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Blood Flashcards

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1
Q

What is blood?

A

a liquid connective tissue consisting of cells and extracellular matrix

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2
Q

What is plasma?

A

matrix of blood, clear fluid

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3
Q

What are the formed elements of blood?

A

blood cells and cell fragments; RBC, WBC, and platelets

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4
Q

What are the 7 formed elements?

A

Erythrocytes, platelets, neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, lymphocytes, monocytes

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5
Q

What are erythrocytes?

A

RBCs

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6
Q

What are leukocytes?

A

WBCs

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7
Q

What are the types of granulocytes?

A

neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils

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8
Q

What are the types of agranulocytes?

A

lymphocytes, monocytes

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9
Q

What does hematocrit do?

A

centrifuge blood to separate components

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10
Q

What is the heaviest component of blood? How much is there?

A

RBCs, 37-52%

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11
Q

How much of blood is plasma?

A

47-63%

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12
Q

What makes up the buffy coat?

A

WBCs and platelets

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13
Q

What are the 3 categories of plasma proteins?

A

Albumins, globulins, fibrinogen

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14
Q

What is serum?

A

plasma without the fibrinogen

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15
Q

What organ are plasma proteins (except globulins) produced by?

A

liver

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16
Q

What contributes to blood viscosity?

A

RBCs + albumin

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17
Q

What does albumin regulate?

A

osmolarity

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18
Q

What is the osmolarity of blood?

A

total molarity of particles that cannot pass through the blood vessel wall

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19
Q

What relationship does osmolarity have to blood pressure?

A

proportional

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20
Q

What is hypoproteinemia?

A

deficiency of plasma proteins caused by starvation, liver/kidney disease, or severe burns

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21
Q

What is the production of blood called? Where is it carried out?

A

Hemopoiesis; in red bone marrow

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22
Q

What are pluripotent stem cells?

A

cells that can become all types of cells

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23
Q

What is a colony forming unit?

A

specialized stem cells that only produce one class of formed element of blood

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24
Q

What are the 2 functions of RBCs

A

Carry O2 from lungs, carry CO2 to lungs

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25
Why are RBCs biconcave?
so they can bend to fit through capillaries
26
Do RBCs have most organelles?
No
27
What is hemoglobin made of?
4 globins, 2 alpha and 2 beta (2 alpa and 2 gamma fetally)
28
How many heme groups does hemoglobin have?
4 (one O2 per heme)
29
What does hemoglobin bind at its center?
iron
30
What does hematocrit show?
percentage of whole blood volume composed of RBCs
31
What sex has a higher RBC count?
men
32
Why do women have lower RBC?
less androgen, menstrual loss, and more body fat = less hematocrit
33
What is the term for RBC production
Erythropoiesis
34
What is the average lifespan of an RBC?
120 days
35
What is the first committed cell in formed element production?
colony forming unit
36
What receptors do RBC colony forming units have?
erythropoietin
37
Where is EPO made?
kidneys
38
Why is the nucleus discarded in RBC formation?
to form the reticulocyte
39
What do reticulocytes have a lot of?
endoplasmic reticulum
40
What is iron stored as?
Ferritin
41
What is hypoxemia
low O2 in blood
42
What is the negative feedback loop for RBCs?
Drop in RBC count causes hypoxemia, causes kidneys to release EPO and stimulate red bone marrow
43
What is RBC rupturing called?
hemolysis
44
Where are the macrophages for RBCs?
Spleen
45
What are the steps for RBC death?
1. Separate heme from globin 2. Globins hydrolyzed into amino acids 3. Iron removed from heme 4. Heme pigment converted to biliverdin 5. Biliverdin converted to bilirubin 6. released into blood plasma 7. liver removes bilirubin and secretes into bile
46
Where is bilirubin concentrated?
gallbladder
47
What is urobilinogen?
brown feces created by bacteria
48
What is polycythemia?
Excess of RBCs?
49
What are the dangers of polycythemia?
increased blood volume, pressure, viscosity, embolism, stroke, heart failure
50
What are the 3 categories of anemia?
Inadequate erythopoieisis or hemoglobin synthesis, hemorrhagic anemia, hemolytic anemia
51
What are the consequences of anemia?
tissue hypoxia and necrosis, reduced osmolarity, low viscosity
52
What is sickle cell disease?
RBCs become rigid, sticky, and pointed and clump together
53
What are agglutinogens determined by?
glycolipids on RBC surface
54
What is an antigen?
Complex molecules on surface of cell membrane that activate an immune response
55
How abundant are leukocytes?
least abundant formed element
56
What do WBCs do?
protect against pathogens
57
Do WBCs have organelles?
yes
58
What is the order of abundance for WBCs?
Neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, basophils
59
What do neutrophils do?
antibacterial
60
What do eosinophils do?
Fight against parasitic infections
61
What do basophils do?
fight chickenpox, sinusitis, diabetes, secrete histamine, secrete heparin
62
What do lymphocytes do?
fight diverse infections like cancer
63
What do monocytes do?
fight viral infections
64
What is WBC formation called?
leukopoiesis
65
What do myeloblasts differentiate into?
neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils
66
What do monoblasts form?
monocytes
67
What do lymphoblasts differentiate?
lymphocytes
68
Where are granulocytes and monocytes stored and released?
red bone marrow
69
Do WBCs stay in the bloodstream?
no, except lymphocytes
70
What is leukopenia?
low WBC count, causes elevated risk of infection
71
What is leukocytosis?
high WBC count, causes infection, allergy, and disease
72
What is leukemia?
cancer of leukocytes that produce high leukocytes
73
What does CBC include?
Hematocrit, hemoglobin, total count for RBCs, reticulocytes, WBCs, and platelets, differential WBC count, RBC size and hemoglobin concentration per RBC
74
What is hemostasis?
cessation of bleeding
75
What are the hemostatic mechanisms?
vascular spasm, platelet plug formation, coagulation
76
What are platelets?
small fragments of megakaryocytes
77
What are the functions of platelets?
secrete vasoconstrictors, form platelet plugs, secrete procoagulants, formation of clot-dissolving enzymes, secrete growth factors, destroy bacteria
78
What is thrombopoiesis?
stem cells become megakaryoblasts
79
What are megakaryoblasts?
form megakaryocytes
80
What are megakaryocytes?
live in blood and have long tendrils that protrude in the sinusoids
81
What are in the extrinsic pathway?
factors released by damaged tissues
82
What are in the intrinsic pathway?
factors found in blood
83
What factors are in the extrinsic pathway?
initiated by factor 3, cascade to factor 7, 5, and 10
84
What factors are in the intrinsic pathway?
Initiated by hageman factor (12), cascade to 11, 9, 8, 10
85
What is required for either pathway?
calcium
86
What is the completion of coagulation steps?
Factor 10 - prothrombin - thrombin - fibrinogen - fibrin
87
When does clot retraction occur?
within 30 minutes
88
What is secreted by platelets and endothelial cells?
platelet-derived growth factor
89
What is fibrinolysis?
dissolution of a clot
90
What prevents inappropriate clotting?
platelet repulsion, thrombin dilution, natural anticoagulants (heparin/antithrombin)
91
What is a hematoma?
mass of clotted blood in the tissues
92
What is thrombosis? Thrombus?
abnormal clotting, clot

Anatomy (14 decks)

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