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Human Histology > Immune System and Lymphoid Organs > Flashcards

Immune System and Lymphoid Organs Flashcards

1
Q

It provides defense or immunity against infectious agents ranging from viruses to multicellular parasites.

A

Immune System

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2
Q

The Immune System consists of a large, diverse population of ________ located within every tissue of the body and ________ interconnected only by the blood and lymphatic circulation.

A

leukocytes and lymphoid organs

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3
Q

Lymphoid organs are interconnected only by ______ and _______.

A

blood and lymphatic circulation

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4
Q

Main function of the Immune System

A

Defense and Immunity against pathogens

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5
Q

It represents the first line of defense to an intruding pathogen.

A

Innate Immunity (Non-Specific)

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6
Q

An antigen-independent defense mechanism that is used by the host immediately or within hours of encountering an antigen.

A

Innate Immunity (Non-Specific)

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7
Q

Why is innate immunity antigen-independent?

A

Because it does not need to be exposed to the pathogen in order to develop immunity against it.

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8
Q

_____ includes physical barriers such as the skin and mucous membranes.

A

Innate Immunity (Non-Specific)

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9
Q

_____ involves leukocytes (mainly granulocytes) and proteins such as defensins, lysozymes, complement, and interferons.

A

Innate Immunity (Non-Specific)

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10
Q

Proteins or Anti-microbial Chemicals involved in Innate Immunity

A
  1. Hydrochloric Acid
  2. Defensins
  3. Lysozymes
  4. Complement
  5. Interferons
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11
Q

It lowers the pH to kill entering microorganisms directly or inhabit their growth.

A

Hydrochloric Acid

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12
Q

Short cationic polypepties produced by neutrophils which disrupts the cell wall of the bacteria.

A

Defensins

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13
Q

An enzyme made by neutrophils, which hydrolyzes the cell wall components, killing the bacteria.

A

Lysozymes

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14
Q

A system of proteins that react with bacterial surface components to aid removal of bacteria.

A

Complement

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15
Q

Paracrine factors that signal NK cells to kill such cells and adjacent cells to resist viral infections.

A

Interferons

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16
Q

It is acquired gradually by exposure to microorganisms.

A

Adapative Immunity (Specific)

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17
Q

A more specific and slow development defense mechanism based on antigen presentation to lymphocytes.

A

Adapative Immunity (Specific)

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18
Q

Adaptive Immunity response involves ________ and _______ lymphocytes.

A

T and B Lymphocytes

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19
Q

_____ involves the production of memory lymphocytes so that a similar response can be mounted very rapidly if that invader appears again.

A

Adaptive Immunity (Specific)

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20
Q

These are proteins that are recognized by lymphocytes to elicit a specific immune response against them.

A

Antigens

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21
Q

These are components of bacteria, protozoa, or tumor cells, etc.

A

Antigens

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22
Q

These are Immunoglobulins produced by plasma cells after a progenitor B cell is activated by a specific antigen.

A

Antibodies

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23
Q

It produces immunoglobulins.

A

Plasma Cells

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24
Q

How are immunoglobulins produced?

A

It is produced when a specific antigen activates a progenitor B cell.

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25
Q

These are cell surface glycoproteins whose primary function is to present peptide fragments for recognition by the appropriate T-cells (lymphocytes).

A

Major Histocompatibility Complexes (MHC)

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26
Q

MHC are _______ that present peptide fragments to T-cells.

A

cell surface glycoproteins

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27
Q

MHC are cell surface glycoproteins that present peptide fragments to ______.

A

T-cells

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28
Q

These are found on surfaces of all nucleated cells bear fragments of their constituent proteins.

A

MHC Class I Molecules

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29
Q

It involves only antigen-presenting cells (APCs).

A

MHC Class II Molecules

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30
Q

MHC Class I and II Molecules Function

A

To present peptides to be recognized by T-cells on the cell surface.

