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Blood Vessels Flashcards

(93 cards)

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1
Q

What do arteries do?

A

Carry blood away from heart

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2
Q

What do veins do?

A

carry blood back to heart

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3
Q

What do capillaries do?

A

connect smallest arteries to smallest veins

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4
Q

What are the 3 layers of vessel walls?

A

tunica interna, tunica media, tunica externa

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5
Q

What is another name for the tunica interna?

A

tunica intima

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6
Q

What is the tunica interna made out of?

A

endothelium, simple squamous cells

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7
Q

What is the function of the tunica interna?

A

selectively permeable barrier, secretes chemicals that stimulate dilation or constriction

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8
Q

What does the endothelium do to blood cells?

A

Normally repels, but produce cell adhesion molecules when the tissue is inflamed to call leukocytes

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9
Q

What is the tunica media made out of?

A

Smooth muscle, collagen, elastic tissue

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10
Q

What is the function of the tunica media?

A

regulates diameter, prevents rupture by strengthening vessels

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11
Q

What is another name for the tunica externa?

A

Tunica adventitia

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12
Q

What is the tunica externa made out of?

A

loose connective tissue

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13
Q

What is the function of the tunica externa?

A

anchors the vessel and provides passage for small nerves and lymphatic vessels

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14
Q

What are vasa vasorum

A

small vessels that supply blood to outer part of larger vessels

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15
Q

What are the different types of arteries?

A

conducting, distributing, resistance, metarterioles

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16
Q

What are the features of conducting arteries?

A
  1. biggest
  2. internal elastic lamina between interna and media
  3. external elastic lamina between media and externa
  4. expand during systole and recoil during diastole
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17
Q

What are the features of distributing arteries?

A
  1. smooth muscle layers
  2. distribute blood to specific organs
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18
Q

What are the features of the resistance arteries?

A
  1. arterioles (small)
  2. control amount of blood to various organs
  3. thicker tunica media, little tunica externa
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19
Q

What are the features of the metarterioles?

A
  1. short vessels that link arterioles to capillaries
  2. precapillary sphincter
  3. constricts sphincter and reduce blood flow to divert blood to other tissues
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20
Q

What is an aneurysm?

A

weak point in artery that forms a bulging sac

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21
Q

What are arterial sense organs?

A

sensory structures in walls of major vessels that monitor blood pressure and chemistry

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22
Q

What features do arterial sense organs monitor?

A

heart rate, blood vessel diameter, and respiration

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23
Q

What do the carotid sinuses contain? What nerve does it stimulate and what does it do? Where are they found?

A

Baroreceptors that transmit signals through glossopharyngeal nerve to monitor BP, found in walls of internal carotid artery

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24
Q

Where are carotid bodies found? what kind of receptors are they?

