Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Anatomy > Urinary System > Flashcards

Urinary System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the urinary system’s function?

A

rids the body of waste
products

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What do kidneys also do? (general)

A

play important roles in blood
volume, pressure, and composition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What does the urinary system consist of?

A

six organs: two kidneys, two ureters,
urinary bladder, and urethra

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the urinary functions of the kidneys?

A

Filter blood plasma, excrete toxic wastes
* Regulate blood volume, pressure, and
osmolarity
* Regulate electrolytes and acid-base balance
* Secrete erythropoietin, which stimulates the
production of red blood cells
* Help regulate calcium levels by participating in
calcitriol synthesis
* Clear hormones from blood
* Detoxify free radicals
* In starvation, they synthesize glucose from
amino acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What 4 body systems carry out excretion? What do they excrete?

A

– Respiratory system
* CO2, small amounts of other gases, and water
– Integumentary system
* Water, inorganic salts, lactic acid, urea in sweat
– Digestive system
* Water, salts, CO2, lipids, bile pigments, cholesterol, and
other metabolic waste
– Urinary system
* Many metabolic wastes, toxins, drugs, hormones, salts,
H+, and water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the nitrogenous wastes?

A

ammonia, urea, uric acid, protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How do you measure level of nitrogenous waste in the blood?

A

blood urea nitrogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is azotemia?

A

elevated BUN

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is uremia?

A

syndrome of diarrhea,
vomiting, dyspnea, and cardiac
arrhythmia stemming from the
toxicity of nitrogenous waste
* Treatment—hemodialysis or
organ transplant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the positioning of the kidneys?

A

Lie against posterior abdominal wall at level of T12
to L3
– Right kidney is slightly lower due to large right lobe of
liver
– Rib 12 crosses the middle of the left kidney
– Retroperitoneal along with ureters, urinary bladder,
renal artery and vein, and adrenal glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the peritoneum?

A

serous membrane surrounding digestive system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the shape and size of the kidney?

A

– About the size of a bar of bath soap
– Lateral surface is convex, and medial is concave with a slit,
called the hilum
* Receives renal nerves, blood vessels, lymphatics, and ureter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the 3 connective tissue coverings?

A

Renal fascia immediately deep to parietal peritoneum
* Binds it to abdominal wall
– Perirenal fat capsule: cushions kidney and holds it into place
– Fibrous capsule encloses kidney protecting it from trauma
and infection
* Collagen fibers extend from fibrous capsule to renal fascia
* Still drop about 3 cm when going from lying down to standing up

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the renal parenchyma?

A

glandular tissue that forms
urine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the renal sinus?

A

cavity that contains blood and lymphatic
vessels, nerves, and urine-collecting structures
* Adipose fills the remaining cavity and holds
structures in place

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the two zones of the renal perenchyma?

A

– Outer renal cortex
– Inner renal medulla

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the inner renal medulla made up of?

A
  • Renal columns—extensions of the cortex that project inward
    toward sinus
  • Renal pyramids—6 to 10 with broad base facing cortex and renal
    papilla facing sinus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Define the lobe, minor calyx, major calyx, renal pelvis, and ureter

A

– Lobe of kidney: one pyramid and its overlying cortex
– Minor calyx: cup that nestles the papilla of each pyramid;
collects its urine
– Major calyces: formed by convergence of 2 or 3 minor calyces
– Renal pelvis: formed by convergence of 2 or 3 major calyces
– Ureter: a tubular continuation of the pelvis that drains urine
down to the urinary bladder

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What does the renal pelvis do?

A

collects urine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the renal fraction?

A

kidneys are 0.4% body weight but recieve 21% of CO

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the order of renal circulation?

A

renal a, cortical radiate a, afferent arteriole, glomerulus, efferent arteriole, peritubular capillaries, vasa recta

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What do the peritubular capillaries and vasa recta supply?

A

n the cortex, peritubular
capillaries branch off of
the efferent arterioles
supplying the tissue near
the glomerulus, the
proximal and distal
convoluted tubules
* In the medulla, the
efferent arterioles give
rise to the vasa recta,
supplying the nephron
loop portion of the
nephron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is the nephron composed of?

A

– Renal corpuscle: filters the blood plasma
– Renal tubule: long, coiled tube that converts the filtrate into urine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is the renal corpuscle composed of?

A

consists of the glomerulus and a
two-layered glomerular capsule that encloses
glomerulus
– Parietal (outer) layer of glomerular capsule is simple squamous
epithelium
– Visceral (inner) layer of glomerular capsule consists of elaborate
cells called podocytes that wrap around the capillaries of the
glomerulus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What separates the two layers of the glomerular capsule?