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31
Q

Humoral Immunity involved organisms

A
  1. Antibodies
  2. B-cell Lymphocytes
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32
Q

Cell-mediated Immunity involved organisms

A
  1. Mature T-cell Lymphocytes
  2. Macrophages
  3. Cytokines
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33
Q

Two Forms of Adaptive Immune Response

A
  1. Humoral Immunity
  2. Cell-mediated Immunity
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34
Q

A type of immune cell that makes antibodies after detecting a specific antigen.

A

B-cell Lymphocytes

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35
Q

The stem cells for all lymphocytes are located in the ________.

A

red bone marrow

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36
Q

The sites for lymphocyte origination and maturation.

A

Primary Lymphoid Organs (Bone Marrow and Thymus)

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37
Q

The bone marrow and thymus are part of the ________.

A

Primary Lymphoid Organs

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38
Q

It is the site where the cells destined to become B-lymphocytes are found.

A

Bone Marrow

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39
Q

It is the site where progenitors of T-lymphocytes are found.

A

Thymus

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40
Q

______ remain and further differentiate in the bone marrow.

A

B-lymphocytes

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41
Q

_______ move via the circulation into the developing thymus.

A

Progenitors of T-lymphocytes

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42
Q

Primary Lymphoid Organs

A
  1. Bone Marrow
  2. Thymus
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43
Q

Secondary Lymphoid Organs

A
  1. Lymph Nodes
  2. MALT
  3. Spleen
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44
Q

The site where lymphoid organs are often activated, proliferate, and begin to function.

A

Secondary Lymphoid Organs (Lymph Nods, MALT, Spleen)

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45
Q

Secondary lymphoid organs contain a meshwork of ______ produced by fibroblastic reticular cells.

A

Reticulin

46
Q

This is where lymphocytes are being distributed.

A

Reticulin

47
Q

Reticulin is produced by _______.

A

Fibroblastic Reticular Cells

48
Q

Thymus originated from the _______.

A

Endoderm

49
Q

The primary lymphoid organ where T-cells are produced.

A

Thymus

50
Q

A bilobed organ in the mediastinum

A

Thymus

51
Q

Thymus is (unilobed or bilobed)?

A

Bilobed

52
Q

Thymus is located in the _______.

A

mediastinum

53
Q

Thymus is most active and prominent during ________.

A

Pre-puberty (before puberty)

54
Q

Thymus undergoes ____ with less activity in adults.

A

Involution (shrink)

55
Q

An organ that undergoes involution as people get old.

A

Thymus

56
Q

The midline of the thoracic cavity, surrounded by pleural sacs.

A

Mediastinum

57
Q

Two Divisions of the Thymus

A
  1. Thymic Cortex
  2. Thymic Medulla
58
Q

An outer layer of the Thymus that is darkly basophilic.

A

Thymic Cortex

59
Q

Immature T-cells are called _______.

A

T-lymphoblasts (thymocytes)

60
Q

_______ have certain features of both epithelial and reticular cells.

A

Thymic Epithelial Cells (TEC)

61
Q

The ____ contains an extensive population of T-lymphoblasts and Thymic Epithelial Cells (TEC).

A

Thymic Cortex

62
Q

The Thymic Cortex contains an extensive population of __________ .

A

T-lymphoblasts and Thymic Epithelial Cells (TEC)

63
Q

Thymic Epithelial Cells (TECs) in the Thymic Cortex

A
  1. Squamous Cells
  2. Stellate Epithelial Cells
  3. Squamous Cortical Cells
64
Q

It forms a blood-thymus barrier preventing unregulated exposure of thymocytes to antigens.

A

Squamous Cells

65
Q

Squamous cells form a _______.

A

blood thymus barrier

66
Q

It prevents unregulated exposure of thymocytes to antigens.

A

Blood-Thymus Barrier

67
Q

It forms a cytoreticulum that secretes numerous cytokines for T-cell development.

A

Stellate Epithelial Cells

68
Q

Stellate epithelial cells form a _______.

A

Cytoreticulum

69
Q

It secretes numerous cytokines for T-cell development.

A

Cytoreticulum

70
Q

It forms a sheetlike structure contributing to a functional corticomedullary barrier between cortex and medulla.

A

Squamous Cortical Cells

71
Q

Squamous cortical cells produce a ______.

