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Human Histology > Nervous Tissue > Flashcards

Nervous Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

It is the most complex system in the body, formed by a network of many billion nerve cells.

A

Nervous System

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2
Q

The network of many billion nerve cells are called _______.

A

Neurons

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3
Q

How does our nervous system provide rapid and precise communication between different parts of the body?

A

Through the action of specialized nerve cells called “neurons” and “glial” cells.

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4
Q

It is the supporting cell of the nervous system.

A

Glial Cells

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5
Q

They are responsible for the production and induction of electrical impulses.

A

Neurons and Glial Cells

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6
Q

Anatomical Division of the Nervous System

A
  • Central Nervous System
  • Peripheral Nervous System
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7
Q

Central Nervous System comprises of ________.

A

Brain and Spinal Cord

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8
Q

Peripheral Nervous System comprises of ___________.

A
  • Cranial, Peripheral, and Spinal Nerves
  • Ganglia
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9
Q

Aggregate of nervous cells

A

Ganglia

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10
Q

These are ovoid structures containing neuronal cell bodies, which acts as a relay station that allows the nerves to enter and leave simultaneously all the time.

A

Ganglia (Ganglion)

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11
Q

Functional Division of Peripheral Nervous System

A
  • Afferent or Sensory Division
  • Efferent or Motor Division
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12
Q

It carries messages from the sense organs and internal organs to the CNS.

A

Afferent or Sensory Division

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13
Q

Afferent or Sensory Division is subdivided into ________.

A
  • Somatic Sensory Division
  • Visceral Sensory Division
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14
Q

It carries messages from the sense organs (e.g., ears, skin, eyes) to the CNS.

A

Somatic Sensory Division

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15
Q

Somatic Sensory Division is perceived ________.

A

Consciously or Voluntarily

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16
Q

It carries messages from the internal organs to the CNS.

A

Visceral Sensory Division

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17
Q

Visceral Sensory Division is perceived _________.

A

Unconsciously or Involuntarily

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18
Q

It carries messages from the CNS to internal organs, glands, and muscles.

A

Efferent or Motor Division

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19
Q

Efferent or Motor Division is subdivided into ________.

A
  • Somatic Nervous System (SNS)
  • Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)
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20
Q

It carries messages to muscles under voluntary control.

A

Somatic Nervous System

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21
Q

It carries messages to organs and glands.

A

Autonomic Nervous System

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22
Q

Somatic Nervous System is controlled ________.

A

Consciously or Voluntarily

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23
Q

Autonomic Nervous System is controlled ________.

A

Unconsciously or Involuntarily

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24
Q

Two Pathways of ANS

A
  • Preganglionic Neuron
  • Postganglionic Neuron
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25
Q

The cell body is in the CNS.

A

Preganglionic Neuron

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26
Q

The cell body is in the Ganglion.

A

Postganglionic Neuron

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27
Q

Two Divisions of the Autonomic Nervous System

A
  • Sympathetic
  • Parasympathetic
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28
Q

It responds to impending danger or stress.

A

Sympathetic Division

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29
Q

SYMPATHETIC OR PARASYMPATHETIC.
- Increased heartbeat

A

Sympathetic

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30
Q

SYMPATHETIC OR PARASYMPATHETIC.
- Increased blood pressure

A

Sympathetic

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31
Q

SYMPATHETIC OR PARASYMPATHETIC.
- Increased sweat production

A

Sympathetic

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32
Q

SYMPATHETIC OR PARASYMPATHETIC.
- Dilation of Pupils

A

Sympathetic

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33
Q

SYMPATHETIC OR PARASYMPATHETIC.
- Sense of excitement

A

Sympathetic

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34
Q

SYMPATHETIC OR PARASYMPATHETIC.
- Fight or Flight

A

Sympathetic

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35
Q

It is called upon resting and relaxing situations.

