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Anatomy > Blood Vessels > Flashcards

Blood Vessels Flashcards

1
Q

What do arteries do?

A

Carry blood away from heart

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2
Q

What do veins do?

A

carry blood back to heart

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3
Q

What do capillaries do?

A

connect smallest arteries to smallest veins

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4
Q

What are the 3 layers of vessel walls?

A

tunica interna, tunica media, tunica externa

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5
Q

What is another name for the tunica interna?

A

tunica intima

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6
Q

What is the tunica interna made out of?

A

endothelium, simple squamous cells

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7
Q

What is the function of the tunica interna?

A

selectively permeable barrier, secretes chemicals that stimulate dilation or constriction

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8
Q

What does the endothelium do to blood cells?

A

Normally repels, but produce cell adhesion molecules when the tissue is inflamed to call leukocytes

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9
Q

What is the tunica media made out of?

A

Smooth muscle, collagen, elastic tissue

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10
Q

What is the function of the tunica media?

A

regulates diameter, prevents rupture by strengthening vessels

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11
Q

What is another name for the tunica externa?

A

Tunica adventitia

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12
Q

What is the tunica externa made out of?

A

loose connective tissue

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13
Q

What is the function of the tunica externa?

A

anchors the vessel and provides passage for small nerves and lymphatic vessels

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14
Q

What are vasa vasorum

A

small vessels that supply blood to outer part of larger vessels

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15
Q

What are the different types of arteries?

A

conducting, distributing, resistance, metarterioles

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16
Q

What are the features of conducting arteries?

A
  1. biggest
  2. internal elastic lamina between interna and media
  3. external elastic lamina between media and externa
  4. expand during systole and recoil during diastole
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17
Q

What are the features of distributing arteries?

A
  1. smooth muscle layers
  2. distribute blood to specific organs
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18
Q

What are the features of the resistance arteries?

A
  1. arterioles (small)
  2. control amount of blood to various organs
  3. thicker tunica media, little tunica externa
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19
Q

What are the features of the metarterioles?

A
  1. short vessels that link arterioles to capillaries
  2. precapillary sphincter
  3. constricts sphincter and reduce blood flow to divert blood to other tissues
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20
Q

What is an aneurysm?

A

weak point in artery that forms a bulging sac

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21
Q

What are arterial sense organs?

A

sensory structures in walls of major vessels that monitor blood pressure and chemistry

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22
Q

What features do arterial sense organs monitor?

A

heart rate, blood vessel diameter, and respiration

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23
Q

What do the carotid sinuses contain? What nerve does it stimulate and what does it do? Where are they found?

A

Baroreceptors that transmit signals through glossopharyngeal nerve to monitor BP, found in walls of internal carotid artery

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24
Q

Where are carotid bodies found? what kind of receptors are they?

A

Near branch of common carotids, chemoreceptors

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25
Q

Where are aortic bodies found? what kind of receptors are they?

A

walls of aortic arch, chemoreceptors

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26
Q

What are the features of capillaries?

A
  1. exchange vessels
  2. composed of endothelium and basal lamina
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27
Q

What are the 3 capillary types?

A

continuous, fenestrated, and sinusoids

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28
Q

What are the features of continuous capillaries?

A
  1. occur in most tissues
  2. form a continuous tube with intercellular clefts
  3. allow passage of solutes
  4. have pericytes that contract and regulate blood flow
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29
Q

What are the features of fenestrated capillaries?

A
  1. found in kidneys and small intestine
  2. holes to filter rapidly
  3. only small molecules
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30
Q

What are the features of sinusoids?

A
  1. found in liver, bone marrow, spleen
  2. large pores
  3. allow proteins, clotting factors, and blood cells through
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31
Q

What are capillary beds?

A

network of 10-100 capillaries supplied by a single arteriole or metarteriole that have sphincters to control flow to capillaries

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32
Q

What are the features of veins?

A

greater capacity for blood, thinner walls and less muscle, collapse when empty but expand easily, have steady blood flow, merge to form larger veins, low blood pressure

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33
Q

What are postcapillary venules?

A

smallest veins, have more pores to exchange fluids (esp leukocytes)

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34
Q

What are muscular venules?

A

smooth muscle in tunica media, thin tunica externa

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35
Q

What are medium veins?

A

thin tunica media and thick tunica externa, have venous valves that propel venous blood toward heart

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36
Q

What are varicose veins?

A

cusps pull apart in large veins, causing backflow and weak walls

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37
Q

What are venous sinuses? Examples?

A

thin walls, large lumens, no smoothe muscle
Dural venous sinus & coronary sinus
not capable of vasomotor responses

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38
Q

What are large veins?

A

some smooth muscle, thick tunica externa

39
Q

What is the most common route for blood?

A

Heart - arteries - arterioles - capillaries - venules - veins

40
Q

What is a portal system?

A

blood that flows through two consecutive capillary networks before returning to heart

41
Q

Where are portal systems found?

