Nervous Tissue Flashcards
1
Q
It is the most complex system in the body, formed by a network of many billion nerve cells.
A
Nervous System
2
Q
The network of many billion nerve cells are called _______.
A
Neurons
3
Q
How does our nervous system provide rapid and precise communication between different parts of the body?
A
Through the action of specialized nerve cells called “neurons” and “glial” cells.
4
Q
It is the supporting cell of the nervous system.
A
Glial Cells
5
Q
They are responsible for the production and induction of electrical impulses.
A
Neurons and Glial Cells
6
Q
Anatomical Division of the Nervous System
A
- Central Nervous System
- Peripheral Nervous System
7
Q
Central Nervous System comprises of ________.
A
Brain and Spinal Cord
8
Q
Peripheral Nervous System comprises of ___________.
A
- Cranial, Peripheral, and Spinal Nerves
- Ganglia
9
Q
Aggregate of nervous cells
A
Ganglia
10
Q
These are ovoid structures containing neuronal cell bodies, which acts as a relay station that allows the nerves to enter and leave simultaneously all the time.
A
Ganglia (Ganglion)
11
Q
Functional Division of Peripheral Nervous System
A
- Afferent or Sensory Division
- Efferent or Motor Division
12
Q
It carries messages from the sense organs and internal organs to the CNS.
A
Afferent or Sensory Division
13
Q
Afferent or Sensory Division is subdivided into ________.
A
- Somatic Sensory Division
- Visceral Sensory Division
14
Q
It carries messages from the sense organs (e.g., ears, skin, eyes) to the CNS.
A
Somatic Sensory Division
15
Q
Somatic Sensory Division is perceived ________.
A
Consciously or Voluntarily
16
Q
It carries messages from the internal organs to the CNS.
A
Visceral Sensory Division
17
Q
Visceral Sensory Division is perceived _________.
A
Unconsciously or Involuntarily
18
Q
It carries messages from the CNS to internal organs, glands, and muscles.
A
Efferent or Motor Division
19
Q
Efferent or Motor Division is subdivided into ________.
A
- Somatic Nervous System (SNS)
- Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)
20
Q
It carries messages to muscles under voluntary control.
A
Somatic Nervous System
21
Q
It carries messages to organs and glands.
A
Autonomic Nervous System
22
Q
Somatic Nervous System is controlled ________.
A
Consciously or Voluntarily
23
Q
Autonomic Nervous System is controlled ________.
A
Unconsciously or Involuntarily
24
Q
Two Pathways of ANS
A
- Preganglionic Neuron
- Postganglionic Neuron
25
The cell body is in the CNS.
Preganglionic Neuron
26
The cell body is in the Ganglion.
Postganglionic Neuron
27
Two Divisions of the Autonomic Nervous System
- Sympathetic
- Parasympathetic
28
It responds to impending danger or stress.
Sympathetic Division
29
SYMPATHETIC OR PARASYMPATHETIC.
- Increased heartbeat
Sympathetic
30
SYMPATHETIC OR PARASYMPATHETIC.
- Increased blood pressure
Sympathetic
31
SYMPATHETIC OR PARASYMPATHETIC.
- Increased sweat production
Sympathetic
32
SYMPATHETIC OR PARASYMPATHETIC.
- Dilation of Pupils
Sympathetic
33
SYMPATHETIC OR PARASYMPATHETIC.
- Sense of excitement
Sympathetic
34
SYMPATHETIC OR PARASYMPATHETIC.
- Fight or Flight
Sympathetic
35
It is called upon resting and relaxing situations.
Parasympathetic Division
36
SYMPATHETIC OR PARASYMPATHETIC.
- Conservation of energy
Parasympathetic
37
SYMPATHETIC OR PARASYMPATHETIC.
- Decreasing heart rate
Parasympathetic
38
SYMPATHETIC OR PARASYMPATHETIC.
- Decreasing respiratory rate
Parasympathetic
39
SYMPATHETIC OR PARASYMPATHETIC.
- Decreased pH of blood
Parasympathetic
40
SYMPATHETIC OR PARASYMPATHETIC.
- Constriction of Pupil
Parasympathetic
41
The basic functional unit of the nervous system is called ________.
Neurons (Nerve Cells)
42
Neurons generate electrical signals called ________.
Action Potentials
43
They allow neurons to transmit information over long distances.
Action Potentials
44
The Three Parts of the Neurons
- Cell Body (Perikaryon/Soma)
- Dendrites
- Axon
45
It contains the nucleus and organelles of the neuron.
Cell Body (Perikaryon/Soma)
46
Cell Body is also known as _______.
Perikaryon or Soma
47
_________ is the Tropic Center of the neuron.
Cell Body (Perikaryon/Soma)
48
The nucleus of a neuron is __________.
Euchromatic
49
The nucleolus of a neuron is __________.
Prominent
50
The neuron has a developed RER, which makes it ________.
Basophilic
51
The concentrated RER of a neuron is called ________.
Nissl Bodies *(chromatophilic substance)*
52
It forms the subunits of major intermediate filaments.
Neurofilaments or Neurofibrils
53
The inclusion of pigment materials, and a byproduct of lysosomal activity.
Lipofuscin
54
A specialized structure that receives stimuli from other neurons.
Dendrites
55
Where do dendrites receive stimuli?
Synapses
56
The principal signal reception site.
