoplasmic granules.
Small Granular Cells
____ undergo metaplasia.
Small Granular Cells
Small granular cells undergo ____.
metaplasia
The ____ lie within the skull as two cavernous chambers separated by the nasal septum.
Nasal Cavities
The nasal cavities are separated by the ____.
Nasal septum
The ____ are bone-like projections.
Conchae
Conchae is also known as ____.
Turbinate bone
Components of the Nasal Cavity
- Vestibule
- Internal Nasal Cavity
____ is found in the vestibule.
Nostrils (nares)
The nostrils (nares) is found in the ____.
vestibule
The ____ functions in preliminary filtration of inspired air.
Nostrils (nares)
The nasal cavities and paranasal sinuses are lined by ____.
Respiratory Mucosa
____ adjusts the temperature and humidity of inspired air.
Internal Nasal Cavity
The ____ is a specialized region of the mucous membrane covering the superior conchae at the roof of the nasal cavity.
Olfactory Epithelium
Components of the Olfactory Epithelium
- Olfactory Neurons
- Supporting Cells
- Stem / Basal Cells
The ____ send nerve impulses that pass through the cribform plate of the ethmoid bone.
Olfactory Neurons
____ are columnar, with narrow bases and broad, cylindrical apexes containing the nuclei and extending microvilli into the fluid layer.
Supporting Cells
____ contain abundant ion channels.
Supporting Cells
____ helps to maintain a microenvironment conducive to olfactory function.
Supporting Cells
____ are small, spherical, or cone-shaped cells near the basal lamina.
Stem or Basal Cells
____ replaces olfactory neurons.
Stem or Basal Cells
Stem or basal cells replace ____.
Olfactory Neurons
The lamina propria contains ____.
Serous glands or Olfactory glands of Bowman
____ produce constant flow of fluid.
Serous glands or Olfactory glands of Bowman
____ provide access of new odoriferous substances.
Serous glands or Olfactory glands of Bowman
The ____ is the first part of the nasopharynx.
Pharynx
Pharynx contains ____.
Respiratory Epithelium
Pharynx is made up of ____.
Respiratory Epithelium
____ connects to the middle ear cavity.
Pharynx
The ____ is also known as “voice box”.
Larynx
Larynx contains ____.
Hyaline and Elastic Cartilage
____ is the passage of air between the pharynx and trachea.
Larynx
____ is made up of Hyaline and Elastic Cartilage.
Larynx
____ functions as structural support and sound production.
Larynx
Folds in the Larynx
- Vestibular folds
- Vocal folds (or cords)
Tissue Composition of Vestibular Folds
Stratified Squamous Non-Keratinized Epithelium
Tissue Composition of Vocal Folds
Vocalis Muscle
The ____ change pitch and sound of the voice.
Vocalis muscle
____ have features important for phonatin or sound production.
Vocal Folds (or cords)
Vestibular and Vocal folds are separated by ____.
ventricles
The ____ is a flattened structure projecting from the upper rim of the larynx.
Epiglottis
The ____ prevents swallowed food from entering the air passageways.
Epiglottis
Tissue Composition of Epiglottis
- Stratified Squamous Epithelium
- Ciliated Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium
Regions of the Epiglottis
- Upper/Lingual Surface
- Laryngeal Surface
Tissue Composition of the Upper/Lingual Surface of Epiglottis
Stratified Squamous Epithelium
Tissue Composition of the Laryngeal Surface of Epiglottis
Ciliated Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium
Trachea is lined with ____.
Respiratory Mucosa
The trachea contains numerous ____.
Seromucous glands
____ producses watery mucus.
Seromucous glands
____ is supported by C-shaped rings of hyaline cartilage, open ends of the cartilage rings are on the posterior surface, against the esophagus, and are bridged by a bundle of smooth muscle.
Trachea
Tissue Composition of Trachea
- Hyaline Cartilage
- Smooth Muscle (Trachealis Muscle)
The trachea is bridged by ____.
Trachealis muscle
Tissue Composition of Trachealis Muscle
- Smooth Muscle
- Fibroelastic Tissue
The trachealis muscle ____ when swallowing.
relaxes
The trachealis muscle ____ when coughing.
contracts
The bronchial tree is lined by ____.
Respiratory Mucosa
The branches of the bronchial tree have bands of ____ and ____.
Smooth muscle and Hyaline cartilage
The branches of the bronchial tree have a diameter of ____.
1 mm or less
The bronchioles are lined with ____.
Simple Columnar or Cuboidal Ciliated Cells
The ____ are the last branches to lack alveoli.
Terminal Bronchioles
Terminal bronchioles are lined by ____.
Simple Cuboidal Epithelium
____ consists largely of club cells or bronchiolar exocrine cells (previously called Clara cells), with non-ciliated, dome-shaped apical ends containing secretory granules.
Cuboidal Epithelium
____ functions in secretion of surfactant lipoproteins and mucins in the fluid layer on the epithelial surface.
Cuboidal Epithelium
____ functions in detoxification of inhaled xenobiotic compounds by enzymes of the SER.
Cuboidal Epithelium
____ functions in secretion of antimicrobial peptides and cytokines for local immune defense.
Cuboidal Epithelium
The ____ resembles the mucosa of terminal bronchioles, except for having a few openings to alveoli where gas exchange occurs.
Respiratory Bronchioles
The distal ends of respiratory bronchioles branch into tubes called ____.
Alveolar ducts
Composition of Respiratory Bronchioles
- Lamina Propria
- Epithelium
Tissue Composition of the Lamina Propria of Respiratory Bronchioles
- Smooth Muscle
- Elastic Connective Tissue
____ consists of club cells, with simple squamous cells at the alveolar openings and extending into the alveolus.
Epithelium (Respiratory Bronchioles)
The ____ are sac-like evaginations from the respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveolar sacs.
Alveoli
The ____ is responsible for the spongy structure of the lungs.
Alveoli
The alveoli is separated by thin walls of ____.
Interalveolar Septum
The air in the alveoli is separated from capillary blood by the ____.
Respiratory Membrane or Blood-Air Barrier
Septum may be interrupted by ____.
Pores of Kohn (alveolar pores)
____ relieve or equalize pressure and allow collateral circulation.
Pores of Kohn (alveolar pores)
Blood Barrier Components
- Thin cells lining the alveolus
- The fused basal laminae thin cells and endothelial cells
- The thin capillary endothelial cells
Types of Alveolar Cells
- Type 1 Pneumocytes
- Type 2 Pneumocytes
- Alveolar Macrophages/Dust cells