A

Near branch of common carotids, chemoreceptors

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25
Where are aortic bodies found? what kind of receptors are they?
walls of aortic arch, chemoreceptors
26
What are the features of capillaries?
1. exchange vessels 2. composed of endothelium and basal lamina
27
What are the 3 capillary types?
continuous, fenestrated, and sinusoids
28
What are the features of continuous capillaries?
1. occur in most tissues 2. form a continuous tube with intercellular clefts 3. allow passage of solutes 4. have pericytes that contract and regulate blood flow
29
What are the features of fenestrated capillaries?
1. found in kidneys and small intestine 2. holes to filter rapidly 3. only small molecules
30
What are the features of sinusoids?
1. found in liver, bone marrow, spleen 2. large pores 3. allow proteins, clotting factors, and blood cells through
31
What are capillary beds?
network of 10-100 capillaries supplied by a single arteriole or metarteriole that have sphincters to control flow to capillaries
32
What are the features of veins?
greater capacity for blood, thinner walls and less muscle, collapse when empty but expand easily, have steady blood flow, merge to form larger veins, low blood pressure
33
What are postcapillary venules?
smallest veins, have more pores to exchange fluids (esp leukocytes)
34
What are muscular venules?
smooth muscle in tunica media, thin tunica externa
35
What are medium veins?
thin tunica media and thick tunica externa, have venous valves that propel venous blood toward heart
36
What are varicose veins?
cusps pull apart in large veins, causing backflow and weak walls
37
What are venous sinuses? Examples?
thin walls, large lumens, no smoothe muscle Dural venous sinus & coronary sinus not capable of vasomotor responses
38
What are large veins?
some smooth muscle, thick tunica externa
39
What is the most common route for blood?
Heart - arteries - arterioles - capillaries - venules - veins
40
What is a portal system?
blood that flows through two consecutive capillary networks before returning to heart
41
Where are portal systems found?
between hypothalamus and pituitary, between intestines to liver, kidneys
42
What is anastomosis?
a convergence point between two vessles
43
What is arteriovenous anastomosis?
artery flows directly into veins w/o capillaries
44
What is venous anastomosis?
when one vein empties into another, comon
45
What is arterial anastomosis?
when two arteries merge, provides alternative routes of blood
46
What is blood flow?
amount of blood flowing per minute (mL/min)
47
What is perfusion?
the flow per volume or mass in time (mL/min/g)
48
What is the total flow at rest?
= to CO (5.25 L/min)
49
What is hemodynamics?
principles of blood flow based on pressure and resistance
50
What is the relationship between flow and pressure/resistance?
flow is proportional to the change in pressure over resistance
51
What is blood pressure?
the force blood exerts against a vessel wall
52
What is BP measured with?
sphygmomanometer
53
What are the two BPs?
systolic (on top) diastolic (on bottom)
54
What is arteriosclerosis?
stiffening of arteries
55
What is the difference in blood flow in arteries vs veins?
pulsatile in arteries, steady in veins
56
What is atherosclerosis?
build up of fat deposits
57
What does BP do as you age?
rise
58
What is the value for hypertension?
140/90
59
What is the value for hypotension?
90/60
60
What is BP determined by?
CO, blood volume, and resistance to flow
61
What organ is blood volume regulated by?
kidneys
62
What is peripheral resitance?
opposition to flow that blood encounters in vessels away from the heart
63
What does resistance rely on?
blood viscosity, vessel length, vessel radius (most easily controlled)
64
What are vasoreflexes?
changes in vessel radius, vasoconstriction & vasodilation
65
What is laminar flow?
flows in layers, faster in center
66
What is blood flow proportional to?
4th power of radius
67
What does blood velocity do between aorta and capillaries?
decrease
68
What does blood velocity do between capillaries and vena cava?
increase
69
What controls peripheral resistance?
arterioles (produce half the total resistance)
70
What are the two purposes of vasoreflexes?
control of BP and routing blood
71
What are the 3 ways of controlling vasomotor activity?
local control, neural control, hormonal control
72
What is autoregulation?
the ability of tissues to regulate their own blood supple
73
What is local control?
when vasoactive chemicals are secreted (histamine, bradykinin)
74
What is neural control?
medulla exerting sympathetic control (baroreflexes, chemoreflexes, medullary ischemic reflex)
75
What is a baroreflex an example of?
negative feedback loop
76
What is the medullary ischemic reflex?
medulla oblongata monitoring blood supple, send sympathetic signals
77
What are the hormones that influence BP?
Angiotensin II, artial natriuretic peptide, ADH, epi & norepi
78
What does the pressure do when an artery contracts?
drops downstream, rises upstream
79
What is a capillary exchange? Where does it occur?
two way movement of fluid through capillary walls
80
What are the 3 routes of capillary exchange?
endothelial cytoplasm, intercellular clefts, fenestrations
81
What are the mechanisms of capillary exchange?
diffusion, transcytosis, filtration, reabsorbtion
82
What does diffusion involve?
most common, large passages, lipid & water soluble substances, no large particles
83
What does transcytosis involve?
transport across membrane, proteins & hormones
84
What does filtration and reabsorption involve?
fluid filters out of the arterial end and enters venous end, delivers materials and removes waste
85
What are the opposing forces?
blood hydrostatic pressure (fluid out of capillary), colloid osmotic pressure (fluid into capillary)
86
What is hydrostatic pressure? What percentage is reabsorbed by capillaries?
force exerted against a surface by a liquid, 85%
87
What is edema?
accumulation of fluid
88
What is venous return? What does it rely on?
flow of blood back to the heart pressure gradient, gravity, skeletal muscle pump, thoracic pump, cardiac suction
89
What does venous pooling occur with?
inactivity
90
What is special about blood flow to the brain?
fluctuates less than any organ
91
What are TIAs?
brief episodes of cerebral ischemia
92
What is a stroke?
death of brain tissue caused by ischemia
93
Why is hypertension the silent killer? what are the two main causes?
Causes heart failure, stroke, kidney failure primary (obesity, diet) and secondary (kidney disease, cushings)

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