A

capsular space

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What are the two poles of the renal corpuscle?

A
  • Vascular pole—the side of the corpuscle where
    the afferent arterial enters the corpuscle and the
    efferent arteriole leaves
  • Urinary pole—the opposite side of the corpuscle
    where the renal tubule begins
    23-24
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is the renal tubule?

A

duct leading away from the
glomerular capsule and ending at the tip of the medullary
pyramid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What are the 4 regions of the renal tubule?

A

– Proximal convoluted tubule, nephron loop (loop of Henle),
distal convoluted tubule: parts of one nephron
– Collecting duct receives fluid from many nephrons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What are the features of the PCT?

A

arises from
glomerular capsule
– Longest and most coiled region
– Simple cuboidal epithelium with prominent microvilli for majority
of absorption
23-25

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What are the features of the nephron loop?

A

long U-shaped portion of
renal tubule
– Descending limb and ascending limb
– Thick segments have simple cuboidal epithelium
* Initial part of descending limb and part or all of ascending limb
* Heavily engaged in the active transport of salts and have many
mitochondria
– Thin segment has simple squamous epithelium
* Forms lower part of descending limb
* Cells very permeable to water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What are the features of the DCT?

A

begins shortly after the
ascending limb reenters the cortex
– Shorter and less coiled than PCT
– Cuboidal epithelium without microvilli
– DCT is the end of the nephron 23-26

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What are the features of the collecting duct?

A

receives fluid from the DCTs of several
nephrons as it passes back into the medulla
– Numerous collecting ducts converge toward the tip of the
medullary pyramid
– Papillary duct: formed by merger of several collecting ducts
* 30 papillary ducts end in the tip of each papilla
* Collecting and papillary ducts lined with simple cuboidal
epithelium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What is the flow of fluid from where the glomerular filtrate is formed?

A

glomerular capsule → proximal convoluted tubule →
nephron loop → distal convoluted tubule → collecting duct
→ papillary duct → minor calyx → major calyx → renal
pelvis → ureter → urinary bladder → urethra

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What are cortical nephrons?

A

– 85% of all nephrons
– Short nephron loops
– Efferent arterioles branch
into peritubular capillaries
around PCT and DCT

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What are juxtamedullary nephrons?

A

– 15% of all nephrons
– Very long nephron loops,
maintain salinity gradient in
the medulla and help
conserve water
– Efferent arterioles branch
into vasa recta around long
nephron loop

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What is the important function of the renal plexus?

A

Carries sympathetic innervation from the abdominal
aortic plexus (for RAAS)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What are the basic stages of urine formation?

A

Glomerular filtration
Creates a plasmalike
filtrate of the blood
Tubular secretion
Removes additional
wastes from the blood,
adds them to the filtrate
Tubular reabsorption
Removes useful solutes
from the filtrate, returns
them to the blood
Water conservation
Removes water from the
urine and returns it to
blood; concentrates
wastes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What is glomerular filtrate?

A

the fluid in the capsular space
– Similar to blood plasma except that it has almost no protein

39
Q

What is tubular fluid?

A

—fluid from the proximal convoluted tubule
through the distal convoluted tubule
– Substances have been removed or added by tubular cells

40
Q

What is urine?

A

fluid that enters the collecting duct
– Undergoes little alteration beyond this point except for changes in
water content

41
Q

What are the 3 parts of the filtration membrane?

A

– Fenestrated endothelium of glomerular capillaries
* 70 to 90 nm filtration pores – small enough to exclude blood cells
* Highly permeable
– Basement membrane
* Proteoglycan gel, negative charge, excludes molecules greater
than 8 nm
* Albumin repelled by negative charge
* Blood plasma is 7% protein, the filtrate is only 0.03% protein
– Filtration slits
* Podocyte cell extensions (pedicels) wrap around the capillaries
to form a barrier layer with 30 nm filtration slits
* Negatively charged which is an additional obstacle for large
anions

42
Q

What molecules can pass freely through the filtration membrane?

A

any small molecule

43
Q

What molecules cannot pass freely through the filtration membrane?

A

low MW, Ca, Fe, thyroid

44
Q

What is proteinuria?

A

protein in urine (albuminuria)

45
Q

What is hematuria?

A

blood in urine

46
Q

Why do athletes get protein/hematuria

A

– Prolonged, strenuous exercise reduces profusion of
kidney
– Glomerulus deteriorates under prolonged hypoxia

47
Q

What does filtration pressure depend on?

A

hydrostatic and
osmotic pressures on each side of the filtration
membrane

48
Q

What is BHP?

