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Anatomy > Endocrinology > Flashcards

Endocrinology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 principal mechanisms of communication between cells?

A

– Gap junctions
* Pores in cell membrane allow signaling molecules, nutrients,
and electrolytes to move from cell to cell
– Neurotransmitters
* Released from neurons to travel across synaptic cleft to
second cell
– Paracrines
* Secreted into tissue fluids to affect nearby cells
– Hormones
* Chemical messengers that travel in the bloodstream to other
tissues and organs

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2
Q

What is the endocrine system?

A

glands,tissues, and cells that secrete
hormones

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3
Q

What are endocrine glands?

A

organs that are traditional sources of
hormones

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4
Q

What are hormones?

A

chemical messengers that are transported
by the bloodstream and stimulate
physiological responses in cells of
another tissue or organ, often a
considerable distance away

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5
Q

What are the features of exocrine glands?

A

– Have ducts; carry secretion to an epithelial surface or the mucosa
of the digestive tract: “external secretions”
– Extracellular effects (food digestion)

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6
Q

What are the features of endocrine glands?

A

– No ducts
– Contain dense, fenestrated capillary networks which allow easy
uptake of hormones into bloodstream
– “Internal secretions”
– Intracellular effects such as altering target cell metabolism

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7
Q

Compare the nervous and endocrine systems?

A
  • Both systems serve for internal communication
  • Speed and persistence of response
    – Nervous: reacts quickly (ms timescale), stops quickly
    – Endocrine: reacts slowly (seconds or days), effect may
    continue for days or longer
  • Adaptation to long-term stimuli
    – Nervous: response declines (adapts quickly)
    – Endocrine: response persists (adapts slowly)
  • Area of effect
    – Nervous: targeted and specific (one organ)
    – Endocrine: general, widespread effects (many organs)
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8
Q

What is a target organ/cell?

A

those organs or cells
that have receptors for a hormone and can respond to it
– Some target cells possess enzymes that convert a
circulating hormone to its more active form

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9
Q

What are the 2 parts of the pituitary gland?

A

Adenohypophysis (anterior) and neurohypophysis (posterior)

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10
Q

How big is the anterior pituitary and how is it linked to the hypothalamus?

A

it is 3/4 of the pituitary and is linked by the hypophyseal portal system

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11
Q

What is the hypothalamus’s target?

A

pituitary

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12
Q

How many hormones does the hypothalamus secrete? Where do they go?

A

8; 6 go to anterior, 2 go to posterior. All release or inhibit

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13
Q

What are the hypothalamic hormones?

A

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH), Corticotropin Releasing hormone (CRH), Prolactin-inhibiting hormone (PIH), Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH), and Somatostatin (GHIH)

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14
Q

What are the anterior pituitary hormones?

A

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), Luteinizing hormone (LH), Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), Prolactin (PRL), Growth Hormone (GH)

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15
Q

What are the posterior pituitary hormones?

A

Oxytocin (OT) & Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

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16
Q

How is the posterior pituitary connected to the hypothalamus?

A

Hypothalamo-hypophyseal tract

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17
Q

What produces OT and ADH?

A

Paraventricular nuclei- OT
Supraoptic nuclei - ADH

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18
Q

What do each of the anterior pituitary hormones do?

A

– Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
* Stimulates secretion of ovarian sex hormones,
development of ovarian follicles, and sperm production
– Luteinizing hormone (LH)
* Stimulates ovulation, stimulates corpus luteum to secrete
progesterone, stimulates testes to secrete testosterone
* Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
– Stimulates secretion of thyroid hormone
* Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
– Stimulates adrenal cortex to secrete glucocorticoids
* Prolactin (PRL)
– After birth, stimulates mammary glands to synthesize milk
* Growth hormone (GH)
– Stimulates mitosis and cellular differentiation

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19
Q

What does somatostatin do?

A

inhibit GH and TSH

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20
Q

What do the posterior pituitary hormones do?

A
  • ADH (antidiuretic hormone)
    – Increases water retention, thus reducing urine volume,
    and preventing dehydration
    – Also called vasopressin because it can cause
    vasoconstriction
  • Oxytocin (OT)
    – Surge of hormone released during sexual arousal and
    orgasm
    – Promotes feelings of sexual satisfaction and emotional
    bonding between partners
    – Stimulates labor contractions during childbirth
    – Stimulates flow of milk during lactation
    – May promote emotional bonding between lactating
    mother and infant
21
Q

How does negative feedback work for hormones?

A

increased target organ
hormone levels inhibit
release of hypothalamic
and/or pituitary hormones
– Example: thyroid hormone+
inhibits release of TRH by
hypothalamus and of TSH by
anterior pituitary

22
Q

How does positive feedback work for hormones? Which hormone does this?

A

OT, – Stretching of uterus increases OT release, causes
contractions, causing more stretching of uterus, etc.
until delivery
– The suckling of an infant triggers nerve impulses from
the nipple to the hypothalamus that causes the
release of oxytocin by the posterior pituitary, which
stimulates the release of milk

23
Q

What does GH do to the liver? Why?