A

between hypothalamus and pituitary, between intestines to liver, kidneys

42
Q

What is anastomosis?

A

a convergence point between two vessles

43
Q

What is arteriovenous anastomosis?

A

artery flows directly into veins w/o capillaries

44
Q

What is venous anastomosis?

A

when one vein empties into another, comon

45
Q

What is arterial anastomosis?

A

when two arteries merge, provides alternative routes of blood

46
Q

What is blood flow?

A

amount of blood flowing per minute (mL/min)

47
Q

What is perfusion?

A

the flow per volume or mass in time (mL/min/g)

48
Q

What is the total flow at rest?

A

= to CO (5.25 L/min)

49
Q

What is hemodynamics?

A

principles of blood flow based on pressure and resistance

50
Q

What is the relationship between flow and pressure/resistance?

A

flow is proportional to the change in pressure over resistance

51
Q

What is blood pressure?

A

the force blood exerts against a vessel wall

52
Q

What is BP measured with?

A

sphygmomanometer

53
Q

What are the two BPs?

A

systolic (on top) diastolic (on bottom)

54
Q

What is arteriosclerosis?

A

stiffening of arteries

55
Q

What is the difference in blood flow in arteries vs veins?

A

pulsatile in arteries, steady in veins

56
Q

What is atherosclerosis?

A

build up of fat deposits

57
Q

What does BP do as you age?

A

rise

58
Q

What is the value for hypertension?

A

140/90

59
Q

What is the value for hypotension?

A

90/60

60
Q

What is BP determined by?

A

CO, blood volume, and resistance to flow

61
Q

What organ is blood volume regulated by?

A

kidneys

62
Q

What is peripheral resitance?

A

opposition to flow that blood encounters in vessels away from the heart

63
Q

What does resistance rely on?

A

blood viscosity, vessel length, vessel radius (most easily controlled)

64
Q

What are vasoreflexes?

A

changes in vessel radius, vasoconstriction & vasodilation

65
Q

What is laminar flow?

A

flows in layers, faster in center

66
Q

What is blood flow proportional to?

A

4th power of radius

67
Q

What does blood velocity do between aorta and capillaries?

A

decrease

68
Q

What does blood velocity do between capillaries and vena cava?

A

increase

69
Q

What controls peripheral resistance?

A

arterioles (produce half the total resistance)

70
Q

What are the two purposes of vasoreflexes?

A

control of BP and routing blood

71
Q

What are the 3 ways of controlling vasomotor activity?

A

local control, neural control, hormonal control

72
Q

What is autoregulation?

A

the ability of tissues to regulate their own blood supple

73
Q

What is local control?

A

when vasoactive chemicals are secreted (histamine, bradykinin)

74
Q

What is neural control?

A

medulla exerting sympathetic control (baroreflexes, chemoreflexes, medullary ischemic reflex)

75
Q

What is a baroreflex an example of?

A

negative feedback loop

76
Q

What is the medullary ischemic reflex?

A

medulla oblongata monitoring blood supple, send sympathetic signals

77
Q

What are the hormones that influence BP?

A

Angiotensin II, artial natriuretic peptide, ADH, epi & norepi

78
Q

What does the pressure do when an artery contracts?

A

drops downstream, rises upstream

79
Q

What is a capillary exchange? Where does it occur?

A

two way movement of fluid through capillary walls

80
Q

What are the 3 routes of capillary exchange?

A

endothelial cytoplasm, intercellular clefts, fenestrations

81
Q

What are the mechanisms of capillary exchange?

A

diffusion, transcytosis, filtration, reabsorbtion

82
Q

What does diffusion involve?

A

most common, large passages, lipid & water soluble substances, no large particles

83
Q

What does transcytosis involve?

A

transport across membrane, proteins & hormones

84
Q

What does filtration and reabsorption involve?

A

fluid filters out of the arterial end and enters venous end, delivers materials and removes waste

85
Q

What are the opposing forces?

A

blood hydrostatic pressure (fluid out of capillary), colloid osmotic pressure (fluid into capillary)

86
Q

What is hydrostatic pressure? What percentage is reabsorbed by capillaries?

A

force exerted against a surface by a liquid, 85%

87
Q

What is edema?

A

accumulation of fluid

88
Q

What is venous return? What does it rely on?

A

flow of blood back to the heart
pressure gradient, gravity, skeletal muscle pump, thoracic pump, cardiac suction

89
Q

What does venous pooling occur with?

A

inactivity

90
Q

What is special about blood flow to the brain?

A

fluctuates less than any organ

91
Q

What are TIAs?

A

brief episodes of cerebral ischemia

92
Q

What is a stroke?

A

death of brain tissue caused by ischemia

93
Q

Why is hypertension the silent killer? what are the two main causes?

A

Causes heart failure, stroke, kidney failure
primary (obesity, diet) and secondary (kidney disease, cushings)

Anatomy (14 decks)

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