A

– High in glomerular capillaries (60 mm Hg compared to 10
to 15 in most other capillaries)
* Because afferent arteriole is larger than efferent arteriole: a
large inlet and small outlet

49
Q

What does BHP dictate?

A

GFR, because an increase will favor filtration since the afferent is larger

50
Q

What is the GFR?

A

amount of filtrate
formed per minute by the two kidneys combined
– GFR = NFP x Kf  125 mL/min. or 180 L/day (male)
– GFR = NFP x Kf  105 mL/min. or 150 L/day (female)

51
Q

What happens if GFR is too high?

A

– Fluid flows through renal tubules too rapidly for them to
reabsorb the usual amount of water and solutes
– Urine output rises
– Chance of dehydration and electrolyte depletionW

52
Q

What happens if GFR is too low?

A

– Wastes are reabsorbed
– Azotemia may occur

53
Q

How is GFR controlled?

A

by adjusting glomerular blood
pressure from moment to moment

54
Q

What are the 3 GFR control mechanisms?

A

– Renal autoregulation: too high
– Sympathetic control: too low
– Hormonal control: either

55
Q

What are the features of renal autoregulation? What are the methods?

A

the ability of the nephrons
to adjust their own blood flow and GFR without
external (nervous or hormonal) control
myogenic
mechanism and tubuloglomerular feedback

56
Q

What is the myogenic mechanism?

A

based on the tendency
of smooth muscle to contract when stretched
– If arterial blood pressure increases
* Afferent arteriole is stretched
* Afferent arteriole constricts and prevents blood flow into
the glomerulus from changing
– If arterial blood pressure falls
* Afferent arteriole relaxes
* Afferent arteriole dilates and allows blood to flow more
easily into glomerulus, so that flow rate remains similar
and filtration remains stableW

57
Q

What is tubuloglomerular feedback??

A

glomerulus receives
feedback on the status of downstream tubular fluid
and adjusts filtration rate accordingly
– Regulates filtrate composition, stabilizes kidney
performance, and compensates for fluctuations in blood
pressure

58
Q

What is the juxtaglomerular apparatus?

A

complex structure found at
the end of the nephron loop where it has just reentered
the renal cortex
– Loop comes into contact with the afferent and efferent
arterioles at the vascular pole of the renal corpuscle

59
Q

What is the macula densa?

A

patch of slender, closely spaced sensory
cells in nephron loop
* When GFR is high, filtrate contains more NaCl
* When macula densa absorbs more NaCl, it secretes ATP
* ATP is metabolized by nearby mesangial cells into adenosine
* Adenosine stimulates nearby granular cell

60
Q

What are the granular cells?

A

modified smooth muscle
cells wrapping around arterioles (close to macula densa)
* Granular cells respond to adenosine by constricting afferent
arterioles
– Constriction reduces blood flow which corrects GFR

61
Q

What are mesangial cells?

A

constricting capillaries
and further limiting GFR

62
Q

What do granular cells also contain?

A

renin

63
Q

What does sympathetic control consist of?

A

Sympathetic nervous system and adrenal
epinephrine constrict the afferent arterioles in
strenuous exercise or acute conditions like
circulatory shock
– Reduces GFR and urine output
– Redirects blood from the kidneys to the heart, brain,
and skeletal muscles

64
Q

What is the RAAS mechanism?

A

a drop in BP is sensed by the kidneys, who send renin to convert angiotensinogen into angiotensin 1, which is then converted into angiotensin 2 by ACE from the lungs
angiotensin 2 stimulates ADH and aldosterone which promote water reabsorption and sodium reabsorption

65
Q

What does the PCT reabsorb?

A

everything but salt

66
Q

What is reabsorption mostly powered by?

A

Na K pump

67
Q

How does diabetes result in glycosuria?

A

If all transporters are
occupied, any excess solute
passes by and appears in
urine
* Transport maximum is reached
when transporters are saturated
* Each solute has its own
transport maximum

68
Q

What is the primary function of the nephron loop?

A

o generate
salinity gradient that enables collecting duct to
concentrate the urine and conserve water
* Electrolyte reabsorption from filtrate

69
Q

What do the DCT and collecting duct reabsorb? What regulates them?

A

eabsorb variable
amounts of water and salt
– Aldosterone, atrial natriuretic peptide, ADH, and
parathyroid hormone

70
Q

What are the kinds of cells in the DCT and collecting duct?

A

– Principal cells
* Most numerous
* Have receptors for hormones
* Involved in salt and water balance
– Intercalated cells
* Involved in acid–base balance by secreting H+ into tubule
lumen and reabsorbing K+

71
Q

What is aldosterone? What are its functions?