A

Parasympathetic Division

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36
Q

SYMPATHETIC OR PARASYMPATHETIC.
- Conservation of energy

A

Parasympathetic

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37
Q

SYMPATHETIC OR PARASYMPATHETIC.
- Decreasing heart rate

A

Parasympathetic

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38
Q

SYMPATHETIC OR PARASYMPATHETIC.
- Decreasing respiratory rate

A

Parasympathetic

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39
Q

SYMPATHETIC OR PARASYMPATHETIC.
- Decreased pH of blood

A

Parasympathetic

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40
Q

SYMPATHETIC OR PARASYMPATHETIC.
- Constriction of Pupil

A

Parasympathetic

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41
Q

The basic functional unit of the nervous system is called ________.

A

Neurons (Nerve Cells)

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42
Q

Neurons generate electrical signals called ________.

A

Action Potentials

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43
Q

They allow neurons to transmit information over long distances.

A

Action Potentials

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44
Q

The Three Parts of the Neurons

A
  • Cell Body (Perikaryon/Soma)
  • Dendrites
  • Axon
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45
Q

It contains the nucleus and organelles of the neuron.

A

Cell Body (Perikaryon/Soma)

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46
Q

Cell Body is also known as _______.

A

Perikaryon or Soma

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47
Q

_________ is the Tropic Center of the neuron.

A

Cell Body (Perikaryon/Soma)

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48
Q

The nucleus of a neuron is __________.

A

Euchromatic

49
Q

The nucleolus of a neuron is __________.

A

Prominent

50
Q

The neuron has a developed RER, which makes it ________.

A

Basophilic

51
Q

The concentrated RER of a neuron is called ________.

A

Nissl Bodies (chromatophilic substance)

52
Q

It forms the subunits of major intermediate filaments.

A

Neurofilaments or Neurofibrils

53
Q

The inclusion of pigment materials, and a byproduct of lysosomal activity.

A

Lipofuscin

54
Q

A specialized structure that receives stimuli from other neurons.

A

Dendrites

55
Q

Where do dendrites receive stimuli?

A

Synapses

56
Q

The principal signal reception site.

A

Dendrites

57
Q

These are membrane protrusions along the small dendritic branches.

A

Dendritic Spines

58
Q

This is where most synapses occur in the CNS.

A

Dendritic Spines

59
Q

It generates and conducts nerve impulses to other cells.

A

Axon

60
Q

Axons originated from the pyramid-shaped region of the perikaryon called the _________.

A

Axon Hillock

61
Q

The plasma membrane of the axon is called _________.

A

Axolemma

62
Q

The contents of the axolemma is called _________.

A

Axoplasm

63
Q

Axoplasm contains _________.

A

Concentrated ion channels

64
Q

What do the concentrated ion channels in the axoplasm do?

A

Generate action potentials

65
Q

These are nerve impulses that travel along the axon.

A

Action Potential

66
Q

These are sites where nerve impulses are transmitted from one neuron to another.

A

Synapses

67
Q

Components of Synapses

A
  • Presynaptic Axon Terminal
  • Postsynaptic Cell Membrane
  • Synaptic Cleft
68
Q

This is where neurotransmitters are released via exocytosis.

A

Presynaptic Axon Terminal

69
Q

It contains receptors for the neurotransmitter, and ion channels or other mechanisms to initiate a new impulse.

A

Postsynaptic Cell Membrane

70
Q

It separates the presynaptic and postsynaptic membranes.

A

Synaptic Cleft

71
Q

Classification of Neurons According to their Appearance

A
  • Multipolar Neurons
  • Bipolar Neurons
  • Unipolar Neurons
  • Anaxonic Neurons
72
Q

1 Axon, >= 2 Dendrites

A

Multipolar Neurons

73
Q

Most common classification of neurons (appearance)

A

Multipolar Neurons

74
Q

1 Axon, 1 Dendrite

A

Bipolar Neurons

75
Q

Sensory Neurons related to Bipolar Neurons

A
  • Retina
  • Olfactory Epithelium
  • Inner Ear
  • Adjacent CNS Neurons
76
Q

It has a single process that bifurcates close to the perikaryon.

A

Unipolar Neurons

77
Q

No true axon, many dendrites

A

Anaxonic Neurons

78
Q

TRUE OR FALSE.
- Anaxonic Neurons do not conduct action potentials.