A

– Insulin-like growth factors (IGF-I) or somatomedins
(IGF-II)
* Stimulate target cells in diverse tissues
* IGF-I prolongs the action of GH
Longer half-life

24
Q

What does IGF-I do?

A

– Protein synthesis increases
– Lipid metabolism increases
– Carbohydrate metabolism
– Electrolyte balance

25
Q

What is the pineal gland? What does it do?

A

Gland in the 3rd ventricle below corpus callosum, synthesizes melatonin

26
Q

What does the thymus do? Where is it?

A

Mediastinum superior to heart, it matures T cells and secretes thymopoietin, thymosin, and thymulin

27
Q

What does the thyroid gland secrete?

A

thyroxine or
tetraiodothyronine (T4 because of
four iodine atoms) and
triiodothyronine (T3) in response to
TSH

28
Q

What is calcitonin secreted by? What does it do?

A

Parafollicular cells, treats hypercalcemia and stimulates osteoblast activity

29
Q

What happens in an iodine deficiency?

A

goiter

30
Q

What do the parathyroid glands do?

A

Posterior to thyroid, secrete parathyroid hormone (PTH), increases blood Ca 2+ levels

31
Q

What are the adrenal glands? Where are they?

A

small glands retroperitoneal on top of kidneys

32
Q

What is the function of the medulla of the adrenal gland? What is released here?

A

Endocrine gland and ganglion of sympathetic nervous system; epi, norepi, dopamine

33
Q

What are the layers of the adrenal cortex? What do they do?

A

– Zona glomerulosa (thin, outer layer)
* Cells are arranged in rounded clusters
* Secretes mineralocorticoids—regulate the body’s
electrolyte balance
– Zona fasciculata (thick, middle layer)
* Cells arranged in fascicles separated by capillaries
* Secretes glucocorticoids and androgens
– Zona reticularis (narrow, inner layer)
* Cells in branching network
* Secretes glucocorticoids and sex steroids

34
Q

What are mineralocorticoids and glucocorticoids?

A

– Steroid hormones that regulate electrolyte balance
– Regulate metabolism of glucose and other fuels

35
Q

What is aldosterone?

A

Mineralcorticoid, – Aldosterone stimulates Na+ retention and K+ excretion
* Water is retained with sodium by osmosis, so blood
volume and blood pressure are maintained
* Part of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone (RAA) system

36
Q

What is cortisol?

A

Glucocorticoid, – Cortisol and corticosterone stimulate fat and
protein catabolism, gluconeogenesis (glucose
from amino acids and fatty acids) and release of
fatty acids and glucose into blood

37
Q

What are the sex steroids?

A

– Androgens: set libido throughout life; large role in
prenatal male development (include DHEA,
dehydroepiandrosterone, which other tissues convert
to testosterone)
– Androgens also play a role in the formations of
characteristics of puberty (pubic hair, apocrine
glands)
– Estradiol: (adrenal estrogen) small quantity from
adrenals, but this becomes important after
menopause for sustaining adult bone mass

38
Q

What does the pancreas have?

A

both exocrine and endocrine glands

39
Q

What do the a cells in the pancreas secrete?

A

glucagon which raises blood sugar

40
Q

What do the b cells in the pancreas secrete?

A

insulin, which lowers blood sugar

41
Q

What are the exocrine and endocrine products of the gonads?

A

– Exocrine product: whole cells—eggs and sperm
(cytogenic glands)
– Endocrine product: gonadal hormones—mostly steroids

42
Q

What are the different gonadal hormones?

A
  • Ovarian hormones
    – Estradiol, progesterone, and inhibin
  • Testicular hormones
    – Testosterone, weaker androgens, estrogen, and inhibin
43
Q

What is the function of inhibin?

A

Suppress FSH secretion

44
Q

Where does inhibin come from in testes?

A

sustentacular cells w/ ABP

45
Q

What causes diabetes insipidus?

A

Hyposecretion of ADH, causes polyuria

46
Q

What is acromegaly?

A

hypersecretion of GH

47
Q

What are hypoparathyroidism and hyperparathyroidism?

A
  • Hypoparathyroidism
    – Surgical excision during thyroid surgery
    – Fatal tetany (spasms in larynx) in just a few days due
    to rapid decline in blood calcium level
  • Hyperparathyroidism: excess PTH secretion
    – Parathyroid tumor
    – Bones become soft, fragile, and deformed
    – Ca2+ and phosphate blood levels increase
    – Promotes renal calculi formation
48
Q

What is pathogenesis?

A

cells cannot absorb glucose,
must rely on fat and proteins for energy needs,
thus weight loss and weakness

49
Q

What is the chronic pathology of diabetes?

A

– Leads to neuropathy and cardiovascular damage
from atherosclerosis and microvascular disease
* Arterial damage in retina and kidneys (common in
type 1), atherosclerosis leads to heart failure
(common in type 2)
* Diabetic neuropathy—nerve damage from
impoverished blood flow can lead to erectile
dysfunction, incontinence, poor wound healing, and
loss of sensation from area

Anatomy (14 decks)

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