A

the “salt-retaining hormone”
– Steroid secreted by the adrenal cortex
Acts on thick segment of nephron loop, DCT, and
cortical portion of collecting duct
* Stimulates reabsorption of Na+ and secretion of K+

72
Q

What are natriuretic peptides?

A

secreted by atrial
myocardium of the heart in response to high blood
pressure
* Four actions result in the excretion of more salt
and water in the urine, thus reducing blood
volume and pressure

73
Q

What do naturietic peptides do?

A

– Dilates afferent arteriole, constricts efferent arteriole:
 GFR
– Inhibits renin and aldosterone secretion
– Inhibits secretion of ADH
– Inhibits NaCl reabsorption by collecting duct

74
Q

What does ADH do?

A

– ADH makes collecting duct more permeable to water
– Water in the tubular fluid reenters the tissue fluid and
bloodstream rather than being lost in urine

75
Q

What does parathyroid hormone do?

A

ncreases phosphate content and lowers calcium content in urine
– Because phosphate is not retained, calcium ions stay in
circulation rather than precipitating into bone tissue as calcium
phosphate
– PTH stimulates calcitriol synthesis by epithelial cells of the PCT

76
Q

What are the features of the collecting duct?

A
  • Collecting duct (CD) begins in
    the cortex where it receives
    tubular fluid from several
    nephrons
  • CD runs through medulla, and
    reabsorbs water, making
    urine up to four times more
    concentrated
  • Medullary portion of CD is
    more permeable to water than
    to NaCl
  • As urine passes through the
    increasingly salty medulla,
    water leaves by osmosis,
    concentrating urine
77
Q

What is pyuria?

A

pus in urine

78
Q

What is the pH of urine?

A

4.5-8.2, usually 6, mildly acidic

79
Q

What should not be in urine?

A

glucose, free hemoglobin, albumin,
ketones, bile pigments

80
Q

What is the normal urine volume per day?

A

1-2 L

81
Q

What is polyuria?

A

excess of 2 L a day

82
Q

What is oliguria?

A

less than 500 mL a day`

83
Q

What is anuria and what does it cause?

A

0 to 100 ml a day, uremia

84
Q

What are the forms of diabetes?

A

– Diabetes mellitus type 1, type 2, and gestational
diabetes
* High concentration of glucose in renal tubule
* Glucose opposes the osmotic reabsorption of water
* More water passes in urine (osmotic diuresis)
* Glycosuria—glucose in the urine
– Diabetes insipidus
* ADH hyposecretion causes not enough water to be
reabsorbed in the collecting duct
* More water passes in urine

85
Q

What is a diuretic?

A

any chemical that increase urine volume, some increase GFR, some act on nephron loop

86
Q

What are the anatomy of the ureters?

A

retroperitoneal, muscular tubes that
extend from each kidney to the urinary bladder

87
Q

What are the 3 layers of the bladder?

A

– Covered by parietal peritoneum, superiorly, and by
fibrous adventitia elsewhere
– Muscularis: detrusor: three layers of smooth muscle
– Mucosa: transitional epithelium
* Umbrella cells on surface of epithelium protect it from the
hypertonic, acidic urine
* Rugae—conspicuous wrinkles in empty bladder

88
Q

What is a trigone?

A

smooth-surfaced triangular area on
bladder floor that is marked with openings of
ureters and urethra

89
Q

What volume do you feel you need to pee?

A

at 200 ml, you contract muscles, at 400 you have to pee, max fullness is 800 ml

90
Q

How long is the female urethra?

A

3 to 4 cm long

91
Q

What are the 3 regions of the male urethra?

A

– Prostatic urethra (2.5 cm)
* Passes through prostate gland
– Membranous urethra (0.5 cm)
* Passes through muscular floor
of pelvic cavity
– Spongy (penile) urethra (15 cm)
* Passes through penis in corpus
spongiosum

92
Q

What is a UTI?

A
  • Cystitis—infection of the urinary bladder
    – Especially common in females due to short urethra
    – Frequently triggered by sexual intercourse
    – Can spread up the ureter causing pyelitis
  • Pyelitis—infection of the renal pelvis
  • Pyelonephritis—infection that reaches the cortex
    and the nephrons
    – Can result from blood-borne bacteria
93
Q

What causes renal failure?

A

Hypertension, chronic kidney infections, trauma, prolonged
ischemia and hypoxia, poisoning by heavy metals or solvents,
blockage of renal tubules in transfusion reaction,
atherosclerosis, or glomerulonephritis

94
Q

What is hemodialysis?

A

procedure for artificially clearing
wastes from the blood

Anatomy (14 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions