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Human Histology > Respiratory System > Flashcards

Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

The ____ provides for exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide to and from the blood.

A

Respiratory System

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2
Q

Anatomical Regions of the Respiratory System

A
  • Upper Respiratory Tract
  • Lower Respiratory Tract
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3
Q

Functional Divisions of the Respiratory System

A
  • Ventilating Mechanism
  • Conducting Portions
  • Respiratory Portions
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4
Q

The ____ creates pressure differences that move air in and out of the lungs.

A

Ventilating Mechanism

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5
Q

Structures Involved in Ventilating Mechanism

A
  • Diaphragm
  • Intercostal muscles
  • Abdominal muscles
  • Elastic connective tissue
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6
Q

The ____ are the different groups of muscles that run between the ribs.

A

Intercostal Muscles

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7
Q

The ____ carries the air to and from the site of exchange.

A

Conducting Portion

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8
Q

____ conditions air (filtering, moistening, and warming).

A

Conducting portions

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9
Q

Structures Involved in Conducting Portions

A
  • Nasal cavity
  • Nasopharynx
  • Larynx
  • Trachea
  • Bronchi
  • Bronchioles
  • Terminal bronchioles
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10
Q

The ____ functions for gaseous exchange.

A

Respiratory Portions

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11
Q

Structures Involved in Respiratory Portions

A
  • Respiratory bronchioles
  • Alveolar ducts
  • Alveoli
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12
Q

The ____ is the functional unit of the respiratory system.

A

Alveoli

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13
Q

Wall Structure of the Respiratory System

A
  • Mucosa
  • Submucosa
  • Muscle Layer / Cartilage
  • Adventitia
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14
Q

The mucosa of the respiratory system is lined by ____.

A

Respiratory Epithelium

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15
Q

Respiratory Epithelium is made up of ____.

A

Ciliated Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium

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16
Q

The mucosa contains ____.

A
  • Respiratory Epithelium
  • Lamina Propria (rich in blood vessels, mucous and serous glands)
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17
Q

The ____ is rich in blood vessels, mucous and serous glands.

A

Lamina Propria

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18
Q

The submucosa of the respiratory system is made up of ____.

A

Smooth Muscle

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19
Q

The ____ is a wall structure of the respiratory system that prevents collapse.

A

Muscle layer or Cartilage

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20
Q

The ____ is a wall structure of the respiratory system made up of connective tissue.

A

Adventitia

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21
Q

The adventitia is made up of ____.

A

Connective tissue

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22
Q

Epithelial Cell Types Present in Respiratory System

A
  • Ciliated Columnar Cells
  • Mucus Goblet Cells
  • Brush Cells
  • Basal Cells
  • Small Granular Cells
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23
Q

____ are the predominant cell type of the respiratory system.

A

Ciliated Columnar Cells

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24
Q

The ____ contain basal nuclei and apical domains filled with granules of mucin glycoproteins.

A

Mucus Goblet Cells

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25
Q

Mucus goblet cells contain ____.

A

basal nuclei and apical domains filled with mucin glycoprotein granules

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26
Q

Mucus goblet cells contain basal nuclei and apical domains filled with granules of ____.

A

mucin glycoprotein

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27
Q

____ secrete mucus with IgA.

A

Goblet Cells

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28
Q

Goblet cells secrete ____.

A

mucus with IgA

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29
Q

____ secrete mucin, and functions as a lubricant for protection.

A

Mucus Goblet Cells

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30
Q

____ lack cilia, but contains abundant microvilli with free nerve endings for sensory reception.

A

Brush Cells

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31
Q

Brush cells lack ____.

A

cilia

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32
Q

Brush cells contains ____.

A

abundant microvilli with free nerve endings

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33
Q

____ are mitotically active stem and progenitor cells that give rise to other epithelial cell types.

A

Basal Cells

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34
Q

____ contains many of the small cytoplasmic granules.

A

Small Granular Cells

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35
Q

____ undergo metaplasia.

A

Small Granular Cells

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36
Q

Small granular cells undergo ____.