Dendrites
57
These are membrane protrusions along the small dendritic branches.
Dendritic Spines
58
This is where most synapses occur in the CNS.
Dendritic Spines
59
It generates and conducts nerve impulses to other cells.
Axon
60
Axons originated from the pyramid-shaped region of the perikaryon called the _________.
Axon Hillock
61
The plasma membrane of the axon is called _________.
Axolemma
62
The contents of the axolemma is called _________.
Axoplasm
63
Axoplasm contains _________.
Concentrated ion channels
64
What do the concentrated ion channels in the axoplasm do?
Generate action potentials
65
These are nerve impulses that travel along the axon.
Action Potential
66
These are sites where nerve impulses are transmitted from one neuron to another.
Synapses
67
Components of Synapses
- Presynaptic Axon Terminal
- Postsynaptic Cell Membrane
- Synaptic Cleft
68
This is where neurotransmitters are released via exocytosis.
Presynaptic Axon Terminal
69
It contains receptors for the neurotransmitter, and ion channels or other mechanisms to initiate a new impulse.
Postsynaptic Cell Membrane
70
It separates the presynaptic and postsynaptic membranes.
Synaptic Cleft
71
Classification of Neurons According to their Appearance
- Multipolar Neurons
- Bipolar Neurons
- Unipolar Neurons
- Anaxonic Neurons
72
1 Axon, >= 2 Dendrites
Multipolar Neurons
73
Most common classification of neurons (appearance)
Multipolar Neurons
74
1 Axon, 1 Dendrite
Bipolar Neurons
75
Sensory Neurons related to Bipolar Neurons
- Retina
- Olfactory Epithelium
- Inner Ear
- Adjacent CNS Neurons
76
It has a single process that bifurcates close to the perikaryon.
Unipolar Neurons
77
No true axon, many dendrites
Anaxonic Neurons
78
TRUE OR FALSE.
- Anaxonic Neurons do not conduct action potentials.
True
79
Why can't anaxonic neurons conduct axon potentials?
Due to the absence of a true axon, which is where action potentials travel.
80
It regulates electrical changes.
Anaxonic Neurons
81
Classification of Neurons According to their Function
- Sensory Neurons (Afferent)
- Motor Neurons (Efferent)
- Interneurons
82
It receives stimuli from receptors throughout the body.
Sensory Neurons (Afferent)
83
It sends impulses to effector organs such as muscle fibers and glands.
Motor Neurons (Efferent)
84
Under voluntary control and typically innervate skeletal muscle.
Somatic Neurons
85
Control the involuntary or unconscious activities of glands, cardiac muscle, and most smooth muscle.
Autonomic Neurons
86
They establish relationships among other neurons, forming complex functional networks in the CNS.
Interneurons
87
Interneurons are either ________ or ________.
Multipolar or Anaxonic
88
Interneurons comprises ____% of all neurons in adults.
99%
89
The most numerous glial cell in the CNS.
Astrocytes
90
It covers and provides regulated microenvironment to the neurons.
Astrocytes
91
The _______ of the astrocyte contain proteins.
Proximal Region
92
Which protein can be found in the proximal region of astrocytes?
Glial Fibrillary Acid Protein (GFAP)
93
It serves as the unique marker for astrocytes.
Glial Fibrillary Acid Protein (GFAP)
94
It produces myelin.
Oligodendrocytes
95
It wraps the neuronal axon in both CNS and PNS.
Myelin Sheath
96
Myelin Sheath Functions
- Insulator
- Facilitates rapid transmission of nerve impulses
97
TRUE OR FALSE.
- Oligodendrocytes can be seen under routine light microscope stain.
False
98
The phagocytic cells in the CNS.
Microglia
99
They constitute the major mechanism for immunity in CNS.
Microglia
100
Microglia originated from _________.
Blood Monocytes
101
TRUE OR FALSE.
- The nuclei of microglia is visible with H&E and also with immunohistochemistry.
True
102
It assists in the production and circulation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).
Ependymal Cells
103
It lines fluid-filled cerebral ventricles and central canal of the spinal cord.
Ependymal Cells
104
__________ are epithelial-like cells which lacks basement membranes.
Ependymal Cells
105
Ependymal cells are usually ________ or ________ in appearance.
Columnar or Cuboidal
106
Neuroglia of the Central Nervous System
- Astrocytes
- Oligodendrocytes
- Microglia
- Ependymal Cells
107
The counterpart of Oligodendrocytes.
Schwann Cells
108
It produces myelin sheath in the PNS.
Schwann Cells
109
Schwann Cells are also called as _________.
Neurolemmocytes
110
They exert a trophic or supportive effect on the neurons, insulating, nourishing, and regulating their microenvironments.
Satellite Cells
111
They enclose each perikaryon and regulates it microenvironment.
Satellite Cells
112
Neuroglia in the Peripheral Nervous System
- Schwann Cells
- Satellite Cells
113
The development of nerve tissue.
Neurulation
114
Neurulation is a critical morphologic event occurring during ________ of human gestation.
4th Week
115
The Three Germinal Layers from the Trilaminar Embryonic Disc
- Endoderm
- Mesoderm
- Ectoderm
116
Innermost layer
Endoderm
117
Middle layer
Mesoderm
118
Where the nervous tissue of the nervous system are derived from __________.
Ectoderm