A

True

79
Q

Why can’t anaxonic neurons conduct axon potentials?

A

Due to the absence of a true axon, which is where action potentials travel.

80
Q

It regulates electrical changes.

A

Anaxonic Neurons

81
Q

Classification of Neurons According to their Function

A
  • Sensory Neurons (Afferent)
  • Motor Neurons (Efferent)
  • Interneurons
82
Q

It receives stimuli from receptors throughout the body.

A

Sensory Neurons (Afferent)

83
Q

It sends impulses to effector organs such as muscle fibers and glands.

A

Motor Neurons (Efferent)

84
Q

Under voluntary control and typically innervate skeletal muscle.

A

Somatic Neurons

85
Q

Control the involuntary or unconscious activities of glands, cardiac muscle, and most smooth muscle.

A

Autonomic Neurons

86
Q

They establish relationships among other neurons, forming complex functional networks in the CNS.

A

Interneurons

87
Q

Interneurons are either ________ or ________.

A

Multipolar or Anaxonic

88
Q

Interneurons comprises ____% of all neurons in adults.

A

99%

89
Q

The most numerous glial cell in the CNS.

A

Astrocytes

90
Q

It covers and provides regulated microenvironment to the neurons.

A

Astrocytes

91
Q

The _______ of the astrocyte contain proteins.

A

Proximal Region

92
Q

Which protein can be found in the proximal region of astrocytes?

A

Glial Fibrillary Acid Protein (GFAP)

93
Q

It serves as the unique marker for astrocytes.

A

Glial Fibrillary Acid Protein (GFAP)

94
Q

It produces myelin.

A

Oligodendrocytes

95
Q

It wraps the neuronal axon in both CNS and PNS.

A

Myelin Sheath

96
Q

Myelin Sheath Functions

A
  • Insulator
  • Facilitates rapid transmission of nerve impulses
97
Q

TRUE OR FALSE.
- Oligodendrocytes can be seen under routine light microscope stain.

A

False

98
Q

The phagocytic cells in the CNS.

A

Microglia

99
Q

They constitute the major mechanism for immunity in CNS.

A

Microglia

100
Q

Microglia originated from _________.

A

Blood Monocytes

101
Q

TRUE OR FALSE.
- The nuclei of microglia is visible with H&E and also with immunohistochemistry.

A

True

102
Q

It assists in the production and circulation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).

A

Ependymal Cells

103
Q

It lines fluid-filled cerebral ventricles and central canal of the spinal cord.

A

Ependymal Cells

104
Q

__________ are epithelial-like cells which lacks basement membranes.

A

Ependymal Cells

105
Q

Ependymal cells are usually ________ or ________ in appearance.

A

Columnar or Cuboidal

106
Q

Neuroglia of the Central Nervous System

A
  • Astrocytes
  • Oligodendrocytes
  • Microglia
  • Ependymal Cells
107
Q

The counterpart of Oligodendrocytes.

A

Schwann Cells

108
Q

It produces myelin sheath in the PNS.

A

Schwann Cells

109
Q

Schwann Cells are also called as _________.

A

Neurolemmocytes

110
Q

They exert a trophic or supportive effect on the neurons, insulating, nourishing, and regulating their microenvironments.

A

Satellite Cells

111
Q

They enclose each perikaryon and regulates it microenvironment.

A

Satellite Cells

112
Q

Neuroglia in the Peripheral Nervous System

A
  • Schwann Cells
  • Satellite Cells
113
Q

The development of nerve tissue.

A

Neurulation

114
Q

Neurulation is a critical morphologic event occurring during ________ of human gestation.

A

4th Week

115
Q

The Three Germinal Layers from the Trilaminar Embryonic Disc

A
  • Endoderm
  • Mesoderm
  • Ectoderm
116
Q

Innermost layer

A

Endoderm

117
Q

Middle layer

A

Mesoderm

118
Q

Where the nervous tissue of the nervous system are derived from __________.

A

Ectoderm

Human Histology (12 decks)

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