A

metaplasia

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37
Q

The ____ lie within the skull as two cavernous chambers separated by the nasal septum.

A

Nasal Cavities

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38
Q

The nasal cavities are separated by the ____.

A

Nasal septum

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39
Q

The ____ are bone-like projections.

A

Conchae

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40
Q

Conchae is also known as ____.

A

Turbinate bone

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41
Q

Components of the Nasal Cavity

A
  • Vestibule
  • Internal Nasal Cavity
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42
Q

____ is found in the vestibule.

A

Nostrils (nares)

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43
Q

The nostrils (nares) is found in the ____.

A

vestibule

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44
Q

The ____ functions in preliminary filtration of inspired air.

A

Nostrils (nares)

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45
Q

The nasal cavities and paranasal sinuses are lined by ____.

A

Respiratory Mucosa

46
Q

____ adjusts the temperature and humidity of inspired air.

A

Internal Nasal Cavity

47
Q

The ____ is a specialized region of the mucous membrane covering the superior conchae at the roof of the nasal cavity.

A

Olfactory Epithelium

48
Q

Components of the Olfactory Epithelium

A
  • Olfactory Neurons
  • Supporting Cells
  • Stem / Basal Cells
49
Q

The ____ send nerve impulses that pass through the cribform plate of the ethmoid bone.

A

Olfactory Neurons

50
Q

____ are columnar, with narrow bases and broad, cylindrical apexes containing the nuclei and extending microvilli into the fluid layer.

A

Supporting Cells

51
Q

____ contain abundant ion channels.

A

Supporting Cells

52
Q

____ helps to maintain a microenvironment conducive to olfactory function.

A

Supporting Cells

53
Q

____ are small, spherical, or cone-shaped cells near the basal lamina.

A

Stem or Basal Cells

54
Q

____ replaces olfactory neurons.

A

Stem or Basal Cells

55
Q

Stem or basal cells replace ____.

A

Olfactory Neurons

56
Q

The lamina propria contains ____.

A

Serous glands or Olfactory glands of Bowman

57
Q

____ produce constant flow of fluid.

A

Serous glands or Olfactory glands of Bowman

58
Q

____ provide access of new odoriferous substances.

A

Serous glands or Olfactory glands of Bowman

59
Q

The ____ is the first part of the nasopharynx.

A

Pharynx

60
Q

Pharynx contains ____.

A

Respiratory Epithelium

61
Q

Pharynx is made up of ____.

A

Respiratory Epithelium

62
Q

____ connects to the middle ear cavity.

A

Pharynx

63
Q

The ____ is also known as “voice box”.

A

Larynx

64
Q

Larynx contains ____.

A

Hyaline and Elastic Cartilage

64
Q

____ is the passage of air between the pharynx and trachea.

A

Larynx

65
Q

____ is made up of Hyaline and Elastic Cartilage.

A

Larynx

66
Q

____ functions as structural support and sound production.

A

Larynx

67
Q

Folds in the Larynx

A
  • Vestibular folds
  • Vocal folds (or cords)
68
Q

Tissue Composition of Vestibular Folds

A

Stratified Squamous Non-Keratinized Epithelium

69
Q

Tissue Composition of Vocal Folds

A

Vocalis Muscle

70
Q

The ____ change pitch and sound of the voice.

A

Vocalis muscle

71
Q

____ have features important for phonatin or sound production.

A

Vocal Folds (or cords)

72
Q

Vestibular and Vocal folds are separated by ____.

A

ventricles

73
Q

The ____ is a flattened structure projecting from the upper rim of the larynx.

A

Epiglottis

74
Q

The ____ prevents swallowed food from entering the air passageways.

A

Epiglottis

75
Q

Tissue Composition of Epiglottis

A
  • Stratified Squamous Epithelium
  • Ciliated Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium
76
Q

Regions of the Epiglottis

A
  • Upper/Lingual Surface
  • Laryngeal Surface
77
Q

Tissue Composition of the Upper/Lingual Surface of Epiglottis

A

Stratified Squamous Epithelium

78
Q

Tissue Composition of the Laryngeal Surface of Epiglottis

A

Ciliated Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium

79
Q

Trachea is lined with ____.