A

Sheetlike structure contributing to corticomedullary barrier

72
Q

An inner layer of the Thymus that is lightly stained.

A

Thymic Medulla

73
Q

The Thymic Medulla contains fewer, and larger more __________ .

A

Mature Lymphocytes

74
Q

The ____ contains a fewer and larger mature lymphocytes.

A

Thymic Medulla

75
Q

Thymic Epithelial Cells (TECs) in the Thymic Medulla

A
  1. Cytoreticulum
  2. Secondary Layer
  3. Hassal Corpuscles
76
Q

It supports T-lymphocytes, dendritic cells, and macrophages.

A

Cytoreticulum

77
Q

It expresses many specialized proteins specific to the cells of other organs.

A

Cytoreticulum

78
Q

It serves as the boundary between the cortex and medulla.

A

Secondary Layer

79
Q

These are large aggregates of TECs.

A

Hassall Corpuscles

80
Q

MALT stands for ________.

A

Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissue

81
Q

MALT is found in the ________.

A

Mucosa of most tracts

82
Q

MALT is concentrated in the _______.

A
  • Palatine
  • Lingual and Pharyngeal Tonsils
  • Peyer Patches
  • Appendix
83
Q

One of the largest lymphoid organs, containing 70% of immune cells.

A

MALT

84
Q

MALT is one of the largest lymphoid organs, containing ______ of immune cells.

A

70%

85
Q

Most of the lymphocytes in MALT is _______.

A

B cells

86
Q

Among T cells in MALT _______ predominate.

A

CD4+ Helper T Cells

87
Q

These are bean-shaped, encapsulated structures measuring 10 mm by 2.5 cm.

A

Lymph Nodes

88
Q

It filters lymph, and it functions as the site of B-cell activation and differentiation.

A

Lymph Nodes

89
Q

Compartments of Lymph Nodes

A
  1. Outer Cortex
  2. Paracortex
  3. Inner Medulla
90
Q

The first point of entry of lymphocytes to the entire Lymph Node.

A

Outer Cortex

91
Q

The site where B cells encounter antibodies.

A

Outer Cortex

92
Q

Lymphocytes will enter the paracortex via __________.

A

High Endothelial Venules (HEVs)

93
Q

The portal of entry for Lymphocytes to the paracortex.

A

High Endothelial Venules (HEVs)

94
Q

The Lymphocytes will enter the ______ via High Endothelial Venules (HEVs).

A

Paracortex

95
Q

It is subdivided into: Medullary cords and Medullary sinuses

A

Inner Medulla

96
Q

Inner medulla is subdivided into ________.

A
  • Medullary Cords
  • Medullary Sinuses
97
Q

It is where the blood vessels and nerves enter.

A

Hilum

98
Q

The only lymphoid organ involved in the filtration of blood.

A

Spleen

99
Q

An important organ in defense against blood-borned antigens.

A

Spleen

100
Q

The main site of old erythrocyte destruction.

A

Spleen

101
Q

TRUE OR FALSE.
The spleen has a cortex and medulla.

A

False

102
Q

Two Intermingled Regions of the Spleen

A
  • White Pulp
  • Red Pulp
103
Q

It makes up 20% of the spleen.

A

White Pulp

104
Q

It is enclosed by periarteriolar lymphoid sheaths (PALS) of T cells.

A

White Pulp

105
Q

Region of spleen that filter blood.

A

Red Pulp

106
Q

Region of spleen that removes defective erythrocytes.

A

Red Pulp

107
Q

Region of spleen that recycles hemoglobin iron.

A

Red Pulp

108
Q

It contains macrophages, reticular cells and fibers, and other leukocytes.

A

Splenic Cords (Cords of Billroth)

109
Q

It is lined by unusual endothelial cells called stave cells that are elongated and aligned parallel to the blood flow.

A

Splenic Sinusoids

110
Q

Splenic Sinusoids are lined by unsual endothelial cells called _____.

A

Stave Cells

111
Q

PALS stands for ________.

A

Periarteriolar Lymphoid Sheaths

Human Histology (12 decks)

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