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Anatomy > Brain > Flashcards

Brain Flashcards

1
Q

what does rostral mean?

A

toward the forehead

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2
Q

what does caudal mean?

A

toward the spinal cord

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3
Q

what is gray matter?

A

the seat of neuron cell bodies, dendrites, and synapses

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4
Q

what is white matter?

A

bundles of axons

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5
Q

what are the tracts of cerebral white matter?

A

projection tracts, commissural tracts, and association tracts

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6
Q

what are projection tracts?

A

Extend vertically between higher and lower brain and spinal cord
centers

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7
Q

what are commissural tracts?

A

Cross from one cerebral hemisphere to the other allowing
communication between two sides of cerebrum

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8
Q

what are association tracts?

A

Connect different regions within the same cerebral hemisphere

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9
Q

what is the falx cerebri?

A

separates the two cerebral hemispheres

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10
Q

what is the falx cerebelli?

A

separates the two cerebellar hemispheres?

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11
Q

what is the tantorium cerebelli?

A

separates the cerebrum from the cerebellum

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12
Q

what is meningitis?

A

inflammation of the meninges, bacteria or viral

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13
Q

where fo you do a spinal tap?

A

subarachnoid space between two lumbar vertebrae

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14
Q

what are the 4 ventricles?

A

2 lateral, third, and 4th

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15
Q

what is the choroid plexus?

A

spongy mass of blood capillaries on the floor
of each ventricle

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16
Q

what is the ependyma?

A

neuroglia that lines the ventricles and covers
choroid plexus
– produces cerebrospinal fluid

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17
Q

where does CSF production begin?

A

the filtration of blood plasma through
the capillaries of the brain

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18
Q

what is the CSF flow order?

A

CSF continually flows through and around the CNS
– driven by its own pressure, beating of ependymal cilia, and pulsations of the brain
produced by each heartbeat
* CSF secreted in lateral ventricles flows through intervertebral foramina into
third ventricle
* then down the cerebral aqueduct into the fourth ventricle
* third and fourth ventricles add more CSF along the way
* small amount of CSF fills the central canal of the spinal cord
– all escapes through three pores
* median aperture and two lateral apertures
* leads into subarachnoid space of brain and spinal cord surface
* CSF is reabsorbed by arachnoid villi

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19
Q

what are the functions of CSF?

A

buoyancy
– allows brain to attain considerable size without being impaired
by its own weight
– if it rested heavily on floor of cranium, the pressure would kill
the nervous tissue
* protection
– protects the brain from striking the cranium when the head is
jolted
– shaken child syndrome and concussions do occur from severe
jolting
* chemical stability
– flow of CSF rinses away metabolic wastes from nervous tissue
and homeostatically regulates its chemical environment

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20
Q

why is blood supply to the brain important?

A

neurons have a high demand for ATP, and therefore, oxygen and
glucose, so a constant supply of blood is critical to the nervous
system

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21
Q

what is a stroke?

A

interruption of blood supply causing death of brain tissue

22
Q

what are the frontal lobe functions?

A

abstract thought, explicit memory, mood, motivation, foresight and planning, decision making, emotional control, social judgement, voluntary motor control, speech production

23
Q

what are the insula functions?

A

taste, pain, visceral sensation, consciousness, emotion and empathy, cardiovascular homeostasis

24
Q

what are the parietal lobe functions?

A

taste, somatic sensation, sensory integration, visual processing, spatial perception, language processing, numerical awareness

25
Q

what are the occipital lobe functions?

A

visual awareness, visual processing

26
Q

what are the temporal lobe functions?

A

hearing, smell, emotion, learning, language comprehension, memory consolidation, verbal memory, visual and auditory memory, language

27
Q

where is Broca’s motor speech area?

A

the left frontal lobe

28
Q

where is Wernicke’s are?

A

left temporal lobe

29
Q

what is Broca aphasia?

A

slow speech, difficulty choosing words

30
Q

what is Wernicke aphasia?

A

senseless jargon

31
Q

what are the components of the brainstem?

A

midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata

32
Q

what are the sensory nerves?

A

1, 2, 8

33
Q

what are the motor nerves?

A

3, 4, 6, 11, 12

34
Q

what are the mixed nerves?

A

5, 7, 9, 10

35
Q

list the cranial nerves in order?

A

olfactory, optic, oculomotor, trochlear, trigeminal, abducens, facial, vestibulocochlear, glossopharyngeal, vagus, accessory, hypoglossal

36
Q

what 4 pairs of cranial nerves begin or end in the medulla

A

9, 10, 11, 12

37
Q

what does the medulla oblongata do?

A

cardiac center, vasomotor center, respiratory center, reflex center

38
Q

what cranial nerves does the pons have?

A

5, 6, 7, 8

39
Q

what roles does the pons have?

A

sensory roles, motor roles, sleep. respiration, posture

40
Q

what cranial nerves does the midbrain have?

A

3 and 4

41
Q

what peduncles does the pons have?

A

cerebellar

42
Q

what peduncles does the midbrain have?

A

cerebral

43
Q

what is the reticular formation?

A

loosely
organized web of gray matter
that runs vertically through all
levels of the brainstem

44
Q

what does the hypothalamus control?

A

– Production of hormones (GnRH, TRH, GHRH, CRH)
– Emotions and behavior
– Eating and drinking
– Body temperature
– Circadian rhythms and consciousness

44
Q

what makes up the diencephalon

A

thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus

44
Q

what does the thalamus do?

A

major relay center for information entering and leaving the brain, as well as for
information moving within the brain
* Communication between cerebellum and cerebrum
* Has a role in maintaining consciousness.

44
Q

what are basal nuclei/basal ganglia?

A

Masses of gray matter (nuclei) located deep within the cerebral
hemispheres

44
Q

what does the epithalamus do?

A

secretes melatonin (controls biological
clock) and relay from the limbic system to the midbrain

45
Q

what are the components of the limbic system?

A

– cingulate gyrus – arches over the
top of the corpus callosum in the
frontal and parietal lobes
– hippocampus – in the medial
temporal lobe - memory
– amygdala – immediately rostral to
the hippocampus - emotion

46
Q

what sex has a bigger limbic system & corpus callosum

A

female

Anatomy (14 decks)

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