A

Respiratory Mucosa

80
Q

The trachea contains numerous ____.

A

Seromucous glands

81
Q

____ producses watery mucus.

A

Seromucous glands

82
Q

____ is supported by C-shaped rings of hyaline cartilage, open ends of the cartilage rings are on the posterior surface, against the esophagus, and are bridged by a bundle of smooth muscle.

A

Trachea

83
Q

Tissue Composition of Trachea

A
  • Hyaline Cartilage
  • Smooth Muscle (Trachealis Muscle)
84
Q

The trachea is bridged by ____.

A

Trachealis muscle

85
Q

Tissue Composition of Trachealis Muscle

A
  • Smooth Muscle
  • Fibroelastic Tissue
86
Q

The trachealis muscle ____ when swallowing.

A

relaxes

87
Q

The trachealis muscle ____ when coughing.

A

contracts

88
Q

The bronchial tree is lined by ____.

A

Respiratory Mucosa

89
Q

The branches of the bronchial tree have bands of ____ and ____.

A

Smooth muscle and Hyaline cartilage

90
Q

The branches of the bronchial tree have a diameter of ____.

A

1 mm or less

91
Q

The bronchioles are lined with ____.

A

Simple Columnar or Cuboidal Ciliated Cells

92
Q

The ____ are the last branches to lack alveoli.

A

Terminal Bronchioles

93
Q

Terminal bronchioles are lined by ____.

A

Simple Cuboidal Epithelium

94
Q

____ consists largely of club cells or bronchiolar exocrine cells (previously called Clara cells), with non-ciliated, dome-shaped apical ends containing secretory granules.

A

Cuboidal Epithelium

95
Q

____ functions in secretion of surfactant lipoproteins and mucins in the fluid layer on the epithelial surface.

A

Cuboidal Epithelium

96
Q

____ functions in detoxification of inhaled xenobiotic compounds by enzymes of the SER.

A

Cuboidal Epithelium

97
Q

____ functions in secretion of antimicrobial peptides and cytokines for local immune defense.

A

Cuboidal Epithelium

98
Q

The ____ resembles the mucosa of terminal bronchioles, except for having a few openings to alveoli where gas exchange occurs.

A

Respiratory Bronchioles

99
Q

The distal ends of respiratory bronchioles branch into tubes called ____.

A

Alveolar ducts

100
Q

Composition of Respiratory Bronchioles

A
  • Lamina Propria
  • Epithelium
101
Q

Tissue Composition of the Lamina Propria of Respiratory Bronchioles

A
  • Smooth Muscle
  • Elastic Connective Tissue
102
Q

____ consists of club cells, with simple squamous cells at the alveolar openings and extending into the alveolus.

A

Epithelium (Respiratory Bronchioles)

103
Q

The ____ are sac-like evaginations from the respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveolar sacs.

A

Alveoli

104
Q

The ____ is responsible for the spongy structure of the lungs.

A

Alveoli

105
Q

The alveoli is separated by thin walls of ____.

A

Interalveolar Septum

106
Q

The air in the alveoli is separated from capillary blood by the ____.

A

Respiratory Membrane or Blood-Air Barrier

107
Q

Septum may be interrupted by ____.

A

Pores of Kohn (alveolar pores)

108
Q

____ relieve or equalize pressure and allow collateral circulation.

A

Pores of Kohn (alveolar pores)

109
Q

Blood Barrier Components

A
  1. Thin cells lining the alveolus
  2. The fused basal laminae thin cells and endothelial cells
  3. The thin capillary endothelial cells
110
Q

Types of Alveolar Cells

A
  • Type 1 Pneumocytes
  • Type 2 Pneumocytes
  • Alveolar Macrophages/Dust cells

Human Histology (12 decks)

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