Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Anatomy > Blood > Flashcards

Blood Flashcards

1
Q

What is blood?

A

a liquid connective tissue consisting of cells and extracellular matrix

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is plasma?

A

matrix of blood, clear fluid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the formed elements of blood?

A

blood cells and cell fragments; RBC, WBC, and platelets

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the 7 formed elements?

A

Erythrocytes, platelets, neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, lymphocytes, monocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are erythrocytes?

A

RBCs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are leukocytes?

A

WBCs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the types of granulocytes?

A

neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the types of agranulocytes?

A

lymphocytes, monocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What does hematocrit do?

A

centrifuge blood to separate components

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the heaviest component of blood? How much is there?

A

RBCs, 37-52%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How much of blood is plasma?

A

47-63%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What makes up the buffy coat?

A

WBCs and platelets

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the 3 categories of plasma proteins?

A

Albumins, globulins, fibrinogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is serum?

A

plasma without the fibrinogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What organ are plasma proteins (except globulins) produced by?

A

liver

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What contributes to blood viscosity?

A

RBCs + albumin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What does albumin regulate?

A

osmolarity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the osmolarity of blood?

A

total molarity of particles that cannot pass through the blood vessel wall

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What relationship does osmolarity have to blood pressure?

A

proportional

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is hypoproteinemia?

A

deficiency of plasma proteins caused by starvation, liver/kidney disease, or severe burns

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the production of blood called? Where is it carried out?

A

Hemopoiesis; in red bone marrow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are pluripotent stem cells?

A

cells that can become all types of cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is a colony forming unit?

A

specialized stem cells that only produce one class of formed element of blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are the 2 functions of RBCs

A

Carry O2 from lungs, carry CO2 to lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Why are RBCs biconcave?

A

so they can bend to fit through capillaries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Do RBCs have most organelles?

A

No

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is hemoglobin made of?

A

4 globins, 2 alpha and 2 beta (2 alpa and 2 gamma fetally)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

How many heme groups does hemoglobin have?

A

4 (one O2 per heme)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What does hemoglobin bind at its center?

A

iron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What does hematocrit show?

A

percentage of whole blood volume composed of RBCs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What sex has a higher RBC count?

A

men

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Why do women have lower RBC?

A

less androgen, menstrual loss, and more body fat = less hematocrit

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What is the term for RBC production

A

Erythropoiesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What is the average lifespan of an RBC?

A

120 days

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What is the first committed cell in formed element production?

A

colony forming unit

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What receptors do RBC colony forming units have?

A

erythropoietin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Where is EPO made?

38
Q

Why is the nucleus discarded in RBC formation?

A

to form the reticulocyte

39
Q

What do reticulocytes have a lot of?

A

endoplasmic reticulum

40
Q

What is iron stored as?

41
Q

What is hypoxemia

A

low O2 in blood

42
Q

What is the negative feedback loop for RBCs?

A

Drop in RBC count causes hypoxemia, causes kidneys to release EPO and stimulate red bone marrow

43
Q

What is RBC rupturing called?

44
Q

Where are the macrophages for RBCs?

45
Q

What are the steps for RBC death?

A
  1. Separate heme from globin
  2. Globins hydrolyzed into amino acids
  3. Iron removed from heme
  4. Heme pigment converted to biliverdin
  5. Biliverdin converted to bilirubin
  6. released into blood plasma
  7. liver removes bilirubin and secretes into bile
46
Q

Where is bilirubin concentrated?

A

gallbladder

47
Q

What is urobilinogen?

A

brown feces created by bacteria

48
Q

What is polycythemia?

A

Excess of RBCs?

49
Q

What are the dangers of polycythemia?

A

increased blood volume, pressure, viscosity, embolism, stroke, heart failure

50
Q

What are the 3 categories of anemia?

A

Inadequate erythopoieisis or hemoglobin synthesis, hemorrhagic anemia, hemolytic anemia

51
Q

What are the consequences of anemia?

A

tissue hypoxia and necrosis, reduced osmolarity, low viscosity

52
Q

What is sickle cell disease?

A

RBCs become rigid, sticky, and pointed and clump together

53
Q

What are agglutinogens determined by?

A

glycolipids on RBC surface

54
Q

What is an antigen?

A

Complex molecules on surface of cell membrane that activate an immune response

55
Q

How abundant are leukocytes?

A

least abundant formed element

56
Q

What do WBCs do?

A

protect against pathogens

57
Q

Do WBCs have organelles?

58
Q

What is the order of abundance for WBCs?

A

Neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, basophils

59
Q

What do neutrophils do?

A

antibacterial

60
Q

What do eosinophils do?

A

Fight against parasitic infections

61
Q

What do basophils do?

A

fight chickenpox, sinusitis, diabetes, secrete histamine, secrete heparin

62
Q

What do lymphocytes do?

A

fight diverse infections like cancer

63
Q

What do monocytes do?

A

fight viral infections

64
Q

What is WBC formation called?

A

leukopoiesis

65
Q

What do myeloblasts differentiate into?

A

neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils

66
Q

What do monoblasts form?

67
Q

What do lymphoblasts differentiate?

A

lymphocytes

68
Q

Where are granulocytes and monocytes stored and released?

A

red bone marrow

69
Q

Do WBCs stay in the bloodstream?

A

no, except lymphocytes

70
Q

What is leukopenia?

A

low WBC count, causes elevated risk of infection

71
Q

What is leukocytosis?

A

high WBC count, causes infection, allergy, and disease

72
Q

What is leukemia?

A

cancer of leukocytes that produce high leukocytes

73
Q

What does CBC include?

A

Hematocrit, hemoglobin, total count for RBCs, reticulocytes, WBCs, and platelets, differential WBC count, RBC size and hemoglobin concentration per RBC

74
Q

What is hemostasis?

A

cessation of bleeding

75
Q

What are the hemostatic mechanisms?

A

vascular spasm, platelet plug formation, coagulation

76
Q

What are platelets?

A

small fragments of megakaryocytes

77
Q

What are the functions of platelets?

A

secrete vasoconstrictors, form platelet plugs, secrete procoagulants, formation of clot-dissolving enzymes, secrete growth factors, destroy bacteria

78
Q

What is thrombopoiesis?

A

stem cells become megakaryoblasts

79
Q

What are megakaryoblasts?

A

form megakaryocytes

80
Q

What are megakaryocytes?

A

live in blood and have long tendrils that protrude in the sinusoids

81
Q

What are in the extrinsic pathway?

A

factors released by damaged tissues

82
Q

What are in the intrinsic pathway?

A

factors found in blood

83
Q

What factors are in the extrinsic pathway?

A

initiated by factor 3, cascade to factor 7, 5, and 10

84
Q

What factors are in the intrinsic pathway?

A

Initiated by hageman factor (12), cascade to 11, 9, 8, 10

85
Q

What is required for either pathway?

86
Q

What is the completion of coagulation steps?

A

Factor 10 - prothrombin - thrombin - fibrinogen - fibrin

87
Q

When does clot retraction occur?

A

within 30 minutes

88
Q

What is secreted by platelets and endothelial cells?

A

platelet-derived growth factor

89
Q

What is fibrinolysis?

A

dissolution of a clot

90
Q

What prevents inappropriate clotting?

A

platelet repulsion, thrombin dilution, natural anticoagulants (heparin/antithrombin)

91
Q

What is a hematoma?

A

mass of clotted blood in the tissues

92
Q

What is thrombosis? Thrombus?

A

abnormal clotting, clot

Anatomy (14 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions