Specialized Connective Tissue Flashcards
It includes a number of different tissues with specialized cells and unique ground substance.
Specialized Connective Tissue
What are the different Specialized Connective Tissues?
- Adipose Tissue
- Bones
- Blood
- Cartilage
A connective tissue in which fat-storing cells predominate.
Adipose Tissue
The fat-storing cells are called _________.
Adipocytes
Adipose tissue normally represents _______ of the body weight in men.
15-20%
Adipose tissue normally represents _______ of the body weight in women.
> 20%
Two Types of Adipose Tissue
- White Adipose Tissue
- Brown Adipose Tissue
These are very large cells derived from mesenchyme, and is specialized for energy storage.
Adipocytes
White adipocytes have a diameter of ________.
50-150 um
Adipocytes are _______, meaning they contain 1 large lipid droplet.
Unilocular
Because adipocytes are unilocular, what happens to its nucleus and cytoplasm?
They are pushed against the plasma lemma.
White adipose tissue comprises _______ of total body weight in normal male adults.
20%
White adipose tissue comprises _______ of total body weight in normal female adults.
25%
White adipose tissue is distributed throughout the body, particularly in the __________.
Deep layers of the skin
White adipose tissue are specialized for ___________.
Long-term energy storage
White adipocytes can store triglycerides derived from three sources ____________.
- Dietary fats as Chylomicrons
- Lipids synthesized in the liver
- Free FAs and glycerol
Brown adipose tissue comprises _______ of a newborn’s body weight.
5%
It contains many small lipid droplets containing many mitochondria and a central nucleus.
Brown Adipose Tissue
Describe the lipid droplets of white adipose tissue?
Unilocular, large
Describe the lipid droplets of brown adipose tissue?
Multilocular, small, has many mitochondria and a central nucleus
Brown adipose tissue is specialized for _________.
Generation of heat or body temperature regulation
This protein serves to uncouple mitochondrial metabolism from production of ATP to produce heat.
Uncoupling Protein (UCP1)
UCP1 is also known as _______.
Thermogenin
Where is UCP1 utilized?
Brown Adipose Tissue
A tough and resilient type of connective tissue that structurally supports softer tissues.
Cartilage
It provides cushion and low-friction surfaces in the joints.
Cartilage
Cartilage is ________.
Avascular
How do chondrocytes get nutrients?
By diffusion from the capillaries of the perichondrium
Cartilage ECM contains _____________.
Collagen, abundant amount of proteoglycans (aggrecan)
__________ bind to a large amount of water.
Proteoglycans (aggrecan)
3 Major Forms of Cartilage
- Hyaline Cartilage
- Elastic Cartilage
- Fibrocartilage
These are the cells of the cartilage which synthesizes and maintains all ECM components.
Chondrocytes
Where are chondrocytes located?
Lacunae
A sheath of dense connective tissue which surrounds cartilage in most places.
Perichondrium
It harbors the blood supply serving the cartilage and a small neural component.
Perichondrium
What kind of tissue does a perichondrium have?
Dense Connective Tissue
It is the most common cartilage, which consists type II collagen and aggrecan complexes with bound water.
Hyaline Cartilage
How would you describe the appearance of hyaline cartilage?
Semitransparent, and homogenous
Hyaline cartilage is rich in what?
Type II collagen and aggrecan complexes
Describe the ECM of hyaline cartilage
- Homogenous
- Glassy
- Less collagen
- More proteoglycans
It provides flexible support for the external ear as well as the walls of the external auditory canal, Eustachian tubes, epiglottis, and larynx.
Elastic Cartilage
It provides very tough, and strong support at tendon insertions, pubic symphyses, intervertebral discs, and certain joints.
Fibrocartilage
Fibrocartilage contains varying combinations of ____________.
Hyaline Cartilage and Dense Regular Connective Tissue
TRUE OR FALSE.
Perichondrium is present in fibrocartilage.
False
Cartilage form from embryonic mesenchyme through the process called __________.
Chondrogenesis
Cartilaginous structures grow by mitosis of existing chondroblasts in lacunae through the process of ___________.
Interstitial Growth
The formation of new chondroblasts peripherally from progenitor cells in the perichondrium is called ___________.
Appositional Growth
Why is the repair or replacement of injured cartilage slow or ineffective?
Because it is avascular and it has a low metabolic rate
Functions of Bones
- Solid Support
- Protection
- Site for Hematopoiesis
- Repository for Ions
- Locomotion
They synthesize osteoid and mediate its mineralization.
Osteoblasts
The inactive form of osteoblasts which assists in nutrition of the bone.
Osteocytes
These are phagocytic cells which are capable of eroding bone. They are important in the constant turnover and refashioning of bone.
Osteoclasts
It is the intracellular substance of the bone that makes up most of the bone mass.
Bone Matrix
Two Types of Material in the Bone Matrix
Inorganic and Organic
_____ of the dry weight of bone matrix came from inorganic materials.
50%
It makes up 90% of the organic material in the bone matrix.
Type I Collagen
Calcium hydroxyapatite, bicarbonate, citrate, magnesium, potassium, sodium, and calcium phosphate are examples of ___________.
Inorganic Materials
Proteoglycans, multiadhesive glycoproteins, osteonectin, and osteocalcin are examples of ________.
Organic Materials
A layer of dense connective tissue on the external surface of the bone, bound to the bone matrix by bundles of type I collagen.
Periosteum
The bundles of type I collagen fibers that binds periosteum to the bone matrix is called __________.
Perforating or Sharpey Fibers
It is a thin layer of active and inactive osteoblasts, which lines all the internal surfaces within the bone.
Endosteum
It is a dense bone beneath the periosteum.
Compact or Cortical Bone
Compact bone makes up _________ of the total bone mass.
80%
It makes up the remaining 20% of the total bone mass.
Cancellous or Spongy Bone
Organization of Bone
- Woven Bone (Immature)
- Lamellar Bone (Mature)
Types of Bone
Compact and Cancellous Bone
It is non-lamellar and characterized by random disposition of type I collagen fibers and is the first bone to appear in embryonic development.
Woven Bone
Woven bone are temporary and replaced in adults by lamellar bone, except in a few places like _________.
- Sutures of Calvaria
- Tendon Insesrtions
Most bone in adults, is organized as __________,
Lamellar Bone
What do you call the layers in an osteon?
Lamellae
Lamellae is organized concentrically around small central canals containing blood vessels ,etc., and is also called as ___________
Haversian System or Osteons
The process of bone development or formation.
Osteogenesis
It occurs within ‘membranes’ of condensed primitive mesenchymal tissue. Mesenchymal cells differentiate into osteoblasts, which begin synthesis and secretion of osteoid at multiple centres ofossification.
Intramembranous Ossification
Bones of the skull, jaw, scapula, and clavicle are formed via _________.
Intramembranous Ossification
The ossification takes place within hyaline cartilage, shaped as a small version, or model, of the bone to be formed.
Endochondral Ossification
It is a method of bone formation that permits functional stresses to be sustained during skeletal growth.
Endochondral Ossification
It forms most bones of the body and is especially well studied in developing long bones.
Endochondral Ossification
The shaft of the bone is called _______.
Diaphysis
Diaphysis is made up of __________.
Compact Bone
Diaphysis is filled with ________.
Yellow Marrow
The ends of the bone is called ________.
Epiphysis
Epiphysis is made up of _________.
Spongy Bone
The growing part of a long bone between the epiphysis and diaphysis is called _________.
Metaphysis
The hyaline cartilage found on the ends of a long bone is called ________.
Articular Cartilage
It involves both the continuous resorption of bone tissue formed earlier and the simultaneous laying down of new bone at a rate exceeding that of bone removal.
Bone Growth
The rate of bone formation by osteoblasts _______ the rate of bone resorption by osteoclasts.
Exceeds
The process when bones change size and shape according to changes in mechanical stress.
Bone Remodeling
It involves the activation of periosteal fibroblasts to produce an initial soft callus of fibrocartilage-like tissue.
Bone Repair
Blood vessels torn within the fracture release blood that clots to produce a large fracture __________.
hematoma
Hematoma is gradually removed by macrophages and replaced by a soft fibrocartilage-like mass called _______ tissue. If torn by the break the periosteum reestablishes its continuity over this tissue.
procallus
The procallus is invaded by regenerating blood vessels and proliferating osteoblasts. In the next few weeks the fibrocartilage is gradually replaced by _______ that forms a hard callus throughout the original area of fracture.
woven bone
The woven bone is then remodeled as __________ in continuity with the adjacent uninjured areas and fully functional vasculature is reestablished.
compact and cancellous
These are places where bones meet, or articulate to allow the potential of bending or movement.
Joints
Joints with very limited or no movement are called __________.
Synarthroses
Joints that are freely mobile are called _________.
Diarthroses
Major Subtypes of Synarthroses
- Synostoses
- Syndesmoses
- Symphyses
It involves bones linked to other bones and allow essentially no movement.
Synostoses
These are joint bones by dense connective tissue only.
Syndesmoses
It has a thick pad of fibrocartilage between the thin articular cartilage covering the ends of the bones.
Symphyses
Skull bones are example of _________.
Synostoses
Tibiofibular joint and sacroiliac joints are examples of ________.
Syndesmoses
Intervertebral discs and pubic symphysis are examples of _________.
Symphyses
These are synarthroses in the vertebral column which cushion adjacent vertebrae.
Intervertebral Discs
The outer layer of the intervertebral discs is called ________.
Annulus Fibrosus
The inner core of the intervertebral discs is called ________.
Nucleus Pulposus
A joint cavity filled with lubricant synovial fluid, enclosed within a tough, fibrous articular capsule.
Diarthroses
The ends of the bones involved in diarthroses joint are covered with __________.
Hyaline Articular Cartilage
The hyaline articular cartilage that covers the joint allow __________.
Free movement
Two Specialized Cells of Synovial Membrane
- Macrophage-like Synovial Cell
- Fibroblast-like Synovial Cell
It removes wear and tear debris from synovial fluid.
Macrophage-like Synovial Cell
It synthesizes hyaluronan which moves into the synovial fluid with water from local capillaries to lubricate and nourish the articular cartilage.
Fibroblast-like Synovial Cell
